Heart Rate Measurements Research Articles

Welfare of the therapy animal within facilitated youth psychotherapy: A scoping review

As mental health challenges grow in prevalence within the youth population in the United States, professionals within the industry are looking to alternative therapeutic approaches where other therapeutic interventions have failed. This has led to the growth of therapeutic interventions utilizing animals as a complementary approach in psychotherapy addressing the mental health of youth. Nevertheless, with this growth comes the concern of the welfare of the therapy animal, particularly with the prevalence of animal abusive behaviors associated with various youth mental health disorders. Thus, a scoping review was conducted with an aim to compile research conducted on therapy animals in youth psychotherapy to uncover themes within the studies available and to determine potential areas for which further research is needed. Four questions were developed to target therapy animal welfare within youth psychotherapy. These questions were utilized for the scoping review and within each question inclusion and exclusion criteria were implemented. Reviewed literature determined limited research targeting welfare assessment methods outside of heart rate measurement, cortisol concentration, and behavioral stress scaling using ethograms. Further areas lacking within the literature reviewed were associated with the makeup of the therapy session including the breeds of animals utilized and the lengths of the therapy sessions. Each question independently lacked substantial research as fifteen articles was the largest number of articles reviewed within a question after application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition, all questions resulted in contradictions within the findings and had at least one inclusion criteria where no articles were available. Further, when reviewing across all four questions, the horse and dog were the only therapy animals studied within the reviewed literature. As such, further research is warranted targeting areas where research is lacking in order to ensure the welfare of animals being utilized within a youth psychotherapy setting.

Trends in electrocardiographic and cardiovascular manifestations of patients hospitalised with COVID-19.

Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a low incidence of cardiovascular complications was reported in Singapore. Little was known about the trend of cardiovascular complications as the pandemic progressed. In this study, we examined the evolving trends in electrocardiographic and cardiovascular manifestations in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. We examined the first 1781 consecutive hospitalised patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19. We divided the population based on whether they had abnormal heart rate (HR) or electrocardiography (ECG) or normal HR and ECG, comparing the baseline characteristics and outcomes. Cardiovascular complications were defined as acute myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, myocarditis and mortality. The 253 (14.2%) patients who had abnormal HR/ECG at presentation were more likely to be symptomatic. Sinus tachycardia was commonly observed. Troponin I levels (97.0 ± 482.9 vs. 19.7 ± 68.4 ng/L, P = 0.047) and C-reactive protein levels (20.1 ± 50.7 vs. 13.9 ± 24.1 μmol/L, P = 0.003) were significantly higher among those with abnormal HR/ECGs, with a higher prevalence of myocarditis (2.0% vs. 0.5%, P = 0.019), pulmonary embolism (2.0% vs. 0.3%, P = 0.008) and acute myocardial infarction (1.2% vs. 0.1%, P = 0.023). After adjusting for age and comorbidities, abnormal HR/ECG (adjusted odds ratio 4.41, 95% confidence interval 2.21-8.77; P < 0.001) remained independently associated with adverse cardiovascular complications. Over time, there was a trend towards a higher proportion of hospitalised patients with cardiovascular complications. Cardiovascular complications appear to be increasing in proportion over time among hospitalised patients with COVID-19. A baseline ECG and HR measurement may be helpful for predicting these complications.

Validity of Current Smartwatches for Triathlon Training: How Accurate Are Heart Rate, Distance, and Swimming Readings?

Smartwatches are one of the most relevant fitness trends of the past two decades, and they collect increasing amounts of health and movement data. The accuracy of these data may be questionable and requires further investigation. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to validate smartwatches for use in triathlon training. Ten different smartwatches were tested for accuracy in measuring heart rates, distances (via global navigation satellite systems, GNSSs), swim stroke rates and the number of swim laps in a 50 m Olympic-size pool. The optical heart rate measurement function of each smartwatch was compared to that of a chest strap. Thirty participants (15 females, 15 males) ran five 3 min intervals on a motorised treadmill to evaluate the accuracy of the heart rate measurements. Moreover, for each smartwatch, running and cycling distance tracking was tested over six runs of 4000 m on a 400 m tartan stadium track, six hilly outdoor runs over 3.4 km, and four repetitions of a 36.8 km road bike course, respectively. Three swimming protocols ranging from 200 m to 400 m were performed in triplicate in a 50 m Olympic-size pool, evaluating the tracked distance and the detected number of strokes. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) for the average heart rate measurements varied between 3.1% and 8.3%, with the coefficient of determination ranging from 0.22 to 0.79. MAPE results ranged from 0.8% to 12.1% for the 4000 m run on the 400 m track, from 0.2% to 7.5% for the 3.4 km outdoor run, and from 0.0% to 4.2% for the 36.8 km bike ride. For the swimming tests, in contrast, the deviations from the true distance varied greatly, starting at a 0.0% MAPE for the 400 m freestyle and reaching 91.7% for the 200 m medley with style changes every 25 m. In summary, for some of the smartwatches, the measurement results deviated substantially from the true values. Measurements taken while road cycling over longer distances with only a few curves were in relative terms more accurate than those taken during outdoor runs and even more accurate than those taken on the 400 m track. In the swimming exercises, the accuracy of the measured distances was severely deteriorated by the medley changes among the majority of the smartwatches. Altogether, the results of this study should help in assessing the accuracy and thus the suitability of smartwatches for general triathlon training.

The MoodWheel app: validation and factor structure of a new tool for the assessment of mood based on the experience sampling method

Background The MoodWheel app is a newly developed tool that uses experience sampling method (ESM) for assessing negative and positive emotions, based on the circumplex model of emotions and the binary model of distress, and including behavioral and heart rate (HR) measurement via photoplethysmography and the possibility to personalize the application with additional measures. Aims: This study was designed to assess the factorial structure, reliability and validity of the MoodWheel (MW) application for evaluating emotions in children, adolescents. Methods A sample of 490 children and adolescents were recruited from the schools. Internal consistency was assessed via Cronbach’s alpha test. Concurrent validity was assessed by evaluating the correlations between MW and Profile of Emotional Distress scale (PED) scores, in terms of functional/dysfunctional negative and positive emotions. Results Results obtained show that MW has good to excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability, while the convergent validity was also adequate. Moreover, we found support for the organization of the MW based on the binary model of distress, given the predictive value found for the irrational and rational beliefs. Conclusions The MW application is a useful and easy to use tool that can be used for the accurate measurement of emotions, which will be complimented in future with additional behavioral parameters to provide a comprehensive and dynamic assessment.

Smartwatch a new tool in the assesment of ischaemic heart disease

Abstract Introduction Outpatient ECG tracing is getting more important. Therefore, an everyday tool such as the watch has become "smart" (127.5 M units sold in 2021), and its key application is the heart rate measurement through ECG tracing. Some devices are already approved for atrial fibrillation detection. However, their role in ischemic heart disease (IHD), leading cause of cardiovascular death, has not been appropriately tested. Objetcive The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of smartwatch ECG registry in IHD. Methods We present an observational study of 25 consecutive patients with acute IHD. Conventional ECG and smartwatch tracing were obtained simultaneously at admission. Waves of conventional and smartwatch ECGs were objectively compared. A survey on medical attitude was conducted among 12 physicians (3 cardiologists, 3 intensivists, 3 emergency physicians, and 3 general practitioners) and a score (1–5) of concordance between the records was requested. Figure 1. Results There were no differences in Q-wave, Rwave, ST segment, or T-wave. There was a very strong correlation between ST segments, a strong correlation in Q-waves and R-waves, and a moderate correlation in T-wave measurements. All specialists obtained a high level of agreement (4.45 ± 0.45). Smartwatch tracings would lead to similar management compared to conventional ECG. There were only 6 (2%) discrepant cases due to differences in inferior repolarization, showing an almost perfect agreement (kappa = 0.96). Conclusions In most patients with acute IHD, smartwatch ECG tracing is a reliable tool to make the diagnosis and guide appropriate medical care. However, due to their intrinsic limitations, inferior myocardial infarctions may be missed and require a conventional 12-lead ECG to rule them out.

The effect of music on stress recovery

ObjectivePrevious research has suggested beneficial effects of music in reducing stress levels. However, there is no consistent conclusion demonstrating that music can contribute to stress recovery, primarily due to limitations in stress measurement, and inconsistent methodology within existing studies. Our study explores whether relaxing music, especially when self-selected, outperforms non-music acoustic, and silence conditions, fostering both subjective and biological stress recovery. MethodsOne hundred and five healthy female participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) before being randomly allocated to one of four conditions: condition 1 (n = 25) listened to researcher-selected relaxing music; condition 2 (n = 27) listened to self-selected relaxing music; condition 3 (n = 26) listened to the sound of rippling water; and condition 4 (n = 27) remained in silence. Stress parameters were repeatedly measured nine times before and after the TSST. Saliva samples were collected for cortisol and saliva alpha-amylase (sAA) analysis, Movisens equipment was used to measure heart rate (HR) and skin conductance levels (SCL), and Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) were used for subjective stress measurement. ResultsThe examination of SCL, and VAS scores revealed no significant changes following the four relaxation interventions. Although sAA displayed a significant main effect of condition, post hoc tests did not pinpoint specific differences. HR recovery patterns varied among the four relaxation interventions, with the sound of rippling water condition exhibiting a later significant decrease compared to the other conditions. Exploratory analyses revealed that cortisol levels continued increase in all conditions during intervention phase except the researcher-selected music condition. ConclusionsThe subjective and biological stress markers did not exhibit better recovery after the music stimulus, except for a tendency in the researcher-selected music condition to mitigate the continued increase in cortisol levels after the stress test. Our study provides the first evidence comparing the impact of researcher- and participant-selected music with silence and a non-music acoustic stimulus, on both subjective and biological stress recovery. Our findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the impact of music on stress recovery.

Comprehensive assessment of the accuracy of heart rate determination with the personal wearable device

BACKGROUND: Increased resting heart rate (HR) is an independent risk factor for overall mortality, sudden cardiac death, and death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and a worsening factor for CVD patients’ prognosis. Moreover, HR is easy to measure and monitor independently using various devices. The accuracy of personal wearable devices used in assessing HR should be investigated. AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of HR determination with the personal wearable device (PWD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open, observational, single-center study was performed. Participants underwent physical examination, electrocardiography, HR recording using PWD, and electrocardiography Holter monitoring (HMECG). For each participant, the study duration was 14 days. The reliability of HR measured in everyday life was assessed using the PWD in comparison with HMECG as the “gold” standard. For statistical analysis, Microsoft Excel 2016 and STATISTICA 10.0 software were used. To assess the reliability of HR measured in everyday life using PWD in relation to HMECG, the hypothesis of the equality of average HR values measured by both methods was tested, a correlation analysis of time series of HR values was conducted, and Bland–Altman plots were used to visualize differences in HR values. RESULTS: The study involved 45 healthy individuals (22 men, 49.24±6.47 years). HR data were obtained over a 24-hour period, including the subjects' routine working day. The results demonstrated good convergence between data on HR using PWD and HMECG. The relative error in determining the HR of PWD did not exceed 3.2%. The smallest relative error was recorded at night and early morning hours (0.3÷1.1%). During the daytime it was slightly higher — from 2.0 to 3.2%. A significantly high positive correlation was obtained between HR recorded using both devices, both at night (MCorrP from 0.75 to 0.85; p 0.001) and during daytime (MCorrP from 0.77 to 0.85; p 0.001). CONCLUSION: The accuracy comparison of 24-hour HR measurements by PWD showed that they were mostly within the acceptable error range (less than 3.2%). Future studies should include HR PWD assessment in patients with various diseases.

Dexmedetomidine Moderate Sedation Versus General Anesthesia on the Diagnostic Yield of Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration: A Randomized Controlled Study.

One of the factors that affect the diagnostic yield of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is the level of sedation. Therefore, we aimed to compare dexmedetomidine (DEX) as moderate sedation (MS) versus general anesthesia (GA) on the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA. This randomized open-label controlled trial was carried out on 70 patients older than 18 years of age, classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II or III, and scheduled for EBUS-TBNA. Patients were randomly allocated into two equal groups. Group D received 1 μg/kg fentanyl 2 minutes before induction with a 1 μg/kg infusion of DEX for 10 minutes, then maintenance with 0.5 - 1 μg/kg/h aiming for a Ramsey Sedation Scale of 4 - 5 while preserving hemodynamics. Group GA received 1 μg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg propofol, and 0.5 mg/kg atracurium (then 0.1 mg/kg every 20 minutes). Group D had a significantly higher rate of recalling the procedure (P = 0.005) and a lower rate of shortness of breath compared to group GA (P = 0.038). Intraoperative heart rate measurements at baseline were not significantly different between groups but were significantly lower at 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, and at the end of surgery in group D compared to group GA (P < 0.05). Intraoperative mean arterial blood pressure measurements at baseline, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, and at the end of surgery were not significantly different between groups. Recovery time was significantly shorter in group D compared to group GA (P < 0.001). Compared to GA, MS with DEX showed a comparable diagnostic yield with faster recovery time and better patient satisfaction, as evidenced by a willingness to repeat procedures when needed and less shortness of breath in EBUS-TBNA.

Targeting survival without morbidity: Heart rate characteristics for oxygen supplementation optimization in neonatal care

The preterm newborn is susceptible to many diseases related to oxidative stress, and supplemental oxygen therapy and its interaction with inflammatory processes may be a contributing factor to their underlying pathophysiology. Supplemental oxygen therapy can lead to over-oxygenation, and can complicate ischemia–reperfusion processes, which in turn can promote oxidative stress pathways. We hypothesize that the optimal dose of supplemental oxygen therapy likely varies for each preterm infant based on their unique and developing physiology, and may be adjusted through the assessment autonomic nervous function and pulmonary resilience by measuring heart rate variability. We present preliminary findings demonstrating that among extremely preterm infants with low-to-moderate heart rate characteristics index (HRCi) scores (indicating healthy ANS function) during the first six postnatal days, exposure to a low target oxygen saturation range was associated with decreased risk of the composite outcome of death by 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and/or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). This suggests a novel therapeutic approach to supplemental oxygen delivery in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) wherein the HRCi can be leveraged to guide the prescription of individualized target oxygen saturation ranges that are responsive to each infant’s unique and dynamic physiology, minimizing the risks of morbidity and mortality.

Quantifying environmental characteristics on psychophysiological restorative benefits of campus window views

In recent years, the physical and mental health of college students has received increasing attention. Campus window views have the potential to help college students quickly relieve psychological stress in their studies and daily lives. In the current study, we measured psychological and physiological changes in 42 participants to evaluate 15 campus window views at Shenyang Jianzhu University. The Short Version Revised Restoration Scale and two physiological measures (heart rate variability and skin conductance level) were combined with quantitative environmental characteristic indicators to analyze the impact of window views’ environmental characteristics on restorative benefits. The results revealed the following: (1) Environmental characteristic indicators were significantly correlated with psychological and physiological indicators, but they were not in a monotonic functional relationship. (2) The restorative benefits were greatest under the following conditions: 1.53 ≤ fractal dimension ≤1.57, 0.80 ≤ naturalness index ≤0.88, 0.48 ≤ green view index ≤0.51, 0.78 ≤ dominant color system proportion ≤0.82. When the quantity of the color system was 1, the restorative benefit was relatively low. This study provides insights into the thresholds for the impact of campus window view environmental indicators on stress recovery, and extends the theoretical basis of research on window views.

Non-Invasive Electrical Cardiometry versus Echocardiography for Assessment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Hemodynamic Response to Medical Treatment in Preterm Neonates

Abstract Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) poses a diagnostic and a therapeutic dilemma for neonatologists. Although echocardiography (Echo) has been the gold standard diagnostic tool for PDA, it requires a trained cardiologist or neonatologist to perform and it is usually not available around the clock. Echo provides also a single rather than continuous assessment of the sick neonates, whose hemodynamic status changes quickly. Electrocardiometry (EC) is a new device for continuous hemodynamic monitoring of neonates. Aim of the Work To evaluate the accuracy and precision of EC in comparison to ECHO in assessment of PDA response to treatment in preterm neonates. Patients and Methods This diagnostic accuracy study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of Children’s Hospital of Ain Shams University, Cairo, between (1/5/2021 and 31/3/2022). The study was approved by the ethical committee of Ain Shams University. Preterm neonates&amp;lt;35weeks gestational age admitted during the study period were eligible for enrollment. Neonates with hemodynamically non-significant PDA and those with other congenital anomalies were excluded. A baseline echo and electrical cardiometry were done at the time of enrollment and on day 5. Results Forty neonates were enrolled (27 females, 13 males). Closure rate of oral ibuprofen was 100% (39/39) while paracetamol failed to close the PDA in one patient (closure success 0%). Echo and EC didn’t agree upon the tested parameters (stroke volume (SV), cardiac index (CI), ejection fraction (EF), cardiac output (CO) but agreed in measuring heart rate (HR). In patients with inotropes, Echo detected significant changes in CO (p = 0.044) and CI (p = 0.047) but no changes in SV, EF and HR (p = 0.41, 0.506 &amp; 0.105 respectively). In patients who needed mechanical ventilation, Echo detected significant changes in CI (p = 0.008), CO (0.006) and SV (0.042). No changes were detected in any parameter by EC in patients who needed either inotropes or mechanical ventilation (p &amp;gt; 0.05 in all parameters). Conclusion While EC is safe and an easy to apply device, our results show that electrocardiometry is not as accurate as the echocardiography in predicting the hemodynamic changes that might correspond to the closure of PDA in preterm neonates with hemodynamically significant PDA.

Use of Dexmedetomidine versus Nitroglycerine to Provide Hypotensive Anesthesia in ENT Surgeries (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)

Abstract Background controlled (deliberate/induced) hypotension is a technique by which the arterial blood pressure is lowered in a controllable manner to reduce surgical blood loss and improve the operative field visibility. There are pharmacological and nonpharmacological techniques for inducing hypotension. The nonpharmacological methods for deliberate hypotension include positioning and positive pressure ventilation to control venous return. Aim of the Work to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) as a hypotensive agent in comparison to nitroglycerin (NTG) in FESS regarding the bloodless field, reduction of mean arterial blood pressure, decrease inhalational anesthetic requirements (MAC), decrease perioperative opioid requirements, increase the time to first postoperative analgesic request and recovery profile and increase hemodynamics stability. Patients and Methods we conducted this study on 20 patients who were planned to perform functional endoscopic sinus surgery and were randomly distributed into 2 equal groups: 10 patients received dexamedotomidine and equal number of patients received nitroglycerine. Serial measurements of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were obtained and records between both groups were compared. Results There were statistically significant differences between both groups regarding heart rate as mean values of heart rate were lower among dexamedotomidine group. There were no statistically significant differences between both groups regarding mean arterial blood pressure values at different time points during the operation. Regarding the period after stopping infusion, mean values of heart rate and blood pressure were lower among dexamedotomidine group than nitroglycerine group after 5 minutes and after 10 minutes and the differences had statistically significant differences. Regarding postoperative period, both groups were comparable regarding heart rate and blood pressure immediately postoperative. Conclusion From the results of this study, we could conclude that both Dexmedetomidine and Nitroglycerin can be effectively used in induced hypotensive anesthesia for ENT surgery as FESS. Both groups were comparable with intra operative MAP with no statistically significant differences. This study also show that Dexmedetomidine has added advantages as better haemodynamic stability than Nitroglycerin (No rebound HTN, no tachycardia). Has sedative and analgesic effect, reduce requirement of anesthetic agents and perioperative analgesia. Postoperative recovery score (Time to reach modified Aldert score more than nine significantly higher. Postoperative complication as nausea and vomiting is less.

Moderate cardiac vagal tone predicts more cooperation in highly sensitive individuals.

Cooperation, as a mutual collaboration, is a defining feature of human social life. Individual characteristics can influence cooperation. Recent studies have shown a quadratic relationship between cardiac vagal tone (CVT), an index of self-regulation, and prosocial behaviors. Individual differences in cooperation might also vary as a function of people's environmental sensitivity (ES), i.e., may be influenced by individual differences in the perception and processing of inner and external stimuli. We tested the direct and interactive effect of CVT and ES on cooperative behaviors in two independent samples. We measured heart rate and engagement in cooperative acts in 80 young adults (M = 23.61; SD = 1.60) who were also asked to self-report on ES. We found an inverted-U relationship between CVT and cooperative behaviors. ES, on the other hand, did not predict differences in cooperative behaviors but moderated the relationships between CVT and cooperation, although the magnitude of this result was small. Specifically, only among individuals with higher ES cooperative behaviors change as a function of CVT. Highly sensitive individuals with lower or higher CVT, were less cooperative than low sensitive ones. Subsequently, we replicated the same study design in a second sample of 88 undergraduate students (M = 23.69; SD = 4.91). Once again, we found evidence supporting the presence of an inverted-U relationship between CVT and cooperative behaviors, and we also found that ES moderated the relationships between the quadratic CVT term and cooperation.

Consumer wearable devices for evaluation of heart rate control using digoxin versus beta-blockers: the RATE-AF randomized trial

Consumer-grade wearable technology has the potential to support clinical research and patient management. Here, we report results from the RATE-AF trial wearables study, which was designed to compare heart rate in older, multimorbid patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and heart failure who were randomized to treatment with either digoxin or beta-blockers. Heart rate (n = 143,379,796) and physical activity (n = 23,704,307) intervals were obtained from 53 participants (mean age 75.6 years (s.d. 8.4), 40% women) using a wrist-worn wearable linked to a smartphone for 20 weeks. Heart rates in participants treated with digoxin versus beta-blockers were not significantly different (regression coefficient 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI) −2.82 to 5.27; P = 0.55); adjusted 0.66 (95% CI −3.45 to 4.77; P = 0.75)). No difference in heart rate was observed between the two groups of patients after accounting for physical activity (P = 0.74) or patients with high activity levels (≥30,000 steps per week; P = 0.97). Using a convolutional neural network designed to account for missing data, we found that wearable device data could predict New York Heart Association functional class 5 months after baseline assessment similarly to standard clinical measures of electrocardiographic heart rate and 6-minute walk test (F1 score 0.56 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.70) versus 0.55 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.68); P = 0.88 for comparison). The results of this study indicate that digoxin and beta-blockers have equivalent effects on heart rate in atrial fibrillation at rest and on exertion, and suggest that dynamic monitoring of individuals with arrhythmia using wearable technology could be an alternative to in-person assessment. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02391337.

The Two Fundamental Shapes of Sleep Heart Rate Dynamics and Their Connection to Mental Health in College Students

Introduction: Wearable devices are rapidly improving our ability to observe health-related processes for extended durations in an unintrusive manner. In this study, we use wearable devices to understand how the shape of the heart rate curve during sleep relates to mental health. Methods: As part of the Lived Experiences Measured Using Rings Study (LEMURS), we collected heart rate measurements using the Oura ring (Gen3) for over 25,000 sleep periods and self-reported mental health indicators from roughly 600 first-year university students in the USA during the fall semester of 2022. Using clustering techniques, we find that the sleeping heart rate curves can be broadly separated into two categories that are mainly differentiated by how far along the sleep period the lowest heart rate is reached. Results: Sleep periods characterized by reaching the lowest heart rate later during sleep are also associated with shorter deep and REM sleep and longer light sleep, but not a difference in total sleep duration. Aggregating sleep periods at the individual level, we find that consistently reaching the lowest heart rate later during sleep is a significant predictor of (1) self-reported impairment due to anxiety or depression, (2) a prior mental health diagnosis, and (3) firsthand experience in traumatic events. This association is more pronounced among females. Conclusion: Our results show that the shape of the sleeping heart rate curve, which is only weakly correlated with descriptive statistics such as the average or the minimum heart rate, is a viable but mostly overlooked metric that can help quantify the relationship between sleep and mental health.

PPG-based Vital Signs Measurement Using SmartPhone Camera: Review

Due to their growing popularity and rapid performance improvements, smartphones have the potential to be an accurate, low-cost physiological monitoring tool that is useful outside of the clinical setting. Since the cardiac pulse is responsible for the slight color changes in skin, a pulsatile signal that is also known as a photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal can be evaluated by utilizing a digital camera to record a video of your Region Of Interest (ROI). This review Study focuses on several research works that have used PPG-based video smartphone camera methods to measure Heart Rate (HR), Blood Pressure (BP), Oxygen Saturation (SpO2), and Respiratory Rate (RR). Comparing the approaches and results of each study (HR measurement studies produced acceptable findings with error rates less than 5%, BP error rates of results less than 10%, and SpO2 =&lt;3.5%, by comparing the predicted models reading with the standard references reading) shows how smartphone-based physiological monitoring might be used in medical settings.

The efficacy and safety of the training process in sumo through autogenic training for professional wrestlers

Background and purpose of the study. Considering the high demands for physical and psychological preparedness in sumo, the implementation of comprehensive approaches to training becomes relevant. Such an approach ensures the improvement of sports results and the health maintenance of athletes. The study is aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of autogenic training in the educational and training process among experienced sumo wrestlers. Materials and Methods. The analysis is based on the observation of 10 experienced sumo wrestlers from the "Adrenaline" sports club in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Methods used to assess the psycho-emotional and physical state of athletes included the SAN test, heart rate measurement, the Stange and Genchi tests, reaction time measurement, and the Romberg test. Mastery of autogenic training techniques took place in a group over 5 weeks at the end of each training session. After the first week, a visualization technique was added to the autogenic training. For the analysis and visualization of the obtained data it was used the integrated development environment PyCharm Community Edition. The programming code was written in Python. The experiment was conducted in Kharkiv (Ukraine), which has been located in a war zone since February 2022. The requirements of the military administration for ensuring the safety of the experiment participants were observed. Results. Significant improvements were observed in the psycho-emotional state of athletes, including a reduction in anxiety levels by 6.5 points (p&lt;0.01) and an improvement in reactionmetry indicators by 3.4 cm (p &lt; 0.05). Improvements were also noted in the well-being, mood, and activity of athletes. At the end of the experiment, no significant changes were observed in heart rate and the Stange and Genchi tests. A noticeable improvement was shown in the Genchi test, although these changes did not reach statistical significance. The results of the reactionmetry significantly improved, confirming the effectiveness of the training in enhancing the athletes' reaction speed. Conclusions. The study confirmed that autogenic training is an effective means of improving not only the psycho-emotional state but also the physical readiness of sumo wrestlers. The implementation of such methods can contribute to increasing the safety and effectiveness of the educational and training process, as well as achieving higher sports results while maintaining the health of athletes.

Inertial Measurement Unit and Heart Rate Monitoring to Assess Cardiovascular Fitness of Manual Wheelchair Users during the Six-Minute Push Test.

Manual wheelchair users (MWUs) are prone to a sedentary life that can negatively affect their physical and cardiovascular health, making regular assessment important to identify appropriate interventions and lifestyle modifications. One mean of assessing MWUs' physical health is the 6 min push test (6MPT), where the user propels themselves as far as they can in six minutes. However, reliance on observer input introduces subjectivity, while limited quantitative data inhibit comprehensive assessment. Incorporating sensors into the 6MPT can address these limitations. Here, ten MWUs performed the 6MPT with additional sensors: two inertial measurement units (IMUs)-one on the wheelchair and one on the wrist together with a heart rate wristwatch. The conventional measurements of distance and laps were recorded by the observer, and the IMU data were used to calculate laps, distance, speed, and cadence. The results demonstrated that the IMU can provide the metrics of the traditional 6MPT with strong significant correlations between calculated laps and observer lap counts (r = 0.947, p < 0.001) and distances (r = 0.970, p < 0.001). Moreover, heart rate during the final minute was significantly correlated with calculated distance (r = 0.762, p = 0.017). Enhanced 6MPT assessment can provide objective, quantitative, and comprehensive data for clinicians to effectively inform interventions in rehabilitation.

Study the Effects of Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index on Heart Rate

Heart disease is one of the deadliest diseases in the world in 2019; the increase in deaths has reached 2 million to 8.9 million people since 2000. Heart rate (HR) is an essential medical helpful sign for quickly evaluating health and knowing a person's fitness. Besides cardio exercises, some non-physical activities influence HR, such as age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). This study aims to analyze the RR intervals in leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF and determine the effect of age, gender, and BMI on HR. HR measurements were carried out using a portable ECG, the KardiaMobile 6L, during 30 seconds of recording on the subject in resting conditions and normal sinus rhythm. The number of subjects in this study was 168 people in 5 age groups, namely A (4-5 years), B (6-7 years), C (10-13 years), D (19-30 years) and E ( 55-75 years). Each age group consisted of female and male subjects, but complete BMI category variations were only found in group D. Based on the results of the HR analysis based on age, it can be concluded that with age, HR will decrease. This decrease is estimated at 4.19 bpm/year in the age range of children to adolescents (4.0 to 11.5 years) and 0.16 bpm/year in the age range of adolescents to the elderly (11.5 to 75 years). Based on gender in all age groups, it can be concluded that the average HR of women is not always higher than that of men. In group D (19-30 years), BMI in resting subjects did not affect HR. RR interval values ​​in lead I (0.6997 0.056), lead II (0.6998 0.056), lead III (0.6998 0.056), aVR (0.6998 0.056), aVL (0.6995 0.057 ) and aVF (0.6998 0.056) indicate that the RR interval values ​​for each lead are identical.

Precise measurement of human heart rate based on multi-channel radar data fusion

To achieve non-contact measurement of human heart rate and improve its accuracy, this paper proposes a method for measuring human heart rate based on multi-channel radar data fusion. The radar data were firstly extracted by human body position identification, phase extraction and unwinding, phase difference, band-pass filtering optimized by power spectrum entropy, and fast independent component analysis for each channel data. After overlaying and fusing the four-channel data, the heartbeat signal was separated using frost-optimized variational modal decomposition. Finally, a chirp Z-transform was introduced for heart rate estimation. After validation with 40 sets of data, the average root mean square error of the proposed method was 2.35 beats per minute, with an average error rate of 2.39%, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.97, a confidence interval of [-4.78, 4.78] beats per minute, and a consistency error of -0.04. The experimental results show that the proposed measurement method performs well in terms of accuracy, correlation, and consistency, enabling precise measurement of human heart rate.