Heartland Forgiveness Scale Research Articles

Relations between Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Forgiveness/Vengeance as Mediated by Psychological Adjustment among Egyptian Adults

The study investigated relations among parental (maternal and paternal) acceptance-rejection and dispositions toward forgiveness and vengeance, as mediated by psychological (mal)adjustment. Data were collected using convenience sampling from 341 adults (87% females) ranging from 18 years to above 52 years old. Measures used were short forms of the maternal and paternal Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaires (PARQ) to investigate recollections of parental acceptance-rejection, the short form of the Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) to evaluate which participants were psychologically (mal)adjusted, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), the Vengeance Scale (VS-10) to investigate levels of forgiveness and vengeance respectively, and a Personal Information Form (PIF). The results indicated that participants perceived significant signs of paternal rejection and substantial maternal acceptance during childhood. Men and women self-reported fair psychological adjustment. Women reported having no disposition toward vengeance, whereas men slightly leaned toward vengeance. Participants were equally likely to be unforgiving as forgiving. Psychological adjustment mediated the relations between maternal acceptance (but not paternal acceptance) and forgiveness among men and women. Psychological maladjustment mediated the relations between maternal rejection and vengeance among women, but not men. Psychological maladjustment did not mediate relations between paternal rejection and vengeance. Limitations and implications of the findings are discussed.

Relations among Memories of Parental Acceptance-Rejection, Psychological (Mal)Adjustment, Forgiveness, and Vengeance among Turkish Adults

The study investigated relations among memories of parental (maternal and paternal) acceptance-rejection, forgiveness, and vengeance, as mediated by psychological (mal)adjustment. The sample consists of 323 Turkish adults (50% females; Age range: 18–61 years; Mage = 35.73, SD = 10.41) from Istanbul, Turkiye. Participants responded to mother and father versions of the adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (adult PARQ; short form), the adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (adult PAQ; short form), the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Vengeance Scale, and the Personal Information Form. The results showed that both men and women remembered their parents as substantially warm and accepting during childhood and self-reported having fair psychological adjustment. Men and women were found to be equally likely to be forgiving as unforgiving and reported no dispositions toward vengeance. However, men reported higher levels of vengeance as compared to women. Psychological adjustment mediated the relations between parental acceptance and forgiveness, while psychological maladjustment mediated the relations between parental rejection and vengefulness for women and men. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.

The mediating effect of forgiveness on the relationship between spirituality and psychological well-being in adults with history of childhood bullying

The long-term effects of childhood bullying on psychological well-being in adulthood have recently gained attention in research. This study examines the complex dynamics of the phenomenon by investigating the role of forgiveness as a mediator in the relationship between spirituality and psychological well-being among individuals who experienced bullying during their childhood. A purposive sample of 202 participants aged 19-40, who were bullied between the ages of 6-18, were recruited. The measurements used in the study included the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale (⍺ = .77) to measure psychological well-being; the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (⍺ = .82) to measure forgiveness; the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (⍺ = .94) to measure the spirituality of the participants; and the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (⍺ = .71) as a screening tool to confirm participants' experiences of bullying. Through mediation regression analysis with 5000 bootstrap samples using Macro PROCESS by Hayes, forgiveness emerged as a significant full mediator (β = .318, p .05, 95% CI: .212, .438). The study provides evidence that forgiveness enhances psychological well-being, suggesting that implementing a forgiveness program could reduce the long-term effect of childhood bullying.

Gerotranscendence and wisdom in Polish older adults. The longitudinal mediation analysis of forgiveness

Objectives: The goal of the present study was to investigate whether forgiveness played a mediating role in the relationships between gerotranscendence and wisdom among people in late adulthood. Method: The study included 416 participants aged 60 to 75 years. The following measures were used: the Gerotranscendence Scale Type 2 (GST2), the Heartland Forgiveness Scale and the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS). To verify the hypothesis, a longitudinal three-wave field study was conducted. Results: The results suggest that an increase in gerotranscendence is associated with an increase in forgiveness and wisdom. In addition, greater willingness to forgive co-occurs with higher levels of wisdom. Moreover, dispositional forgiveness mediates the relationship between gerotranscendence and wisdom – a higher gerotranscendence leads to a higher wisdom through an increase in forgiveness. Conclusion: The results of our research add to the knowledge of the mechanism of the relationship between gerotranscendence and wisdom and support the thesis that late adulthood presents individuals with new challenges and opportunities for creative personal development.

Kendini affetme ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide bilişsel esnekliğin aracı rolü

In this study, self-forgiveness and psychological well-being the role of cognitive and psychological well-being in the relationship was examined. The research was carried out with 215 female and 176 male participants. The ages of the participants vary between the ages of 23-61 and the average age is 37.19. In the research, 'Heartland Forgiveness Scale', 'Cognitive Flexibility Inventory' and The 'Psychological Well-Being Scale' and 'Personal Information Form' were used to determine the demografic information of the participants as data collection tools. This research was designed according to the correlational design, one of the quantitative research models. The easily accessible case sampling method, one of the sampling methods, was used. SPSS in the analysis of data obtained with data collection tools 25.0 program and Hayes' PROCESS 4.0 macro used. Before the analysis of the data, the normality test was performed to determine whether the scores obtained from the scales showed a normal distribution. Relationships between variables were revealed by Pearson correlation analysis, and then mediation analyzes were started. As a result of the analyzes, self-forgiveness and cognitive between cognitive flexibility and psychological well-being between self-forgiveness and psychological well-being. It was determined that there were positive significant relationships. Self Forgiveness predicts cognitive flexibility, cognitive flexibility predicts psychological well-being and that self-forgiveness predicts psychological well-being was found to predict well-being. Also, self-forgiveness and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility between psychological well-being has been determined. These findings are in conjunction with similar studies discussed and made recommendations to researchers and practitioners has been found.

Personality correlates of dispositional forgiveness: a direct comparison of interpersonal and self-forgiveness using common transgression scenarios.

Although the personality correlates of dispositional interpersonal forgiveness (forgiveness of others) have been well characterized, those of dispositional self-forgiveness are less well understood. Moreover, when the personality correlates are examined for both types of forgiveness, the comparison has been based on participants' self-report ratings on questionnaires. The current study sought to address these gaps in the literature by adopting a scenario-based approach, which has been used less frequently, especially in self-forgiveness research. A total of 160 participants read six fictional scenarios, each describing a severe transgression, from the perspective of the transgressor (self-forgiveness, n = 78) or the victim (interpersonal forgiveness, n = 82) of the transgression, and then responded to several items assessing different facets of forgiveness (avoidance, revenge, and benevolence). Participants' personality (Big Five) and explanatory style were also assessed. Consistent with prior literature, agreeableness and neuroticism generally predicted different facets of interpersonal forgiveness. These two personality traits also predicted facets of self-forgiveness, but, additionally, conscientiousness and one's tendency to internalize failure (the personal component of explanatory style) uniquely predicted self-forgiveness, especially avoidance motivations. These results point to both similarities and differences in the personality correlates of interpersonal and self-forgiveness. As a secondary, more exploratory aim, the current study compared the results from our scenario-based assessment of forgiveness to those based on a commonly used questionnaire, the Other and Self subscales of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). As expected, the Other subscale of the HFS were associated with levels of interpersonal forgiveness assessed with our transgression scenarios, but, surprisingly, the HFS Self subscale was more strongly related to interpersonal than self-forgivess assessed with scenarios. Moreover, the Self subscale was not associated with levels of self-forgiveness assessed with transgression scenarios, except for avoidance motivations. These results suggest that scenario-based and questionnaire-based methods may capture different facts of forgiveness and cannot be used interchangeably, especially for the assessment of self-forgiveness. More generally, the current study illustrates the importance of conducting direct within-study comparisons of interpersonal and self-forgiveness as well as of different assessment methods to better understand the similarities and differences between the two types of forgiveness.

Examining the Mediating Role of Forgiveness in the Relationship Between University Students' Belongingness and Flourishing

This research examines the mediating role of forgiveness in the relationship between belongingness and flourishing among university students. A total of 381 university students (211 females and 170 males, Agemean = 21.12 ± 2.23) participated in the study and completed The Flourishing Scale, The General Belongingness Scale, Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Hayes (2018) developed Model 4 within the SPSS macro PROCESS v4 to examine the mediating role of forgiveness between belongingness and flourshing. According research model, belongingness predicts flourishing through the partial mediation of forgiveness In the discussion and conclusion section, explanations related to the research findings, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research were provided.

Alexithymia and Forgiveness Levels of Forensic Psychiatric Patients.

The current cross-sectional study was performed to examine levels of alexithymia and forgiveness in forensic psychiatric patients. Data were collected between March 2022 and August 2022 at a high-security forensic psychiatric hospital affiliated with a city hospital in Turkey. A personal information form prepared by the researchers, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale were used to obtain data. Participants comprised 132 forensic psychiatric patients who agreed to participate in the study. A significant negative correlation was found between alexithymia and forgiveness levels of participants (p < 0.01, r = -0.259). In other words, as alexithymia levels increased, participants were found to be less forgiving. In addition, results suggest that forensic psychiatric patients are susceptible to alexithymia and higher levels of forgiveness. Determining forgiveness and alexithymia levels of forensic psychiatric patients will contribute to the structuring of care to be offered to these patients. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(6), 27-35.].

Wisdom and wellbeing in polish older adults: the mediating role of forgiveness.

Possible correlations between wisdom and wellbeing among older people have been extensively debated in psychology. At the same time, researchers emphasize that the effect of older adults' wisdom on their wellbeing depends on numerous mediators. A review of the literature suggests that forgiveness might be one such variable. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether forgiveness mediated the relationship between wisdom and wellbeing in late adulthood. In total, 481 participants aged from 60 to 92 years (M = 68.84; SD = 6.31) were involved in the study. All older people participating in the study lived independently in their households. Four psychological instruments were used: (1) the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale; (2) the Heartland Forgiveness Scale; (3) the Psychological Wellbeing Scale; and (4) the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Therefore, the measurement of the analyzed variables was self-reported. The results showed that forgiveness mediated the relationships between wisdom and wellbeing in the older population. The indirect effects demonstrated that forgiveness mediated the relationships between wisdom and wellbeing. Wisdom related to higher forgiveness (β = 0.21; p < 0.01), which, in turn, was related to a higher level of psychological (β = 0.48; p < 0.01) and subjective (β = 0.36; p < 0.01) wellbeing. These findings suggest that forgiveness is an important element of wisdom and wellbeing. The greater the wisdom the participants showed, the stronger the tendency to forgive and the better wellbeing they reported.

Navigating The Complexities of Parenting: The Interconnectedness of Forgiveness, Perfectionism, and Self-Compassion

The objective of this research was to examine the causal connections between parents' levels of perfectionism, forgiveness, cognitive distortions, and self-compassion. A relational research approach was used to investigate the associations between variables and forecast potential results, while structural equation modelling was employed to illustrate how different factors are believed to be structurally connected to each other. The study included 384 parents living in the northern part of Cyprus who completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Cognitive Distortions in Relationships Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and a personal information form for demographic data. Results showed a positive correlation between the scores on the Self-Compassion Scale and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, including self-directed perfectionism, perfectionism towards others, and socially perceived perfectionism. The structural equation model indicated that there was a statistically significant and positive association between the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale scores. Furthermore, it predicted a statistically significant and negative association with the scores on the Cognitive Distortions in Relationships Scale.

Forgiveness in Marriage: From Incidents to Marital Satisfaction

Although marital forgiveness has been found to increase marital satisfaction, no research to date has examined the actual mechanism. This could derive from the ABCM model of marital satisfaction (Hall, 2021), in which disposition to forgive is understood as one of the marriage maintenance strategies contributing to spousal happiness. In two cross-sectional studies, we examined the association between marital forgiveness and satisfaction. We also tested a model in which dispositional forgiveness mediates the link between forgiveness of a particular marital incident and satisfaction with spousal relationship, moderated by transgression severity and apology. The Marital Offence-Specific Forgiveness Scale, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale and measures of marital satisfaction were used. Positive main effects between forgiveness and multidimensional marital satisfaction emerged. Moderated mediation revealed the mediation effect of dispositional forgiveness, which did not depend on the level of the moderators (severity and apology).

Forgive, Let Go, and Stay Well! The Relationship between Forgiveness and Physical and Mental Health in Women and Men: The Mediating Role of Self-Consciousness.

The current study assessed forgiveness (positive forgiveness and reduced unforgiveness), self-consciousness (rumination and reflection), and physical and mental health. The aim of the study was to check if self-consciousness mediates the relationship between dispositional forgiveness and health. To address this link, we conducted 2 studies (N = 484 in Study 1 and N = 249 in Study 2). Data were collected separately for Study 1, as well as Study 2. We used in both studies the Heartland Forgiveness Scale and the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire, and additionally, the General Health Questionnaire-28 in Study 1 and the Scales of Psychological Well-Being in Study 2. The results indicated that rumination was an effective mediator between positive forgiveness and mental health (B = 0.14, CI95% = [0.064, 0.234]), reduced unforgiveness and physical health (B = -0.13, CI95% = [-0.182, -0.088]), and both rumination and reflection between reduced unforgiveness and mental health (B = 0.13 CI95% = [0.051, 0.226]), positive forgiveness (B = -0.09 CI95% = [-0.135, -0.052]), and physical health. The mediating role of ruminations was more frequently observed in females. The study highlighted the indirect effect between forgiveness and health. Rumination and reflection are mediators between forgiveness and health.

Cancer Patients: Forgiveness, Discomfort Intolerance and Psychiatric Symptoms.

Objectives: Cancer patients try to find answers in the light of their individual experiences and if they cannot adapt in line with the answers, various psychiatric symptoms may occur. There are studies supporting that "forgiveness" helps reduce the emotional burden of patients with cancer in their ability to discomfort intolerance of the disease, find meaning in the life. The aim of this study is to evaluate forgiveness, discomfort intolerance, and psychiatric symptoms in cancer patients. Methods: The data of this study, which was conducted with 208 cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy treatment, Personal Information Form was collected with Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Discomfort Intolerance Scale. Result: It has been determined that cancer patients have a high level of forgiveness, a moderate tolerance to tolerate discomfort, and enable low level of occurrence of psychiatric symptoms. As the level of self-forgiveness and forgiveness of patients increases, the incidence of psychiatric symptoms decreases. Conclusion: In line with the findings, it can be thought that the high level of forgiveness of cancer patients towards their illness allows them to experience less psychiatric symptoms and increase their tolerance to the disorder. Awareness of both patients and healthcare personnel can be increased by preparing training programs that address forgiveness in individuals diagnosed with cancer in healthcare institutions.

Does Forgiveness Underlie the Relationship Between Religiosity and Meaning in Life Among Members of Sexaholics Anonymous in Poland?

Religiosity and meaning in life are recognized as factors supporting recovery from addictions. However, little is known about the moral mechanisms involved in the relationship between religiosity and meaning in life among individuals with addictions. The main purpose of thisstudy was to test the direct and indirect (through forgiveness by God/higher power and interpersonal forgiveness) relationships between subjective religiosity and the presence of meaning in life among 80 members (72 men and 8 women) of Sexaholics Anonymous (SA) in Poland. The following measures were used: a single-item measure of subjective religiosity, subscales from the Forgiveness Scale and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire. The sequential mediation model was tested using Hayes PROCESS macro. The results showed a direct positive relationship between subjective religiosity and the presence of meaning in life. Moreover, subjective religiosity was positively related to forgiveness by God/higher power, which, in turn, directly and indirectly (through interpersonal forgiveness) predicted higher levels of the presence of meaning in life. The study suggests that among SA members, religious faith facilitates perceiving one's own life as meaningful, both directly and indirectly, through aspects of forgiveness. Members of SA may benefit from their belief in God/higher power and religiously-rooted forgiveness to support the meaning-making processes.

Can Emotional Intelligence and Forgiveness bring a Difference? Comparison between Clinically Diagnosed Individuals and Normal Population

Purpose: The aim of the current study was to determine whether the absence of positive qualities such as emotional intelligence and forgiveness contribute to the occurrence of psychopathology. Method: To achieve this objective, a group of 150 participants (n=100 psychologically healthy; n=50 psychologically disturbed) was chosen using a purposive convenience sampling technique. The participants varied in terms of age (18-50 years), gender, education, and socioeconomic status. The researchers administered the Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT,2009) and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (2005) to the sample. Findings/Results: The findings indicated a significant predictive relationship between emotional intelligence and forgiveness, highlighting their positive influence. Conclusion: Moreover, a noteworthy distinction was observed between psychologically disturbed individuals and the general public regarding both emotional intelligence and forgiveness. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Forgiveness, Psychopathology

TERAPI PEMAAFAN TERHADAP KESEPIAN LANSIA SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19

COVID-19 pandemic impacts the mobility of adults, especially the elderly. The elderly have experienced a significant impact due to the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the impacts experienced by the elderly is isolation from the surrounding environment. The beliefs or expectations of the elderly on the behavior of children to pay attention and care for themselves in old age can affect the well-being of the elderly. When expectations do not match reality, the elderly will feel disappointed, angry, stressed, and feel lonely in their lives. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of forgiveness therapy on the loneliness score of the elderly. This study involved three participants aged 70-80 years. Data analysis in this study used the paired sample t-test. The instruments used are the UCLA loneliness and Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). The results showed that there was a difference in loneliness scores in the elderly before and after following forgiveness therapy (sig 0.008 &lt;0.05).

The effects of exposure to physical and emotional violence from partners on psychological resilience, forgiveness, happiness, life satisfaction, and depression level in Turkish women.

The data of this descriptive and correlational study were collected from 583 women between October 2021 and December 2021 with information form, Brief Resilience Scale, Oxford Happiness Scale-Short Form, Epidemiological Research Center Depression Scale, Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and Life Satisfaction Scale. There is a statistically significant difference between the resilience, happiness, and life satisfaction levels of women exposed to physical violence from their partners and the presence of depression (p<.001). A statistically significant difference was found between the presence of depression and resilience, happiness, and life satisfaction (p<.001) and forgiveness (p=.004) in women who were exposed to emotional violence from their partners. While resilience, happiness, and life satisfaction levels decreased in women who were exposed to physical violence from their partners, the incidence of depression increased. While the presence of depression increased in women who were exposed to emotional violence from their partners, the level of resilience, happiness, life satisfaction, and forgiveness decreased.

The Effect of Forgiveness on Happiness in Adolescents after Broken Love in Palembang City

Adolescents who have ended their romantic relationship experience negative emotions such as sadness and charging. However, this must be followed up so they can focus on happiness. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how the effect of forgiveness on the happiness of adolescents after broken love in Palembang City. This study used a quantitative research design with non-experimental. The sampling technique was purposive sampling (n equals 360) in Palembang City. The research instrument uses The Heartland Forgiveness Scale and The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The research procedure uses two methods, namely Google Forms and paper. The data analysis method used in this study was a simple linear regression technique assisted by using IBM SPSS 26 for Windows. The results of this study indicate that forgiveness has a significantly positive effect on happiness in broken-up adolescents by 0.05, which means that adolescents who have high forgiveness have a good effect on happiness. These findings enable further research to offer interventions for forgiveness to increase happiness in adolescents after a breakup.

Understanding the role of forgiveness in shaping the flourishing of Hindu married couples

Hindu Marriage is a sacrament that has been conceived to achieve a variety of worldly and spiritual goals. Some forms of hurt, untruthful or betrayal may involve a marriage relationship that may significantly impact the forgiveness behaviours of one or other members of married couples influencing their flourishing. The study examined the role of some biographic features, the forgiveness of self, others and situations in shaping the well-being of married Hindu couples. Employing a correlational design, the study recruited 300 married Hindu couples with the age ranging from 25 to 50 years by snowball sampling. Forgiveness and well-being were measured with the help of The Heartland Forgiveness Scale and Mental Health Continuum. The findings showed that education, age, domicile, occupation and years of marriage and the three types of forgiveness exhibited significant positive correlations with the indices of well-being whereas gender, number of children, nature of family (nuclear or joint), number of family members and socioeconomic status showed negative correlations with the same. Employment status and age emerged as the most significant predictors for hedonic and psychological well-being, respectively. Conversely, others' forgiveness did the same for social and eudaimonic well-being and flourishing. Indian socio-cultural conditions, the conceptualization of Hindu marriage and relevant earlier studies have been used to discuss the findings. Some biographic attributes, inclination towards a postmodern lifestyle and others' forgiveness seem to shape the well-being outcomes of married Hindu couples. Directions for future researchers have been discussed.

Bir psikiyatri mahkum servisinde bulunan tutuklu ve hükümlülerin suçluluk, utanç ve affetme duyguları

Introduction: In the present study, the purpose was to examine whether there is a difference in the feelings of guilt, shame, and forgiveness in prisoners who committed one or more crimes. Also, the relationship between the number of crimes involved, the diagnosis of existing or past psychiatric diseases, and demographic data was examined. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 107 inpatients in the prisoner’s ward. The demographic data forms Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Guilt and Shame Scale (GSS), and Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) were administered in the study. Results: A total of 107 people (51 people involved in one single crime and 56 people involved in more than one crime) were included in the study. The education level was lower in many crimes than in a single crime (p=0.032). Although the diagnosis of mood disorder was higher in the group that was involved in one single crime (36.6%), the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder was higher in the group that was involved in multiple crimes (41.9%). No differences were detected between the groups in terms of BAI (p = 0.903) and BDI (p = 0.557) scores. No differences were detected between the groups in terms of GSS (guilt and shame) and HFS scores (p values of 0.745 and 0.676, respectively). A positive correlation was detected between the BDI and BAI of all prisoners and the HFS-forgiveness subscale. A positive correlation was detected between the GSS-guilt and shame subscales and all subscales and the total score of HFS. Conclusion: The study showed that anxiety and depression are more common in individuals who were exposed to violence in childhood. It was considered that identifying the prisoners who were involved in the crime for the first time and who felt remorseful and guilty could prevent further crimes. Finally, it is considered that the rate of crime can be reduced by preventing childhood violence and providing psychiatric support to individuals with psychiatric symptoms in order to raise individuals who are mentally healthy and have a low tendency to harm.