Heart Rate Zones Research Articles

Internal and external workload in national and international netball competition

ABSTRACTDifferences in workload exist between netball playing positions and competition levels, but no research has compared workloads experienced by the same elite players during national and international competitions. This study collected internal (heart rate) and external (PlayerLoad·min−1) workload data per match quarter from 44 players during a national competition and 12 players during an international competition. Nine players played in both competitions. Linear mixed models compared percentage of match quarter in each heart rate zone and PlayerLoad·min−1 between competitions for each playing position. Workloads against low- and high-ranked international opponents were also compared. Internal workloads were greater in national compared to international competition for GD and WD positions. PlayerLoad·min−1 was significantly higher by 8–13% in the national competition for positions WD and C, and by 5–8% in the international competition for GD and GA. Positional differences may indicate a role of the team’s tactical style of play. Workloads were generally greater against higher- rather than lower-ranked international opponents. These results indicate that tactical factors in combination with playing position and opposition characteristics should be considered when preparing physically for matches.

Power Saving Approach of a Smart Watch for Monitoring the Heart Rate of a Runner

Heart Rate (HR) monitoring in a smart watch is a battery consuming process. Therefore, some smart watches prevent continuous HR sampling during low-level physical activities for improving the power usage of batteries. However, high acceleration events like running require continuous HR sampling for recording the varying HR readings, which consumes a lot of battery power. Therefore, the challenge is to reduce the sampling during running while recording an individual’s HR variation (HRV). Our approach prevents continuous HR sampling for long-running events without missing important HR information. In this context, we analyze the existing real-life HRs and acceleration datasets recorded on humans during long runs. We design an adaptive HR sampling algorithm, A-HeaRing, from the extracted HR variation details. A-HeaRing reduces the battery power consumption of a smart watch by more than 50% while recording a running event. Additionally, we design a data regeneration system for missing HR readings. The regeneration system provides a minimum of 90% accuracy in the HR zone estimation.

Exercise-induced myocardial T1 increase and right ventricular dysfunction in recreational cyclists: a CMR study

PurposeAlthough cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increase following strenuous exercise has been observed, the development of exercise-induced myocardial edema remains unclear. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) native T1/T2 mapping is sensitive to the pathological increase of myocardial water content. Therefore, we evaluated exercise-induced acute myocardial changes in recreational cyclists by incorporating biomarkers, echocardiography and CMR.MethodsNineteen male recreational participants (age: 48 ± 5 years) cycled the ‘L’étape du tour de France” (EDT) 2021’ (175 km, 3600 altimeters). One week before the race, a maximal graded cycling test was conducted to determine individual heart rate (HR) training zones. One day before and 3–6 h post-exercise 3 T CMR and echocardiography were performed to assess myocardial native T1/T2 relaxation times and cardiac function, and blood samples were collected. All participants were asked to cycle 2 h around their anaerobic gas exchange threshold (HR zone 4).ResultsEighteen participants completed the EDT stage in 537 ± 58 min, including 154 ± 61 min of cycling time in HR zone 4. Post-race right ventricular (RV) dysfunction with reduced strain and increased volumes (p < 0.05) and borderline significant left ventricular global longitudinal strain reduction (p = 0.05) were observed. Post-exercise cTnI (0.75 ± 5.1 ng/l to 69.9 ± 41.6 ng/l; p < 0.001) and T1 relaxation times (1133 ± 48 ms to 1182 ± 46 ms, p < 0.001) increased significantly with no significant change in T2 (p = 0.474). cTnI release correlated with increase in T1 relaxation time (p = 0.002; r = 0.703), post-race RV dysfunction (p < 0.05; r = 0.562) and longer cycling in HR zone 4 (p < 0.05; r = 0.607).ConclusionStrenuous exercise causes early post-race cTnI increase, increased T1 relaxation time and RV dysfunction in recreational cyclists, which showed interdependent correlation. The long-term clinical significance of these changes needs further investigation.Trial registration numbers and dateNCT 04940650 06/18/2021. NCT 05138003 06/18/2021.

Discrepancy between predicted and measured exercise intensity for eliciting the maximal rate of lipid oxidation

Background and aimsEctopic lipid storage is implicated in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis; hence, exercise to deplete stores (i.e., at the intensity that allows for maximal rate of lipid oxidation; MLO) might be optimal for restoring metabolic health. This intensity (“Fatmax”) is estimated during incremental exercise (“Fatmax test”). However, in “the field” general recommendations exist regarding a range of percentages of maximal heart rate (HR) to elicit MLO. The degree to which this range is aligned with measured Fatmax has not been investigated. We compared measured HR at Fatmax, with maximal HR percentages within the typically recommended range in a sample of 26 individuals (Female: n = 11, European ancestry: n = 17). Methods and resultsSubjects completed a modified Fatmax test with a 5-min warmup, followed by incremental stages starting at 15 W with work rate increased by 15 W every 5 min until termination criteria were reached. Pulmonary gas exchange was recorded and average values for V˙ o2 and V˙ co2 for the final minute of each stage were used to estimate substrate-oxidation rates. We modeled lipid-oxidation kinetics using a sinusoidal model and expressed MLO relative to peak V˙ o2 and HR. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated lack of concordance between HR at Fatmax and at 50%, 70%, and 80% of age-predicted maximum with a mean difference of 23 b·min−1. ConclusionOur results indicate that estimated “fat-burning” heart rate zones are inappropriate for prescribing exercise to elicit MLO and we recommend direct individual exercise lipid oxidation measurements to elicit these values.

Comparing the effects of 30 minutes exergaming versus brisk walking on physiological and psychological measurements of older adults

BackgroundActive video games can make physical activity more appealing and enjoyable for older people. This study compared the effects of 30 min of Exergaming versus walking on the physiological and psychological measures of asymptomatic older adults. MethodsForty eligible participants (mean age = 69.60 ± 4.16 y/o) were randomly divided into two groups of 20 in a crossover design, who either performed Brisk Walking or Exergaming, one week apart. Before each session, each participant's blood pressure was measured, and the subjects were encouraged to play/walk continuously for 30 min using a self-selected intensity. During both sessions, average and peak heart rate, time spent in each of the heart rate zones, blood pressure, and double product were assessed through a Polar H10 heart rate monitor. Participants also filled out the modified Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) questionnaire and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. ResultsFindings indicated a significantly higher average (P = 0.003) and peak heart rate (P < 0.001) and double product (P = 0.002) during Exergaming compared to Brisk Walking. Also, the RPE score was significantly lower and PACES score was significantly higher (P < 0.001) during the Exergaming session. The analyses of blood pressure showed significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures following each session, while no statistically significant difference was reported between the two exercise modalities (P = 0.012 and P < 0.001, respectively). ConclusionThis study showed that Exergaming can be a good alternative to traditional exercises like walking for older adults, providing physiological benefits while being less exhausting and more enjoyable.

Accumulated Workload Differences in Collegiate Women's Soccer: Starters versus Substitutes.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the workloads accumulated by collegiate female soccer players during a competitive season and to compare the workloads of starters and substitutes. Data from 19 college soccer players (height: 1.58 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 61.57 ± 6.88 kg) were extracted from global positioning system (GPS)/heart rate (HR) monitoring sensors to quantify workload throughout the 2019 competitive season. Total distance, distance covered in four speed zones, accelerations, and time spent in five HR zones were examined as accumulated values for training sessions, matches, and the entire season. Repeated-measures ANOVA and Student's t tests were used to determine the level of differences between starter and substitute workloads. Seasonal accumulated total distance (p < 0.001), sprints (≥19.00 km/h; p < 0.001), and high-speed distance (≥15.00 km/h; p = 0.005) were significantly greater for starters than substitutes. Accumulated training load (p = 0.08) and training load per minute played in matches (p = 0.08) did not differ between starters and substitutes. Substitutes had similar accumulated workload profiles during training sessions but differed in matches from starters. Coaches and practitioners should pursue strategies to monitor the differences in workload between starters and substitutes.

Physical Activity Intensity of Singles and Doubles Pickleball in Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to measure heart rate, activity intensity, and steps in recreational singles and doubles pickleball players. We collected data in 22 singles and 31 doubles players (62.1 ± 9.7years of age) using Garmin Fenix 5 watches (Garmin International, Inc.) and ActiGraph GT3X+ (ActiGraph LLC) accelerometers. Mean heart rates during singles and doubles were 111.6 ± 13.5 and 111.5 ± 16.2beats/min (70.3% and 71.2% of predicted maximum heart rate), respectively. Over 70% of singles and doubles playing time was categorized in moderate to vigorous heart rate zones whereas 80.5% of singles time and 50.4% of doubles time were moderate based on Freedson accelerometer cut-points. Steps per hour were higher in singles versus doubles (3,322 ± 493 vs. 2,791 ± 359), t(51) = 4.540, p < .001. Singles and doubles pickleball are moderate- to vigorous-intensity activities that can contribute substantially toward older adults meeting physical activity guidelines.

The Physical and Physiological Match-Play Locomotor Activity Profiles of Elite Domestic Male Field Hockey.

A new four-quarter match format in field hockey has meant that the locomotor activity profiles of the sport are inconsistent with the literature. The aim of this investigation was to identify the physical and physiological demands of national-level male hockey players. Thirty-two male players participated in the study. Participants were monitored with GPS and heart rate monitors. Variables analysed were total time, total distance (m), relative total distance (m.min-1), total distance in velocity bands (m), and activity intensity (m.min-1). Mean and maximum heart rate were calculated as well as total time and percentage time spent in heart rate zones relative to HRmax. Players spent 52 ± 11 min in play. The total distance covered was 5986 ± 1105 m (116 ± 12 m.min-1) with 21.4 ± 6.8 m.min-1 of high intensity activity. Defenders covered the lowest relative total distance (p < 0.001) and attackers the highest (p < 0.001). Relative total distance in Q4 was 5% lower than in Q1and Q2 (p < 0.05) with moderate intensity exercise (8.1-15.5 km.h-1) being 11% lower in Q4 compared to Q1 and Q2. The mean HR and HRmax of players were 167 ± 10 and 194 ± 11 bpm respectively. Players had a lower mean HR in Q3 (164bpm) and Q4 (164bpm) compared to Q1 (169bpm) and Q2 (168bpm; p < 0.001). The current study provides novel data outlining the physical and physiological activity profiles of national-level male field hockey players across playing positions as well as quarters of play. The results highlight a need to consider positional differences when implementing a training programme for players at national level.

Comparison of the physiological responses and time-motion characteristics during football small-sided games: effect of pressure on the ball.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effects of pressure on the ball on physiological responses and time-motion characteristics during football small-sided games between elite youth male players. Methods: 56 elite male youth football players (age: 15.43 ± 0.52years) performed a 2+GK vs. 2+GK game on a 30m × 15m pitch area with two playing conditions: 1) free play (FP), the player has no limitation to play; 2) pressure on the ball (PB), the player has directly and aggressively closed down space (located within 1.5m) between themselves and the opposition player with the ball and can compete for possession. The percentage of time spent in different maximum heart rate (HRmax) zones, mean heart rate, blood lactate acid concentration, total distance covered, distance covered in three speed zones (sprint, high speed, and moderate speed), number of high speed runs, number of sprint runs, top speed, number of direction changes, and ball recovery time were monitored. Results: We found very significantly higher number of high speed runs (p < 0.001; ES = 1.154), number of direction changes (p < 0.001; ES = 2.347), ball recovery time (p < 0.001; ES = 3.529), percentage of time spent in 90%-100% HRmax (p < 0.001; ES = 3.033), mean heart rate (p < 0.001; ES = 1.940), blood lactate acid concentration (p < 0.001; ES = 2.245) and significantly higher high speed running distance covered (p = 0.004; ES = 0.520) in the PB condition. Conversely, the FP condition showed very significantly higher moderate speed running distance covered (p < 0.001; ES = 1.814) and significantly higher percentage of time spent in 80%-90% HRmax (p = 0.012; ES = 0.440). No significant differences were revealed on sprint running distance covered (p = 0.407; ES = 0.140), number of sprint runs (p = 0.103; ES = 0.279), top speed (p = 0.130; ES = 0.258) and percentage of time spent in 60%-70% HRmax (p = 0.106; ES = 0.276), 70%-80% HRmax (p = 0.358; ES = 0.155). Discussion: We found that pressure on the ball had a substantial impact on the intensity of training, as evidenced by a significantly increased high speed running performance, number of directional changes, percentage of time spent at 90%-100% of maximum heart rate, mean heart rate, and blood lactate acid concentration. Additionally, ball recovery time decreased significantly.

Mediating Effect of Motivation on the Relationship of Fitness with Volitional High-Intensity Exercise in High-School Students.

We aimed to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and motivation in adolescents and analyze if the associations of physical fitness with volitional exercise intensity in adolescents are mediated by motivation. The participants were 108 adolescents (58 girls 16.0 ± 0.92 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using the Yo-YoITL1, and the push-up test was used to evaluate strength. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The intervention was applied in the first 10-15 min of each Physical Education class (PEC), twice a week, for 16 weeks and ranged from 14 to 20 all-out bouts intervals, adopting a 2:1 work to rest ratio. A cut-point of ≥90% of the maximal heart rate (HR) was used as a criterion for satisfactory compliance with high-intensity exercise. Volition intensity was assessed through a forearm wearable plethysmography heart rate sensor to ensure compliance with the exercise stimulus at the predetermined target HR zone. Motivation was estimated with a validated questionnaire (BREQ-3). Mediation effects were estimated using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals and were deemed significant if zero was not included in the intervals, and values below 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. The mediation analysis revealed a non-significant indirect effect of physical fitness through motivation on exercise intensity, specifically on CRF (B = -0.0355, 95% BootCI [-0.5838; 0.4559]), muscular fitness (B = -0.7284, 95% BootCI [-2.0272; 0.2219]) and body fat (B = 0.5092, 95% BootCI [-0.4756; 1.6934]). These results suggest that high or low values of motivation did not increase or decrease volitional high-intensity exercise, and lower levels of fitness (CRF, muscular and body fat) were associated with higher volitional exercise intensity. These findings highlight the need for regular moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise for maintaining or improving physical fitness, regardless of motivation regulations, and emphasize the importance of new strategies in PEC with acute vigorous-intensity activities that retain the health-enhancing effects.

The Independent Walking for Brain Health Intervention for Older Adults: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Extensive research suggests that physical activity (PA) is important for brain and cognitive health and may help to delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Most PA interventions designed to improve brain health in older adults have been conducted in laboratory, gym, or group settings that require extensive resources and travel to the study site or group sessions. Research is needed to develop novel interventions that leverage mobile health (mHealth) technologies to help older adults increase their engagement in PA in free-living environments, reducing participant burden and increasing generalizability of research findings. Moreover, promoting engagement in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) may be most beneficial to brain health; thus, using mHealth to help older adults increase time spent in MVPA in free-living environments may help to offset the burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and improve quality of life in older age. We developed a novel PA intervention that leverages mHealth to help older adults achieve more minutes of MVPA independently. This pilot study was a 12-week randomized controlled trial to investigate the feasibility of providing just-in-time (JIT) feedback about PA intensity during free-living exercise sessions to help older adults meet current PA recommendations (150 minutes per week of MVPA). Participants were eligible if they were cognitively healthy English speakers aged between 65 and 80 years without major cardiovascular, neurologic, or mental health conditions; could ambulate independently; and undergo magnetic resonance imaging. Enrollment occurred from October 2017 to March 2020. Participants randomized to the PA condition received an individualized exercise prescription and an mHealth device that provided heart rate-based JIT feedback on PA intensity, allowing them to adjust their behavior in real time to maintain MVPA during exercise sessions. Participants assigned to the healthy aging education condition received a reading prescription consisting of healthy aging topics and completed weekly quizzes based on the materials. In total, 44 participants were randomized to the intervention. A follow-up manuscript will describe the results of the intervention as well as discuss screening, recruitment, adverse events, and participants' opinions regarding their participation in the intervention. The long-term goal of this intervention is to better understand how MVPA affects brain and cognitive health in the real world and extend laboratory findings to everyday life. This pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine the feasibility of using JIT heart rate zone feedback to help older adults independently increase time spent in MVPA while collecting data on the plausible mechanisms of change (frontal and medial temporal cerebral blood flow and cardiorespiratory fitness) that may affect cognition (memory and executive function) to help refine a planned stage 2 behavioral trial. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03058146; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03058146. DERR1-10.2196/42980.

Physical Activity Associated with Older Adult Pickleball Participation: A Pilot Study

The quantity and quality of physical activity accrued from recreational pickleball participation have not been published. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount and intensity of physical activity older adults (65 years and older) get from pickleball participation. Thirty-three pickleball participants wore FitbitHR monitors for 2 weeks and logged days/times of pickleball participation. On average, participants spent over 68 min of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) per playing session. Playing pickleball had beneficial cardiovascular benefits, as participants averaged over 86 min at increased heart rate zones. On average, participants gained significantly more steps on pickleball play days versus non-pickleball play days. Pickleball play days were found to have significantly more MVPA minutes, and participants were significantly less sedentary. The results inform sport and leisure providers evidence that pickleball participation helps older adults meet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USHHS) recommended guidelines for MVPA per week if played three or more times. Knowing the health benefits of pickleball may assist sport and leisure managers as they accommodate this popular sport activity.

Inclusive community playgrounds benefit typically developing children: An objective analysis of physical activity.

Limited research is available on the physical activity levels of children while playing on an inclusive playground, specifically designed to accommodate children with physical disabilities. The aims of this study were to objectively measure ambulatory activity and heart rate (HR) of children during unstructured play on an inclusive community playground. Typically developing children at least 4 years of age were recruited to play freely upon entering the playground. Participants wore a StepWatch4 Activity Monitor and a Polar V800 Sport Watch. Ambulatory measures included total steps, percentage of recommended steps, total ambulatory time (TAT), bout intensity levels/duration periods. Time spent in HR zones and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was determined. 95 children (48 males; Avg. age: 7 ± 2 years.) were included in this study. Children played for 31.8 ± 14.7 min., were ambulatory for 25.9 ± 12.0 min., took 1826 ± 824 steps, and accumulated 17 ± 8% of the recommended daily step count. Ambulatory bout intensity was predominantly lower intensity and bout durations varied in length. 99% of the play time was spent at a moderate HR or higher. Significant correlations were found between ambulatory and HR measures (ρ range from 0.23 to 0.99, p < 0.05), and 7-10 yo children spent a significantly higher percentage of TAT at higher intensity ambulation (p < 0.05). Typically developing children can achieve moderate or higher intensity exercise and HR on an inclusive playground. Both typically developing children and those with disabilities, would benefit from a setting where they can interact and participate in parallel play with their peers.

Physical and Performance Characteristics of 3×3 Professional Male Basketball Players

Despite exponential growth in popularity over the last decade and recently becoming an Olympic sport, the amount of scientific literature focused on depicting a profile of successful 3×3 basketball players is sparse. Thus, the purpose of this study was to present the physical and performance characteristics of professional 3×3 male basketball players and how they differ between elite and non-elite athletes. The anthropometrics, vertical jump, agility, and sprint performance parameters collected from ten players during regular training sessions were (x¯ ± SD): height (193.7 ± 4.5 cm), weight (89.2 ± 4.1 cm), wingspan (196.5 ± 5.2 cm), squat jump (43.5 ± 4.6 cm), countermovement jump with (53.3 ± 4.4 cm) and without an arm swing (46.3 ± 4.0 cm), reactive strength index (2.4 ± 0.3 m/s), t-test (10.3 ± 0.3 s), 505 drill (2.4 ± 0.2 s), 10 m sprint (1.5 ± 0.1 s), 30 m sprint (4.0 ± 0.3 s), shuttle run (27.7 ± 1.7 s), and bench press (98.2 ± 10.0 kg) and back squat (139.5 ± 17.6 kg) one repetition maximum. Additionally, the average and maximal heart rate (HR) responses during simulated games were 160.6 ± 8.0 and 188.5 ± 6.3 bpm, with players spending 6.3 ± 4.2, 11.4 ± 5.2, 13.9 ± 3.5, 26.4 ± 10.4, and 42.1 ± 10.0% of the total time in HR Zones 1-5, respectively. Interestingly, no statistically significant differences in the aforementioned physical and performance parameters were noted between elite and non-elite players. Overall, the findings of the present study provide coaches, sports scientists, and strength and conditioning practitioners with information that can aid in the athlete selection process, detection of areas for further improvement, and development of training regimens that resemble 3×3 basketball on-court competitive demands.

Efficacy of a 6-week Novel Exergaming Intervention Guided by Heart Rate Zones on Aerobic Performance in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Feasibility Study

Efficacy of a 6-week Novel Exergaming Intervention Guided by Heart Rate Zones on Aerobic Performance in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Feasibility Study

Relationships between weekly changes in salivary hormonal responses and load measures during the pre-season phase in professional male basketball players.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between weekly changes in external and internal load considered separately and jointly and salivary hormonal responses during the pre-season phase in professional male basketball players. Twenty-one professional male basketball players (mean ± standard deviation, age: 26.2 ± 4.9 years; height: 198.7 ± 6.7 cm; body mass: 93.2 ± 10.0 kg) were assessed during 5 weeks of the pre-season phase. External load was measured using microsensors and reported as PlayerLoad (PL) and PL/ min. Internal load was calculated using the session rating of perceived exertion scale (sRPE-load), summated heart rate zones (SHRZ) and percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax). Salivary hormone responses were monitored weekly by measuring testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and their ratio (T:C). The relationships between weekly changes in load measures considered separately and jointly and hormonal responses were assessed using linear mixed model analysis. No significant (p > 0.05) relationships were evident between weekly changes in T, C or T:C with external and internal load measures considered separately (R2-conditional = < 0.001-0.027) or jointly (R2-conditional = 0.028-0.075). Factors other than measured loads might be responsible for weekly changes in hormonal responses and therefore external and internal load measures cannot be used to anticipate weekly hormonal responses during the pre-season phase in professional basketball players.

HEART RATE INDICATORS WITHIN TRAINING EXERCISES OF UKRAINIAN AND CHINESE BADMINTON PLAYERS AGED 10-12 YEARS

We have found the contradiction between the current requirements of competitive activities and insufficient justification of the methodological provisions of various aspects of the training of qualified badminton players, which led to the urgent scientific and practical task. An important aspect of this is the comparison of exercise load data (in terms of heart rate) between Ukrainian and Chinese badminton players in the same age group. Aim: to compare the heart rate of Ukrainian and Chinese badminton players aged 10-12 years within the training exercises. Material &amp; Methods. We have used theoretical analysis and generalisation of scientific and methodological data, pedagogical observations of heart rate during training exercises of badminton players aged 10-12 years (the first zone provided for indicators within 124 bpm, the 2 – 125-145 bpm, the 3 – 146-166 bpm, the 4 – 167-187 bpm, and the 5 – more than 188 bpm), methods of mathematical statistics. During 2019, training exercises with the participation of 102 Ukrainian and 112 Chinese badminton players aged 10-12 were analysed. Results. Chinese athletes perform more intense loads, which are characterised by increased heart rate indicators and reflected in the share of those being in the fifth heart rate zone. At the same time, Ukrainian badminton players achieve a significantly higher (p≤0.01) average heart rate level by compensating for the use of marginal and near-marginal intensity in exercises, by increasing the amount of exercise performed in the third and partially second heart rate zones. Significant predominance (p≤0.01) of Chinese badminton players was found in the total duration of training sessions (20.03%), absolute and relative values of being in the first (59.04−87.12%) and the fifth (230−297%) heart rate zones, the number of moving to the fifth heart rate zone (173.02%). Ukrainian badminton players significantly (p≤0.05) outperform their Chinese peers in the average heart rate indicator of the athlete in training (2.72%), the absolute values of being in the second heart rate zone (16.91%), absolute and relative values of being in the third heart rate zone (16.95-31.11%). Conclusions. During the preparation of Chinese athletes, more attention is paid to the systematic and gradual increase in physical load (in terms of volume and intensity) compared to the Ukrainian peers. Based on the identified structure, we assume that moving from one level of physical load to another one takes place according to the alternation of loads of different intensity and volume.

Assessing Feasibility and Usability of Visual Feedback of Continuous Heart Rate Monitoring in Inpatient Rehabilitation

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To measure the number of times clinicians monitor and educate their patients on exercise intensity based on heart rate (HR) or rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in three conditions: (1) before intervention, (2) when clinicians know continuous HR monitoring is occurring, and (3) when clinicians are provided with continuous HR feedback. To assess patient confidence reaching their target exercise intensity. To describe the ease of technology use. <h3>Design</h3> Pre-intervention field observations followed by a pseudorandomized trial. <h3>Setting</h3> Inpatient rehabilitation on a general medical unit within a translational research hospital. <h3>Participants</h3> Pre-trial: 12 inpatient rehabilitation sessions observed. Trial: 48 sessions with 19 patients and 13 clinicians. <h3>Interventions</h3> Patients participated in physical and occupational therapy sessions with Schosche® forearm HR sensors broadcasting HR to television with Heart Zones® software. Color-coded, individualized HR zones were displayed for resting, below, target, and above target intensity. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Clinician monitoring and feedback of patient's intensity level and provision of verbal feedback regarding exercise intensity. Patient-reported confidence (0-100%) to reach target intensity. Ease of technology use based on session count with technology issues affecting data usability. <h3>Results</h3> Pre-intervention, average count for clinicians monitoring RPE, HR and other vital signs was 3.25±8.89 and providing feedback on RPE/HR zone was 2.75±5.26 times. With HR monitoring without visual feedback, we observed 1.39±2.40 instances of clinician monitoring and 0.77±1.69 instances of verbal feedback. In contrast, we observed 19.25±12.10 instances of monitoring and 7.31±9.44 instances of feedback when continuous visual feedback was provided. Patients receiving feedback rated their confidence as 76.52%±22.28, versus 65.71%±24.41 without feedback. Errors limiting data usability occurred in 4 sessions of 48 (n=2 for consistently underreporting HR, n=1 for an erratic misreporting of HR, and n=1 for software data loss). <h3>Conclusions</h3> HR monitoring with continuous visual feedback may increase clinician attention to HR and exercise intensity and patient confidence reaching their target exercise intensity. If technical challenges are overcome, continuous HR monitoring with personalized target zones may provide actionable data to improve care during therapy. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> None.

Individualized exercise prescription and cardiac rehabilitation following a spontaneous coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection.

Prescribed aerobic-based exercise training is a low-risk fundamental component of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Secondary prevention therapeutic strategies following a spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) or aortic dissection (AD) should include CR. Current exercise guidance for post-dissection patients recommends fundamental training components including target heart rate zones are not warranted. Omitting fundamental elements from exercise prescriptions risks safety and makes it challenging for both clinicians and patients to understand and implement recommendations in real-world practice. We review the principles of exercise prescription for CR, focusing on translating guidelines and evidence from well-studied high-risk CR populations to support the recommendation that exercise testing and individualized exercise prescription are important for patients following a dissection. When patients self-perceive exercise intensity there is a tendency to underestimate intensities within metabolic domains that should be strictly avoided during routine exercise training following a dissection. However, exercise testing associated with CR enrolment has gained support and has not been linked to adverse events in optimally medicated post-dissection patients. Graded heart rate and blood pressure responses recorded throughout exercise testing provide key information for developing an exercise prescription. An exercise prescription that is reflective of medical history, medications, and cardiorespiratory fitness optimizes patient safety and yields improvements in blood pressure control and cardiorespiratory fitness, among other benefits. This clinical practice and education article demonstrates how to develop and manage a CR exercise prescription for post-acute dissection patients that can be safe and effective for maintaining blood pressure control and improving cardiorespiratory fitness pre-post CR.

The Effect of Aerobic Heart Rate Zone Physical Activities on the Body's Systole Diastol System on the Students of FIK UNM

This study aimed to determine the effect of aerobic heart rate zone physical activity on the systolic and diastolic systems. This type of research is quantitative with an experimental approach (Pretest-posttest one group design). The sample in this study amounted to 10 samples selected through the purposive sampling technique: data collection techniques using systolic and diastolic measurement tests. At the same time, the treatment given is in the form of aerobic heart rate zone physical activity. Hypothesis testing using paired T-test or influence test. The results of the hypothesis testing the effect of aerobic heart rate zone physical activity on systole obtained a significant value of 0.023, which is smaller than 0.05. Furthermore, the average value before treatment was 128.4000, and after treatment was 125.0000. So it can be concluded that aerobic heart rate zone physical activity has a significant effect on systole. The results of the hypothesis testing the impact of aerobic heart rate zone physical activity on diastole obtained a substantial value of 0.004, which is smaller than 0.05. Furthermore, the average value before treatment was 82,5000, and after treatment was 79.5000. So it can be concluded that aerobic heart rate zone physical activity has a significant effect on diastole.