Heart Rate Variability In Young Adults Research Articles

Longitudinal Changes in Arterial Stiffness and Heart Rate Variability in Youth-Onset Type 1 Versus Type 2 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

We compared arterial stiffness and heart rate variability (HRV) over time by diabetes type and determined the risk factors associated with worsening arterial stiffness and HRV in young adults with youth-onset diabetes. Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, augmentation index) and six indices of heart rate variability were measured twice, 4.5 years apart, among participants with either youth-onset type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess risk factors associated with arterial stiffness and HRV at follow-up. Of 1,159 participants studied, 949 had type 1 diabetes (mean age 17.1 ± 4.7 years, 60.3% non-Hispanic White, 55% female) and 210 had type 2 diabetes (mean age 22.1 ± 3.5 years, 23.8% non-Hispanic White, 71% female) at initial assessment when diabetes duration was 7.9 years (both groups). Participants with type 2 versus type 1 diabetes had greater arterial stiffness and more abnormalities in HRV at initial and follow-up assessment and a greater change over time (all P < 0.05). Risk factors associated with worse arterial stiffness and HRV at follow-up in both types of diabetes included higher blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, waist circumference, and triglycerides over time and longer diabetes duration. Arterial stiffness and HRV worsened over time with greater changes among participants with type 2 versus type 1 diabetes and among those with features of the metabolic syndrome. The risk factor profile documents potentially modifiable pathways to prevent or limit cardiovascular complications in young adults with youth-onset diabetes.

Influence of family history of hypertension on blood pressure and heart rate variability in young adults: a meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of family history of hypertension (FHH + ) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) in young adults. Observational studies that evaluated adults (aged between 18 and 40 years) of both sexes, are without cardiometabolic disease diagnosis, are published in English, and are reporting on the influence of FHH + (father, mother, or both) on BP and HRV were included. In June 2021, we made a search of the electronic database MEDLINE (accessed by PubMed). Random-effects models were used, and data are reported as standardized mean difference and 95% confidence limits. Thirty-eight studies with a total of 2025 individuals were included. Clinic systolic [3.13 mmHg (1.75-4.51)] and diastolic [2.85 mmHg (1.65-4.04)] BPs were higher ( P < 0.001) in individuals with an FHH + . Only 24-h systolic BP was higher [1.76 mmHg (0.05-3.47); P = 0.04] in individuals with an FHH + . As for HRV indices in time-domain, RMSSD: -7.00 ms (-10.75 to -3.26), SDNN: -13.93 ms (-23.56 to -4.30), and HF [-6.82 n. u. (-9.76 to -3.89)] were lower ( P < 0.05), and LF [4.78 ms (2.52-7.03)] and LF/HF ratio [0.32 (0.14-0.50)] were higher ( P < 0.001) in individuals with an FHH + . FHH + negatively impacts BP and HRV in young adults.

Changes in quality of life, strength and heart rate variability after 4-weeks of supervised online burpees training during the covid-19 quarantine in healthy young adults

In order to maintain physical fitness during the COVID-19 quarantine, we designed a short-term intervention with one body-weight exercise – burpees. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand level of feasibility and potential benefits of our protocol to different variables in young adults during the COVID-19 quarantine. An online 4-week intervention was administered to 13 young adults (age 22.5±1.39 years, weight 71.8±10.1 kg). The main phase of each session consisted of burpees, a calisthenics body-weight exercises. The training was administered daily. Data regarding quality of life (QoL), body composition, posture, heart rate variability (HRV), cardiovascular health, and strength were collected before and after the intervention period. Participants’ QoL significantly increased after four weeks (p=.025). Also, participants’ strength improved, assessed by the push-up test (p=.017). Systolic blood pressure showed no difference between the pre- and post-measures, while a significant reduction was found in diastolic blood pressure. The HRV assessment showed increased mean RR (p=.005) and RMSSD (p=.014) and decreased mean HR (p=.004) (in the time-domain). For the frequency-domain variables, no significant difference was found. No significant changes were noted in body composition, posture, handgrip strength and countermovement squat jump height. Our preliminary results suggest that the 4-week daily online burpees intervention is a feasible method that could improve QoL, upper body strength and HRV in young adults. This non-time-consuming approach could be easily administered to promote healthy living and counteract physical inactivity during COVID-19 restrictions thanks to its feasibility, short duration, and low cost.

Longitudinal changes in vascular stiffness and heart rate variability among young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes: results from the follow-up observational treatment options for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth (TODAY) study.

(1) To describe changes in arterial stiffness and heart rate variability (HRV) over a 5-year interval, (2) examine changes by sex and race-ethnicity, and (3) evaluate the risk factors associated with the longitudinal changes in arterial stiffness and HRV. Participants with youth-onset type 2 diabetes enrolled in the observational follow-up phase of the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) clinical trial had arterial stiffness [(pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, brachial distensibility] and six indices of HRV measured 5 years apart. Multivariable linear regression models assessed risk factors associated with changes in the outcomes over time. At initial vascular assessment, the 304 participants were a mean age of 21 years, 34% male, and had a mean diabetes duration of 8 years. In more than half the cohort pulse wave velocity, augmentation index and HRV increased over 5 years (p<0.01). Brachial distensibility did not change. There were no differences in the 5-year change by race/ethnicity except for a single HRV measure, where non-Hispanic Blacks had greater worsening of parasympathetic function compared to non-Hispanic Whites, p = 0.008. Blood pressure was related to greater worsening in augmentation index and pulse wave velocity. Higher hemoglobin A1c over time was related to worsening pulse wave velocity and HRV. Arterial stiffness and HRV worsened over 5 years. Blood pressure and glycemic control may be potential targets to influence adverse changes in arterial stiffness and HRV in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00081328.

A systematic review on the effect of high.intensity training on heart rate variability in sports professionals and healthy young adults

BACKGROUND: Exercise plays an essential role in managing cardiovascular disorders, and high-intensity training (HIT) exercise is a potential, time-effective alternative to traditional aerobic exercise. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HIT program on the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability (HRV) in sports professionals and healthy young adults (18–30 years of age) through a systematic review. METHODS: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), PubMed, ScienceDirect, Taylor and Francis Online, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies. PEDro scale was used to assess internal validity, exclude risk bias, and assess the methodological quality of studies. RESULTS: A total of 4430 search results were obtained by searching for specific keywords, out of which, only 7 studies met the inclusion criteria after removing all the duplicate articles. Our results showed that HIT programs have significant effect on HRV (root mean square of successive difference [RMSSD], mean difference [MD] =13.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.73, 24.97), high-frequency (HF, MD = 381.7, 95% CI = 321.54, 441.86) power, and low- to high-frequency power (MD = -0.10, CI = -0.73, 0.53) ratio in young adult athletes and healthy young adults. No significant difference was found in other HRV variables. CONCLUSION: HIT is an effective exercise program that can cause improvement in parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiac modulation depending on the duration of the HIT program. HIT program can be given for 2–4 weeks to improve HRV in young adults.

Short-term HRV in young adults for momentary assessment of acute mental stress

Mental stress has become a major health threat in our society and its continuous monitoring and timely intervention is key to stress management. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a potential candidate for ecological momentary assessment of acute mental stress, and growing number of HRV metrics have been developed. However, inconsistency of findings in prior studies necessitates further investigation on what are the appropriate metrics in tracking the momentary variation of mental stress. This study employs a block design inducing low-high-low-high stress variation profile to test the feasibility of a broad range of HRV metrics for measuring the minute-scale stress variation elicited by the commonly used mental arithmetic tasks. After extracting the RR interval series, 42 HRV metrics have been examined in absolute reliability, relative reliability, and the statistical significance in differentiating the low and high stress levels. Among these metrics, 22 show absolute reliability, 21 show relative reliability, and 13 differentiate the low and high stress levels consistently across all four pairs of comparison. Venn’s diagram analysis resulted eight metrics hold both absolute and relative reliability, whereas those metrics robustly differentiating high and low stress levels hold either absolute (3/13) or relative (10/13) reliability. Our results show that, although not all HRV metrics hold both absolute and relative reliability, about one third of the examined HRV metrics can effectively track the variations of mental stress. These findings suggest the importance of HRV metrics selection when applied for monitoring acute mental stress.

Effect of Acute Elevations in Serum Phosphate on Cardiac Baroreflex Sensitivity in Young Healthy Adults

Over the last 20 years, with the growing abundance of processed foods in the United States, dietary intake of inorganic phosphate (Pi) has more than doubled the daily‐recommended allowance. Importantly, chronic consumption of Pi is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the general population, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke. However, investigation of the potential underlying mechanisms by which high Pi intake affects the cardiovascular system has been limited. Given the strong link between impairments in cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) and reductions in heart rate variability (HRV) to greater cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, we examined the impact of acute high Pi consumption on cBRS and HRV. We tested the hypotheses that acute high Pi consumption attenuates cBRS and decreases HRV in young adults. Fourteen young men were studied on two separate days in which they consumed either a phosphate drink containing 2,000 mg Phosphorus and 1,520 sodium (n=13; 23 ± 1 yrs; mean ± SEM) or a sodium chloride drink (NaCl) containing 1,520 mg sodium (n=5; 23 ± 2 yrs) to match the sodium in the phosphate drink and to serve as a control. Resting heart rate (ECG) and arterial blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography and automated sphygmomanometer) were measured for a 10 min period before and 60 min post‐Pi (a time period known to elicit peak elevations in serum phosphate following Pi consumption) or post‐NaCl consumption. Blood draws were performed at baseline, 60 min, and 120 min to measure serum phosphate. The Sequence Method was used to estimate spontaneous cBRS separately for up sequences (increase systolic blood pressure: increase R‐R interval), down sequences (decrease systolic blood pressure: decrease R‐R interval), and for all sequences combined (overall cBRS). HRV was determined in the time‐domain as Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences (RMSSD), Standard Deviation of Successive Differences (SDSD), and Standard Deviation of Normal to Normal R‐R intervals (SDNN). Serum phosphate was significantly elevated at 60 min (baseline: 3.2 ± 0.2 mg/dL; 60 min: 4.5 ± 0.2 mg/dL; p&lt;0.01) and was maintained at 120 min post‐ Pi consumption. Resting blood pressure was not affected by Pi consumption (mean BP: pre 84 ± 2 vs. post 85 ± 2; p=0.23). Overall cBRS showed no differences between pre‐and post‐Pi (25.1 ± 2.4 vs. 26.1 ± 2.9 ms/mmHg; p=0.50). Up sequences and down sequences were also not different pre‐ and post‐Pi. The number of sequences were similar pre‐ and post‐Pi. For HRV, no differences were observed pre‐and post‐Pi (e.g. RMSSD: 93.9 ± 15.06 vs. 86.4 ± 13.67 ms; p=0.37). NaCl consumption had no effect on serum phosphate (p=0.51), or any measured cardiovascular variable. These preliminary data suggest that acute exposure to high Pi is not directly associated with an impairment in resting cBRS or decrease in HRV in young, healthy men.Support or Funding InformationSupported by UTA College of Nursing and Health InnovationThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Point:Counterpoint.

[Extract] TO THE EDITOR: In the recent Point:Counterpoint debate (2, 3), both research groups argued that training-induced bradycardia was a result of changes in intrinsic, sinoatrial node firing (i.e., intrinsic rate) or cardiac autonomic/parasympathetic regulation. While Billman (2) stated the possibility of a combination of these mechanisms, no further discussion of this was provided by either research group. Rather, the discussion focused on either mechanism and we would urge researchers to consider a more complex scenario – contribution of either mechanism that is moderated by other factors, or both mechanisms, potentially in combination with other elements (e.g., cardiac tructural changes). For example, training-induced bradycardia was reported in young adults with no changes in heart rate variability (HRV)(4), supporting an intrinsic rate mechanism. However, bradycardia was induced similarly with enhanced HRV in young adults following high-intensity exercise, supporting a cardiac autonomic mechanism (5).

Sex Differences In Autonomic Function Exist Following Tai Chi Chuan Training In Young Adults With High Anxiety

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the index of the autonomic rate of change of the heart rate in response to stimuli. Sex differences exist between anxiety levels with women exhibiting higher anxiety in a college aged population. Tai chi chuan (TCC) is a mind-body exercise that has been recognized as an inherently complex intervention with multiple components yet synergistic therapeutic values focused on deep relaxation offering cardioprotection. Used as an integrative treatment, TCC has the potential to improve HRV. Even though TCC has the potential to decrease anxiety and add a cardiovascular benefit, no controlled studies exist evaluating a population of highly anxious individuals. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of TCC on HRV in young adults with high anxiety. We hypothesized TCC would lead to greater improvements (increased total power, (TP) and decreased low frequency, (LF)) in females (F) than their male (M) counterparts. METHODS: 52 anxious young adults ( (35 M vs 17 F, age 21 +/− 1.1 years) were randomized into 10 weeks of TCC or control group (C). HRV was assessed via heads-up tilt (10 rest, 10 tilt) with a 3-lead ECG in a pre-post design. rmANOVA were used to determine main effects of TCC on HRV by group. RESULTS: Significant main effects were found for TP (P=0.005, 1692 to 1951% F vs. 7755 to 9223% M) and M decreased resting HR while women showed increases (85 to 81 vs. 69 to 71 bpm respectively) Also, M showed greater parasympathetic dominance while F decreased following TCC training ( F, 275 to 240 vs M 1746 to 2317 m/s2 respectively). CONCLUSION: Contrary to our a priori hypotheses, men derive greater autonomic benefit from TCC training than age-matched women.

Metabolic syndrome and short‐term heart rate variability in young adults

Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to estimate autonomic nervous control of the cardiovascular system. In middle-aged subjects, the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with lower HRV. We hypothesized that alterations in autonomic balance are already present in young adults with the MetS, and analysed the association of short-term HRV with the MetS (using the National Cholesterol Education Program definition), in 1889 subjects aged 24-39 years. Short-term (3 min) HRV analysis included high-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF) and total (TP) spectral components of HRV and LF/HF ratio. The presence of the MetS was associated with lower HF, LF and TP in men and women, and with higher LF/HF ratio in women. In men, waist circumference was the strongest individual MetS component that associated with HRV. After adjustments for age and heart rate, MetS was associated with lower HF and higher LF/HF ratio in women, but only with a lower TP in men (all P < 0.05). MetS is associated with lower HRV in young adults. The individual components of MetS are differentially associated with HRV in men and in women. Our results are consistent with lower vagal activity and a possible increase in sympathetic predominance in women with the MetS. This sex difference in vagal activity and sympathovagal balance may partly explain the greater increase in cardiovascular risk associated with MetS in women than in men.