Heart Rate Profile Research Articles

A six-month exercise intervention in subclinical diabetic heart disease: Effects on exercise capacity, autonomic and myocardial function

ObjectiveAutonomic dysfunction may contribute to the etiology and exercise intolerance of subclinical diabetic heart disease. This study sought the efficacy of exercise training for improvement of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and cardiac autonomic function in type 2 diabetic patients with non-ischemic subclinical left-ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Materials/MethodsForty-nine type 2 diabetic patients with early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity >1 standard deviation below the age-based mean entered an exercise intervention (n=24) or usual care (n=25) for 6-months (controlled, pre-/post- design). Co-primary endpoints were treadmill VO2peak and 5-min heart-rate variability (by the coefficient of variation of normal RR intervals [CVNN]). Autonomic function was additionally assessed by resting heart-rate (for sympathovagal balance estimation), baroreflex sensitivity, cardiac reflexes, and exercise/recovery heart-rate profiles. Echocardiography was performed for LV function (systolic/diastolic tissue velocities, myocardial deformation) and myocardial fibrosis (calibrated integrated backscatter). ResultsVO2peak increased by 11% during the exercise intervention (p=0.001 vs. −1% in controls), but CVNN did not change (p=0.23). Reduction of resting heart-rate in the intervention group (p<0.05) was associated with an improvement in the secondary endpoint of heart-rate variability total spectral power (p<0.05). However, baroreflex sensitivity, cardiac reflexes, and exercise/recovery heart-rate profiles showed no significant benefit. No effects on LV function were observed despite favorable reduction of calibrated integrated backscatter in the intervention group (p<0.05). ConclusionsThe exercise intolerance of subclinical diabetic heart disease was amenable to improvement by exercise training. Despite a reduction in resting heart-rate and potential attenuation of myocardial fibrosis, no other cardiac autonomic or LV functional adaptations were detected.

Effects of Hiking at Moderate and Low Altitude on Cardiovascular Parameters in Male Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: Austrian Moderate Altitude Study

Physical activity is a cornerstone in therapy for patients with metabolic syndrome. Walking and hiking in a mountain scenery represents an ideal approach to make them move. The Austrian Moderate Altitude Study (AMAS) 2000 main study is a randomized controlled trial to investigate the cardiovascular effects of hiking at moderate altitude on patients with metabolic syndrome compared with a control group at low altitude, to assess a potential altitude-specific effect. Seventy-one male patients with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to a moderate altitude group (at 1700 m), with 36 participants, or to a low altitude group (at 200 m), with 35 participants. The 3-week vacation program included 12 hiking tours (4 per week, average duration 2.5 hours, intensity 55% to 65% of heart rate maximum). Physical parameters, performance capacity, 24-hour blood pressure, and heart rate profiles were obtained before, during, and after the stay. In both groups, we found a significant mean weight loss of -3.13 kg; changes in performance capacity were minor. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and circadian heart rate profiles were significantly reduced in both groups, with no differences between them. Consequently, the pressure-rate product was reduced as well. All study participants tolerated the vacation well without any adverse events. A 3-week hiking vacation at moderate or low altitude is safe for patients with metabolic syndrome and provides several improvements in their cardiovascular parameters. The cardiovascular benefits achieved are more likely to be the result of regular physical activity than the altitude-specific effect of a mountain environment.

Physiological heart rate profile of hyperbaric underwater worker during an exercise stress testing as a predictor of physical fitness (1103.1)

Aims: Study the possibility of abnormalities of heart rate with increased risk of sudden death or myocardial infarction is an important health burden in occupational or hyperbaric medicine Method: We studied the heart rate (HR) of 200 apparently healthy underwater workers during and after 780 bicycle exercise stress tests, recommended for medical fitness. The results were analysed step by step by mean, standard deviation and normal distribution. Results: For maximal power (range 99‐249 watts) the average of HR were at 98 ± 7.4 % of FMT. The HR had a continuous probability distribution at each step The variations above or below two standard deviation are defined as an abnormal response These patients have a temporary medical contraindication before special re‐assessments. Conclusion: The cardiovascular system should be sufficient to enable the underwater workers to sustain activity without increased risk. Exercise testing cannot exclude all cardiac risk; but the HR behavior was recommended for medical fitness. It should be especially, indeed, the consequences of injury are important and dangerous This finding should be considered in future cardio‐vascular guidance documents applied for a specific population

Metabolic and Lipid Profile of Middle-aged Sedentary Women doing Aerobic Exercise Plus Weightlifting

Middle-aged sedentary females (42.8±4.1 years, mean±SD) were subjected to aerobic exercise (AE, n=20) and aerobic exercise with weightlifting (AEWT, n=18) 3 times a week for a period of 20 weeks to determine changes in body weight, body fat, blood pressure, heart rate, and serum lipid profile. At the end of training program, subjects in both groups lost weight and body fat. Cardiac parameters and serum lipid profile also decreased in both groups. These beneficial changes were noted at a greater extent in the subjects performing AE than in the subjects performing AEWT. In conclusion, light but continuous exercise is sufficient to achieve health benefits in middle-aged sedentary women.

Cardio-respiratory response of young adult Indian male subjects to stress: Effects of progressive muscle relaxation

<b>Background:</b> Stress and anxiety have become an integral part of our lives. Of late, this has resulted in the increase in incidence of hypertension and coronary heart disease. <b>Objectives:</b> To assess the effect of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on young adult males and its role in the modulation of cardio-respiratory response on exposure to stress. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care referral hospital. Undergraduate male students under stress were chosen for the study. Fasting blood samples were drawn to analyze sugar and lipid profile, followed by anthropometric measurements and ECG. In the resting condition, blood pressure, pulse rate, and spirometric parameters; forced vital capacities (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV ₁ %) were measured. Then, they were made to exercise with bicycle ergometer and post exercise, the vital parameters were recorded. All subjects were given a training of Jacobson's Progressive Muscular Relaxation and asked to practice this technique for 3 months. All parameters were re-evaluated. <b>Results:</b> Significant decreases in resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels of subjects were seen after PMR training. Exercise-induced rise in heart rate and blood pressure were also significantly less in subjects following PMR training. <b>Conclusion:</b> Progressive muscle relaxation helps in modulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and lipid profile in healthy normal adult male individuals.

ОсОбеннОсти пеРинА тАЛьнОгО АнАМнеЗА и ВАРиАбеЛьнОсти сеРДеЧнОгО РитМА У неДОнОШеннЫх ДетеЙ пеРВОгО гОДА жиЗни, РОжДеннЫх с экстРеМАЛьнО ниЗкОЙ МАссОЙ теЛА и ОЧень ниЗкОЙ МАссОЙ теЛА

Aim. To study the heart rate variability and autonomic regulation features in preterm infants with an analysis of adverse perinatal factors. Matherial and methods. Current study included preterm infants during infancy. We assessed thoroughly history, physical examination of patients, electrocardiography findings, ambulatory ECG Holter monitoring results. Results and discussion. We analyzed of the most significant perinatal risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as burdened obstetric history, chronic fetoplacental insufficiency, preeclampsia, viral infections during the first trimester of pregnancy. There was a reduction of circadian index in the children with ELBW and VLBW, that is, the presence of the rigidity of the circadian profile of heart rate (HR). According to ECG Holter monitoring, preterm infants had such cardiac disorders as cardiac arrhythmia supraventricular and ventricular, conduction disturbances in the form of AV block, daily rhythm structure changes in the form of the rigidity of the circadian profile of HR. We found decreased temporal parameters of heart rate variability, which indicates a weakening of parasympathetic effects on the heart and relative sympathicotonia. Conclusion. The presence of autonomic imbalance with a predominance of sympathetic tone, reduced heart rate variability in conjunction with anatomical defects, overloading of the heart chambers volume or pressure and hypoxia may predispose the development of pathological myocardial remodeling in infants with extremely and very low birth weight.

Predicted heart rate effect of inhaled PF-00610355, a long acting β-adrenoceptor agonist, in volunteers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

To assess the cardiovascular effects of a new inhaled long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonist PF-00610355 in COPD patients. Thirteen thousand and sixty-two heart rate measurements collected in 10 clinical studies from 579 healthy volunteers, asthma and COPD patients were analyzed. The relationship between heart rate profiles and predicted plasma concentration profiles, patient status, demographics and concomitant medication was evaluated using non-linear mixed-effects models. The median heart rate increase in COPD patients for doses of PF-00610355 up to 280 μg once daily was simulated with the final pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model. An Emax model accounting for delayed on-and off-set of the PF-00610355-induced change in heart rate was developed. The predicted potency in COPD patients was three-fold lower compared with healthy volunteers, while no difference in maximum drug effect was identified. Simulations suggested a maximum placebo-corrected increase of 2.7 (0.90-4.82) beats min(-1) in COPD patients for a PF-00610355 dose of 280 μg once daily, with 19% subjects experiencing a heart rate increase of more than 20 beats min(-1) compared with 8% in the placebo group. This PKPD analysis supports the clinical observation that no relevant effects of PF-00610355 on heart rate in COPD patients should be expected for doses up to 280 μg once daily.

Differences in Heart Rate Profile During Exercise Among Subjects with Subclinical Thyroid Disease

Clinical thyroid disease is associated with changes in the cardiovascular system, including changes in heart rate during exercise. However, data on the relation between subclinical thyroid disease (SCTD) and heart rate during exercise are limited. We investigated 3799 apparently healthy subjects who were evaluated in the Institute for Preventive Medicine at the Sheba Medical Center. All subjects answered standard health questionnaires; were examined by a physician; completed routine blood tests including thyrotropin, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine levels; and underwent a treadmill exercise according to the Bruce protocol. Subjects with known thyroid disease or those who were taking thyroid-related drugs were excluded from the analysis. Heart rate profile was compared between patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHypoT), patients with normal thyroid function, and patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCHyperT) using propensity score matching. Seventy patients had SCHyperT and 273 had SCHypoT. Compared with age- and sex-matched normal subjects, SCHyperT subjects had a higher resting heart rate (83±17 vs. 76±12 beats per minute [bpm], p=0.006), a significantly higher recovery heart rate (94±12 vs. 90±12 bpm, p=0.045), and a significantly lower heart rate reserve (80±20 vs. 87±18 bpm, p=0.006). Subjects with SCHypoT showed a trend toward a lower resting heart rate (75±13 vs. 77±15 bpm, p=0.09) and had a significantly lower recovery heart rate (88±12 vs. 90±13 bpm, p=0.035). There was no significant difference in exercise duration or blood pressure between subjects with SCTD and their matched normal controls. Subjects with SCTD have a significantly different heart rate profile during rest, exercise, and recovery.

Circadian heart rate and blood pressure variability in intensive care unit patients

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) profiles follow circadian rhythm and day-to-day variations. It has been established that cardiovascular parameters decreased in sleep with the lowering of physical and mental activity. Sleeping has a profound effect on the fluctuation of BP and HR rhythms. To compare the circadian variation of BP and HR between comatose and non-comatose patients, around-the-clock cardiovascular parameter measurements were obtained from 22 patients receiving care in intensive care units (ICU). Cosinor and Student’s t-test were used as statistical tools to test inter-group differences in the obtained time series. A statistically significant group circadian rhythm (p < 0.05) was detected for each studied parameter. However, in the present study, we noticed disturbed profiles, which are more pronounced in non-comatose patients. These results provide evidence for a pronounced disturbance of the physiological temporal organization in ICU patients. The relative contribution of the use of drugs, certain medication and/or brain injury, however, is a point of future investigation.

L/N-Type Calcium Channel Blocker Cilnidipine Added to Renin-Angiotensin Inhibition Improves Ambulatory Blood Pressure Profile and Suppresses Cardiac Hypertrophy in Hypertension with Chronic Kidney Disease

Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) profile are proposed to be related to renal deterioration and cardiovascular complication in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we examined the beneficial effects cilnidipine, a unique L/N-type calcium channel blocker (CCB), in addition to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, on ambulatory BP and HR profile, as well as cardiorenal function in hypertensive CKD patients. Forty-five patients were randomly assigned to the cilnidipine replacement group (n = 21) or the control CCBs group (n = 24) during a 24-week active treatment period. Although clinical BP values were similar in the cilnidipine and control CCBs groups after the treatment period, the results of ambulatory BP monitoring showed that the 24-h and daytime systolic BP levels in the cilnidipine group were significantly lower compared with the control group after the study. Furthermore, the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was significantly decreased in the cilnidipine group compared to the control group after the study (LVMI, 135.3 ± 26.4 versus 181.2 ± 88.4, p = 0.031), with a significant difference in the changes in the LVMI between the cilnidipine and control groups (change in LVMI, −12.4 ± 23.7 versus 26.2 ± 64.4, p = 0.007). These results indicate that cilnidipine is beneficial for the suppression of pathological cardiac remodeling, at least partly, via a superior improving effect on ambulatory BP profile compared with control CCBs in hypertensive CKD patients.

24 hour continuous ocular tonography Triggerfish and biorhythms of the cardiovascular system functional parameters in healthy and glaucoma populations

AbstractPurpose Rating circadian biorhythms of the eye‐wall tension and cardiovascular system functional parameters in normal subjects(N) and patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma(POAG), normal tension glaucoma(NTG), ocular hypertension(OH).Methods Study population: 50 Ns, 30 POAGs, 10 NTGs and 7 OHs. Simultaneous, 24 hours continuous ocular tonography Triggerfish and ECG/Blood pressure Holter recordings. The comparison in 4 time intervals, set basing on time of falling asleep(F) and awakening(W). Data are compared within intervals (IN) 1:(F‐5hrs,F], 2:(F,F+3], 3:(F+3,W], 4:(W,W+5]Results Similar eye‐wall tension profiles for N and OH were detected, both decreasing in IN4, OH shows higher values in IN3. POAG and NTG tension profiles are different in IN4 with noticeable change for POAG with its value increase in opposite to others. Cardiovascular parameters show the similar characteristics of SAP for all cases with the highest value for OH and the lowest for N. The recordings for DAP show the noticeable difference for NTG, where the profile is changing rapidly between the highest values in INs2 and 4 to the lowest one in IN3. Additionally, only for OH the IN3 value is higher than IN4 one. The comparison of heart rate profile shows a noticeable difference for POAG. All data will be presentedConclusion The study showed specific, group dependent, biorhythms for 24‐hour circadian eye‐wall tension and functional parameters of cardiovascular system. These figures bring new insights into the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neuropathy and indicate the location of potential handle points for individual time‐dependent therapeutic options.

Addition of Aliskiren to Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Improves Ambulatory Blood Pressure Profile and Cardiorenal Function Better than Addition of Benazepril in Chronic Kidney Disease

An altered ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) profile is related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiorenal syndrome. In this study, we examined the effects of aliskiren, when added to angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, on ambulatory BP and cardiorenal function in CKD. Thirty-six hypertensive CKD patients were randomly assigned to the aliskiren add-on group (n = 18) or the benazepril add-on group (n = 18). Ambulatory BP and cardiorenal function parameters were measured at baseline and 24 weeks after treatment. Compared with the benazepril group, nighttime systolic BP variability in the aliskiren group was lower after treatment. Albuminuria was decreased in the aliskiren group, but not in the benazepril group. In addition, left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was significantly lower in the aliskiren group than in the benazepril group after treatment. In the aliskiren group, multivariate linear regression analysis showed an association between changes in albuminuria and changes in nighttime systolic BP. Furthermore, there were associations between changes in LVMI and changes in daytime HR variability, as well as between changes in LVMI and changes in plasma aldosterone concentration. These results suggest that aliskiren add-on therapy may be beneficial for suppression of renal deterioration and pathological cardiac remodeling through an improvement that is effected in ambulatory BP and HR profiles.

The correlation of vectorcardiographic changes to blood lactate concentration during an exercise test

In this study, the correlations between blood lactate concentration (BLC), different vector electrocardiogram (VECG) parameters, ventilatory parameters and heart rate during exercise and recovery periods were investigated. The aim was to clarify the relationships between VECG parameters and different exercise intensity markers. Six (25–37 years old) nonathlete, healthy, male participants took part in the study. All participants performed two different bicycle ergospirometric protocols (P1 and P2) in order to attain different lactate levels with different heart rate profiles. A principal component regression (PCR) approach is introduced for preprocessing the VECG components. PCR was compared to Sawitzcy Golay and wavelet filtering methods using simulated data. The performance of the PCR approach was clearly better in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) situations, and thus, it enables reliable VECG estimates even during intensive exercise. As a result, strong positive mean individual correlations between BLC and T-wave kurtosis (P1: r=0.86 and P2: r=0.8, p<0.05 in 12/12 measurements) and negative correlation between BLC and cosRT (P1: r=−0.7, P2: r=−0.62, p<0.05 in 8/12 measurements) were observed. The results of this study indicate that VECG parameters (in addition to heart rate) can make a significant contribution to monitoring of exercise intensity and recovery.

Metabolic Circadian Rhythms in Embryonic Turtles

Oviparous species are model organisms for investigating embryonic development of endogenous physiological circadian rhythms without the influence of maternal biorhythms. Recent studies have demonstrated that heart rates and metabolic rates of embryonic turtles are not constant or always maximal and can be altered in response to the presence of embryos at a more advanced stage of development within the nest. A first step in understanding the physiological mechanisms underpinning these responses in embryonic ectothermic organisms is to develop metabolic profiles (e.g., heart rate) at different temperatures throughout incubation. Heart beat and rhythmic patterns or changes in development may represent important signals or cues within a nest and may be vital to coordinate synchronous hatching well in advance of the final stages of incubation. We developed baseline embryonic heart-rate profiles of embryos of the short-necked Murray River turtle (Emydura macquarii) to determine the stage of embryogenesis that metabolic circadian rhythms become established, if at all. Eggs were incubated at constant temperatures (26°C and 30°C) and heart rates were monitored at 6-h intervals over 24 h every 7-11 days until hatching. Circadian heart rate rhythms were detected at the mid-gestation period and were maintained until hatching. Heart rates throughout the day varied by up to 20% over 24 h and were not related to time of day. This study demonstrated that endogenous metabolic circadian rhythms in developing embryos in turtle eggs establish earlier in embryogenesis than those documented in other vertebrate taxa during embryogenesis. Early establishment of circadian rhythms in heart rates may be critical for communication among embryos and synchrony in hatching and emergence from the nest.

Individual Training-Load and Aerobic-Fitness Variables in Premiership Soccer Players During the Precompetitive Season

The aim of this study was to examine the association between individual measures of internal training load (training impulse [TRIMPi]) and aerobic-fitness and performance variables in premiership male soccer players. Eighteen Premiership soccer players (age 28.4 ± 3.2 years, height 182 ± 5.3 cm, body mass 79.9 ± 5.5 kg) performed treadmill tests for VO(2max) and ventilatory threshold (VT) and speed at blood-lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L(-1) (S4) on separate days pre and post 8 weeks of training (preseason). The Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo IR1) performance was assessed pre and post preseason training as well. The TRIMPi was calculated using individual lactate and heart-rate profiles and assessed in each training session (n = 900). The results showed that TRIMPi was large to very-large associated with percentage changes in VO(2max) (r = 0.77, p = 0.002), VT (r = 0.78, p = 0.002), S4 (r = 0.64, p = 0.004), and Yo-Yo IR1 performance (r = 0.69, p = 0.009). Regression analyses showed that a weekly TRIMPi >500 AU was necessary to warrant improvements in aerobic fitness and performance in premiership male soccer players during the precompetitive season. It is concluded that TRIMPi is a valid and viable tool to guide training prescription in male premiership soccer players during the preseason.

Heart rate profile: from physiology to clinical practice

Copyright © Polskie Towarzystwo Kardiologiczne WSTĘP Czestotliwośc rytmu serca (HR) jest zasadniczym mechanizmem modulującym prace ukladu sercowo-naczyniowego. Bedąc pochodną aktywności komorek wezla zatokowego, podlega wplywowi m.in. ukladu autonomicznego, niektorym hormonom i miejscowemu stezeniu jonow. Dzialanie kazdego z tych czynnikow odbywa sie poprzez zmiany faz i progow powstawania potencjalu czynnościowego w komorkach wezla zatokowo-przedsionkowego (SAN). Ostre lub przewlekle zaburzenia subtelnej rownowagi tych czynnikow są przyczyną niewlaściwej adaptacji ukladu sercowo-naczyniowego do potrzeb organizmu, co wywoluje objawy chorobowe, a jednocześnie jest czynnikiem zlego rokowania u osob bez i z chorobami sercowo-naczyniowymi.

Cardiovascular re-adjustments and baroreflex response during clinical reambulation procedure at the end of 35-day bed rest in humans

During the reambulation procedure after 35-day head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR) for 9 men, we recorded for the first time heart rate (HR; with electrocardiogram) and arterial pressure profiles (fingertip plethysmography) for 5 min in HDTBR and horizontal (SUP) positions, followed by 12 min in standing position, during which 4 subjects fainted (intolerant, INT) and were laid horizontal again (Recovery). We computed: mean arterial pressure (P̄; pressure profiles integral mean), stroke volume (SV; obtained with Modelflow method), and cardiac output (Q̇; SV × HR). All cardiovascular data remained stable in HDTBR and SUP for both groups (EXP). Taking the upright posture, EXP showed a decrease in SV and an increase in HR, becoming significantly different from SUP within 1 min. Further evolution of these parameters kept Q̇ stable in both groups until the second minute of standing. Afterward, in INT, P̄ precipitated without further HR increases: SV stopped being corrected and Q̇ reached 2.9 ± 0.4 L·min(-1) at the last 15 s of standing. Sudden drop in P̄ allowed identification of a low-pressure threshold in INT (70.7 ± 12.9 mm Hg), after which syncope occurred within 80 s. During Recovery, baroreflex curves showed a flat phase (P̄ increase, HR stable), followed by a steep phase (P̄ increased, HR decreased, starting when P̄ was 84.5 ± 12.5 mm Hg and Q̇ was 9.6 ± 1.5 L·min(-1)). INT, in contrast with tolerant subjects, did not sustain standing because HR was unable to correct for the P̄ drop. These results indicate a major role for impaired arterial baroreflexes in the onset of orthostatic intolerance.

Comparison of the effects of amlodipine and cilnidipine on blood pressure, heart rate, proteinuria and lipid profile in hypertensive patients

Background: Hypertension is a widespread public health problem and a major risk factor. Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker is frequently used in the treatment of hypertension. Since Amlodipine primarily L-type calcium channel blocker (CCB) and thus reduces blood pressure, it stimulates sympathetic nerve activity leading to reflex increase in heart rate. Cilnidipine, a new type of CCB which can inhibit L- type calcium channels but also N-type calcium channels. We compare the clinical effectiveness of Amlodipine and Cilnidipine on blood pressure, heart rate, proteinuria and lipid profile in hypertensive patients. Methods: The study was a prospective, randomized, open label comparison, total ninety five patients were recruited for study in which 45 patients received 5-10mg Amlodipine and other 55 patients of same age groups received 10-20mg Cilnidipine. 15 patients in Amlodipine group and 18 patients in Cilnidipine group were diabetic, whereas 12 and 14 patients were proteinuric in Amlodipine and Cilnidipine group respectively. Results: Both the groups were well matched in term of age, weight, clinical findings and laboratory values. Both the drug significantly reduced both systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DSP). In the Amlodipine group the pulse rate (PR) after treatment tended to be higher than those before treatment. In the Cilnidipine group there was decrease in PR after treatment. Unlike Amlodipine, Cilnidipine decreased urinary protein excretion and in diabetic patients reduced serum triglyceride. Conclusions: The study indicates that unlike Amlodipine, Cilnidipine which inhibits L-and N-type calcium channels will be useful for patients with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus or renal disease and proves to be a better alternative to existing calcium channel blockers.

The effect of harness racing on the heart rate of professional harness racing drivers

Despite the size of the industry and the large amounts of money wagered on horses, little attention has been focused on the fitness of drivers of Standardbred harness racehorses. The purpose of this study was to describe the drivers’ pre-race, post-race and maximal heart rate response to multiple racing during a night of harness racing. Heart rate (HR), subjective measures of race difficulty and physical work effort, and race results were collected from eight professional Standardbred harness drivers during an official race meeting. Drivers were fitted with HR monitors prior to the start of the first race and data were continuously logged until the end of the last race. During the race meeting the drivers displayed a high mean heart rate 145±21 beats per minute. The heart rate profile during a single race demonstrated an early peak, a moderate level baseline and then increased again as the drivers took the last turn to the finish line. The best predictor of workload effort during the race was peak HR. The primary variables in explaining peak HR were final placing, horse difficulty, and pre-race HR. These data indicate that the physical work required to maintain driver position and the external stimuli associated with positioning the horse for a placing produce significant cardiovascular stress.

Combining Drum-Buffer-Rope Algorithm and Kansei Engineering to Control Capacity Constrained Worker in a Bioproduction System

Worker capacity is influenced by various factors of standard time, physical, mood and environment. The Capacity Constrained Worker (CCW) can be described as a worker capacity is close or equal with incoming material so that the fluctuation of incoming material flows possible to shift the CCW into a bottleneck condition of process. Recognizing CCW and bottleneck is essential to maintain the planned product flow in each work station. The objective of the research is to identify and control CCW and bottleneck. The case study of this research is in half-fermented ‘Tempe’ industry. CCW and bottleneck were identified using 4 parameters of standard time, profile of mood status, heart rate and environmental condition. The research results indicated that the CCW was identified on worker of peeling station while bottleneck was identified on the worker of threshing station. The arrival rate of each station inside the Bioproduction system was balanced using the lowest service rate. A buffer time is derived by deviation between service rate of worker in CCW and bottleneck and balanced arrival rate using Drum-Buffer-Rope algorithm. Buffer time was added before threshing and peeling station.