Heart Rate Deflection Point Research Articles

Aerobic Exercise in the Aquatic Environment Suppresses the Plasma Renin Activity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

To compare the acute effects of aquatic walking/running versus dry-land walking/running on blood glucose and plasma renin activity (PRA) in individuals with type 2 diabetes, participants with type 2 diabetes performed deep-water or dry-land walking and/or running sessions in a swimming pool or on an athletics track, respectively. Both sessions comprised seven blocks of 3 min at 85-90% of the heart rate deflection point (HRDP), interspersed with 2 min at <85% HRDP, totaling 35 min, with a 48 h interval between sessions. PRA and blood glucose were assessed before and immediately after the sessions. Generalized estimation equations were used to verify the session effects, with the Bonferroni post hoc test, considering the significance level as 0.05. Twelve individuals (53.2 ± 8.9 years) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for 6.3 ± 6.34 years participated in the study. A reduction in PRA was found only after the aquatic session (-7.75 ng/mL/h; -69%; p: 0.034), while both aquatic and dry-land sessions similarly reduced the blood glucose levels (aquatic: -38 mg/dL, -21%; dry-land: -26 mg/dL, -14%; time effect, p = 0.007). Despite yielding similar glycemic reductions as dry-land walking/running, aquatic walking/running led to an expressive decrease in PRA among individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Role of a 10-Week Exercise Intervention on Cerebral Hemoglobin Saturation, Cognitive Function, and Heart Rate Variability Within Elite Esports Players: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Esports demand peak cognitive performance from esports athletes (e-athletes), yet their sedentary lifestyle raises concerns. This pilot study explores the effects of aerobic exercise on executive function, cerebral hemodynamics, and heart rate variability (HRV) during gameplay. Methods: Six high-ranking male e-athletes (20.8 ± 2.1 years old), ranking in the top 10% of their game, were recruited. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy measured cerebral hemodynamics, cognitive tests assessed executive function, and electrocardiography measured HRV. Individualized exercise intensities were set through graded exercise testing, followed by a 10-week treadmill-based cardiovascular training program. Results: Postintervention, weight, and body mass index remained unchanged (p &gt; .05), but the graded exercise test and heart rate deflection point significantly improved (p &lt; .05). Executive function displayed faster reaction times in the Color Word Stroop Task, and notably more accurate responses in the Parametric Go/No-Go tasks (p &lt; .05), with large effect sizes. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy revealed decreased oxygenated hemoglobin levels during rest, with moderate to large effect sizes, while HRV variables showed significant increases with large effect sizes. Conclusions: This pilot study introduces a 10-week exercise regimen for e-athletes, suggesting positive impacts on cerebral hemodynamics, executive functions, and HRV, warranting further research.

Validity of a mobile-based specific test to estimate metabolic thresholds in boxers

This study aimed to investigate the validity of a boxing-specific test to predict anaerobic threshold (AT) using the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) in boxing athletes with mobile technology. Ten male boxing athletes performed the boxing-specific incremental test (TBOX). Maximal heart rate (HRMAX), HRDP, pace, maximal punch frequency (FPMAX), and punch frequency relative to HRDP (FPAT) were measured. Participants also performed an incremental running test on a treadmill (IT) as a reference test. Paired t-tests were performed to verify differences between the mean values of HRMAX and HRDP during TBOX and IT. Pearson linear correlation was applied to test correlations and the Bland and Altman visual analysis was used to verify the level of agreement. A significant level of p &lt; 0.05 was adopted. The average HRDP was 174 ± 7 bpm, which corresponded to 92% of the observed HRMAX. FPAT and FPMAX presented values between 39 ± 4 and 73 ± 8 blows, respectively. No differences were found, and strong correlations were evidenced between TBOX and IT for HRMAX ( p = 0.281; r = 0.73) and heart rate response related to HRDP ( p = 0.096; r = 0.85). The 95% limits of agreement for the differences between TBOX and IT for HRMAX should be considered with bias by 2.1 ± 9.7 found between −7.65 and 11.85, as well as the 95% limits of agreement for the differences between TBOX and IT for HRDP with bias −2.3 ± 7.68 found between −9.98 and 5.38. HRMAX and HRDP obtained during TBOX leads us to infer that the test was well founded to estimate parameters associated with the aerobic power and aerobic capacity of boxing athletes. In addition, TBOX shows significant applicability for the aerobic assessment of boxers based on real competition movements and can be useful to determine and control training intensities.

The Effect of a Pace Training Session on Internal Load and Neuromuscular Parameters in Taekwondo Athletes.

This study aimed to verify the effect of a pace training session at an intensity corresponding to the kick frequency at the anaerobic threshold (KFAT) on the internal load response and motor response performance of the roundhouse kick. Twelve black belt taekwondo athletes underwent two evaluation sessions: (1) performed the progressive specific test for taekwondo (PSTT) to identify the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and the KFAT; (2) performed three 2-min rounds with a 1-min interval. Heart rate (HR) throughout each round and motor response performance before and after sessions were measured. The Student's T-test or Wilcoxon test was used, and p < 0.05 was adopted. During round 1, a lower internal load was observed (167 ± 10 bpm) compared with HRDP (179 ± 8 bpm; p = 0.035). During rounds 2 (178 ± 10 bpm; p = 0.745) and 3 (179 ± 8 bpm; p = 1), no differences were observed for an internal load and HRDP. Motor response performance showed no differences. However, a potentiation in the post countermovement jump test compared with rounds 1 (p = 0.012) and 2 (p = 0.028) was observed. The internal load (HR) observed at the intensity corresponding to KFAT can be considered in the prescription of training when the aim is to control the internal load responses without inducing fatigue.

Agreement between heart rate deflection point and maximal lactate steady state in young adults with different body masses.

We examined the agreement between heart rate deflection point (HRDP) variables with maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in a sample of young males categorized to different body mass statuses using body mass index (BMI) cut-off points. One hundred and eighteen young males (19.9 ± 4.4 years) underwent a standard running incremental protocol with individualized speed increment between 0.3 and 1.0 km/h for HRDP determination. HRDP was determined using the modified Dmax method called S.Dmax. MLSS was determined using 2-5 series of constant-speed treadmill runs. Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration (La) were measured in all tests. MLSS was defined as the maximal running speed yielding a La increase of less than 1 mmol/L during the last 20 min. Good agreement was observed between HRDP and MLSS for HR for all participants (±1.96; 95% CI = -11.5 to +9.2 b/min, ICC = 0.88; P < 0.001). Good agreement was observed between HRDP and MLSS for speed for all participants (±1.96; 95% CI = -0.40 to +0.42 km/h, ICC = 0.98; P < 0.001). The same findings were observed when participants were categorized in different body mass groups. In conclusion, HRDP can be used as a simple, non-invasive and time-efficient method to objectively determine submaximal aerobic performance in nonathletic young adult men with varying body mass status, according to the chosen standards for HRDP determination.

The relationship between heart rate inflection point and lactate recovery and lung function in healthy adults at the Plateau

Objective: To explore the relationship between heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and blood lactate recovery ability and lung function of healthy people aged 20～40 years old in a plateau environment of 3 200 m. Methods: 225 healthy people aged 20～40 who lived on a plateau of 3 200 m were used as the research subjects. The HRDP strength, heart rate recovery ability and blood lactate recovery ability were evaluated by the changes of heart rate and blood lactate recovery before, during and after the modified Conconi test. Results: ①The heart rate of the subjects increased with the increase in exercise intensity, and the heart rate of the recovery period after exercise showed a downward trend, the rate of Conconi test center was significantly lower in male than that in female(P＜ 0.05). At the same age, male HRDP appeared later, and female HRDP appeared earlier. At the same sex stage, the time of HRDP appeared earlier in the male group with increasing age, while the phenomenon in the female group was not significant. HRDP speed had a downward trend with age. ②The inflection point concentration of blood lactic acid in the subjects gradually decreased with age, but there was no significant difference between the low-age group and the high-age group; the blood lactic acid level in the Conconi test of healthy adult males living on the plateau was significantly lower than that of females(P＜0.05). ③FVC, MVV, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC levels in each gender group showed a downward trend with age, and the data of the male group and above were significantly higher than the female group of the same age (P＜0.05). ④Load-Heart Rate curve and Heart Rate-Blood Lactate fitting curve showed that the correlation coefficients of the male group were 0.8345, 0.8954, 0.8680, and 0.8892 in sequence; the correlation coefficients of the female group were in sequence 0.9318, 0.9661, 0.9663 and 0.9599. HRDP values of all genders and age groups were significantly correlated with their MVV levels (P＜0.05). Except for subjects 36～40 years old in the male group, lung function and lactate elimination rate of all genders and age groups were also significantly correlated (P＜0.05). Conclusion: There are age and gender differences in exercise heart rate response rules and respiratory system functions of healthy people aged 20～40 years old living on 3 200 m plateau. There is a significant correlation between HRDP and lactic acid recovery capacity and lung function. The above indicators can be used to assess the aerobic exercise endurance ability of healthy adults living on plateau.

Correlation analysis of lipid metabolism and heart rate deflection point in 7-12-year old students residing at high altitude

Objective To explore the suitable load of endurance training for primary school students with different BMI levels living in 3 200 m plateau, and to provide guidance for exercise and weight control for children residing in high altitudes. Methods The heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and HRDPspeed of 7-12-year-old students residing at high altitude were evaluated by using the site Conconi test. The serum lipid metabolism level was detected by ELISA. The correlation between HRDP and lipid metabolism was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results The level of leptin, adiponectin, total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in obesity group was highest, follow by the overweight group, normal weight and under-weight group ( F = 3.75-24.12, P 0.05) . Conclusion It is suggested that HRDP and lipid metabolism may be signcficantly correlated with BMI in students aged 7-12 years at different BMI levels in plateav and the above indicators can be used as an effective means to evaluate aerobic exercise endurance capacity of healthy adults at plateau. 【摘要】 目的 探究世居 3 200 m 髙原不同体质量指数 (BMI) 水平小学生耐力训练的适宜负荷, 为世居髙原人群体育健 身及运动减肥提供指导性建议。 方法 采用场地 Conconi 测试评估塔什库尔干县 273 名不同BMI水平的 7〜12 岁世居髙 原学生心率偏离点 (heart rate deflection point, HRDP) 及 HRDPspeed, 通过ELISA法检测受试者血清脂代谢水平, 采用 Pearson 相关分析法讨论HRDP与脂代谢水平的关联性。 结果 不同年级肥胖组瘦素 (LEP)、脂联素 (ADPN)、总胆固醇 (TC) 及三酰甘油 (TG) 水平均髙于其他组, 超重组亦均髙于正常组及消瘦组 ( F =3.75~24.12, P 值均 0.05)。 结论 世居髙原不同 BMI 水平的 7〜12 岁学生 HRDP 与脂代谢可能存在显著关联, 可作为评估世居髙原健康成人有氧运动 耐力能力的有效手段。

Predicting Maximal Lactate Steady State from Carminatti's Shuttle Run Test in Soccer Players.

The objective of the present study was to determine the validity of Carminatti's shuttle run incremental test-T-Car derived parameters in estimating the maximal lactate steady state determined in shuttle run format. Eighteen soccer players performed a T-Car test, and several trials to determine the maximal lactate steady state. From T-Car were derived the heart rate deflection point, peak speed, maximal heart rate and parameters resulting from percentage of peak measures. The validity was accessed by Bland-Altman plots, linear regressions, and two one-sided tests of equivalence analysis. The results showed the speed at 80.4% of T-Car peak speed, the heart rate deflection point and the 91.4% of maximal heart rate were equivalent to maximal lactate steady state (Mean difference; ±90% compatibility interval; -0.8; ±1.5%, -0.4; ±1.1%, and 0.0; ±2.7%, respectively). Additionally, peak speed during the T-Car test was a stronger predictor of maximal lactate steady state (MLSS [km/h]=2.57+0.65 × sPeak; r=0.82 [90% CI; 0.62-0.92], standard error of the estimate=3.6%; 90% CI ×/÷1.4). Therefore, soccer players can use the T-Car derived parameters as a noninvasive and practical alternative to estimate the specific maximal lactate steady state for soccer.

Personalized determination of target training heart rates for all ages, including patients with heart disease

BackgroundLack of physical exercise was recently accepted as a clinical diagnosis (ICD‐10‐CM Z72.3). The prescription of exercise requires a personalized training plan. Currently the Karvonen formula is used to calculate a target training heart rate (HR) by subtracting the age from 220. Because of individual differences in aerobic exercise capacities, resting parasympathetic tone, cardiac disease state, co‐morbidities, and medications (especially beta blocker), we suggest applying treadmill exercise tolerance testing to determine a personalized training HR zone, including patients with heart disease.Methods and study protocolIn 1999, the Austrian ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation was established and currently includes 12 centers. The cardiac rehabilitation program consists of three phases; phase I begins during the hospital stay, while phase II (6 weeks, 4 times/week) and phase III (up to 13 months, 2 times/week) are conducted in ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation centers under physician supervision. Additional home‐based training is recommended every day of the week. Male and female subjects participating in phase II and phase III rehabilitation underwent initial screening, and subjects with aortic stenosis, low systolic output (EF% &lt; 15), and dyspnea at rest (NYHA Class IV) were excluded. Bicycle ergometer exercise protocols used were 10W/10W/min (~90% of subjects) or 20W/20W/min (~10% of subjects) and HR was monitored continuously to generate a continuous HR curve to show a clear HR deflection point.ResultsWe retrospectively analyzed 9042 ECG treadmill test results (male = 7053, female = 1989) conducted at the Center for Ambulatory Rehabilitation Graz between 1‐1‐1999 and 10‐31‐2019. No significant difference in maximal training capacities was found between male and female subjects. Under physician supervision treadmill exercise tolerance testing was safe and well tolerated by maximally challenged male and female subjects of all ages, and no cardiac or cerebral events occurred during or after treadmill testing. The HR deflection point was assessed for each subject. The personalized training HR zone was compiled of 80–95% of the HR deflection point (not 220‐age), and training initiated during phase II and continued during phase III. Subjects were encouraged to achieve optimal training HR for 30 minutes daily and advised to perform muscle strengthening exercises twice per week.ConclusionOur study shows that optimal training heart rates can be determined by treadmill exercise testing, when patients are maximally challenged. Once “true” exhaustion is tested (which is often not achieved) a personalized target training HR zone can be calculated utilizing the individual HR deflection point. This approach will offer two advantages: 1) evaluation of underlying cardiovascular disease (cardiac ischemia), and 2) determination of an individualized and recommended target training heart rates for the “medical prescription of exercise”.

The Effects of Physical Exercise Intensity Towards Heart Rate Deflection Point

The Effects of Physical Exercise Intensity Towards Heart Rate Deflection Point

EFFECTS OF 8 WEEKS RESISTANCE TRAINING ON PEAK RUNNING VELOCITY AND HEART RATE DEFLECTION POINT IN SEDENTARY WOMEN

Purpose: Resistance training can result in increased lean mass, maximal strength, muscular power and facilitates similar acute physiological responses and chronic physiological adaptations to traditional aerobic exercises. This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance training on PV and VHRDP in sedentary women. Methods: Sixteen sedentary women were distributed in control group (CG) and Resistance Training Group (RTG). The RTG underwent a training program for major muscle groups four times a week over a period of 8 weeks which consisted of four sets of 8-12 repetition per set. The GC was asked to maintain their usual routines. Participants performed an incremental treadmill test conducted to voluntary exhaustion before and after intervention to assess peak velocity and heart rate performance curve. Results : A 2 (group: RTG, CG) x 2 (time: pre, post) ANOVA revealed a significant interaction for PV (p<0.01) and a trend to VHRDP (p=0.082). A significant main effect of time was found for PV (p=0,0038) and VHRDP (p=0,038). RTG presented a significant increase in the peak velocity (11,65±1,6 vs 13,50±1,5 km.h -1 ; p<0.01) while CG showed no difference (11,12±0,83 vs 11,00±0,92 km.h -1 ). RTG significantly improved VHRDP (9,8±1,1 vs 11,2±1,2 km.h -1 ; p<0.01) and CG did not (9,1±0,6 vs 9,3±1,3 km.h -1 ). Conclusions: The resistance training applied led to improvement in peak velocity and velocity at heart rate deflection point. RT should be prescribed by coaches and instructors as a viable exercise modality to improve aerobic fitness in sedentary females. Article visualizations:

Validity of a Taekwondo-Specific Test to Measure VO2peak and the Heart Rate Deflection Point.

Sant'Ana, J, Franchini, E, Murias, JM, and Diefenthaeler, F. Validity of a taekwondo-specific test to measure VO2peak and the heart rate deflection point. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2523-2529, 2019-This study investigated whether the progressive specific taekwondo test (PSTT) is a valid test to measure peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) in taekwondo athletes. Eighteen male black belt athletes (25.3 ± 4.8 years; 8.2 ± 4.7 years of practice; 171.8 ± 4.7 cm; 76.1 ± 8.2 kg, and 13.1 ± 2.9% body fat) involved in regional- and national-level competitions performed the PSTT and an incremental treadmill test (IT). The following variables were analyzed: VO2peak, respiratory quotient, oxygen consumption at the HRDP (VO2HRDP), peak heart rate (HRpeak), HRDP, and peak posttest blood lactate concentration. During the PSTT, the peak kick frequency (FKpeak) and kick frequency at the HRDP (FKHRDP) were also obtained. During the IT, the peak speed and the speed at the HRDP were identified by the Dmax method (the first and last points of the curve were connected by a straight line, and the most distant point of the curve to the line was considered as the HRDP). No differences were observed between VO2 responses during the PSTT and IT (p > 0.05). VO2peak and VO2HRDP presented bias (1.3 ml·kg·min and -0.78 ml·kg·min, respectively) derived from the Bland and Altman plots, with the 95% limits of agreement indicating that the differences between the 2 measures can reach 11% for VO2peak and 17% for VO2HRDP. The PSTT is a valid tool to assess aerobic power and capacity in taekwondo athletes based on direct comparisons to a treadmill test. The test presents more specific variables for the assessment and training of taekwondo athletes, such as FKpeak and FKHRDP, which can be used to determine and control the effects of training and help coaches in prescribing training programs.

Anaerobic Threshold in a Water-Based Exercise: Agreement Between Heart Rate Deflection Point and Lactate Threshold Methods.

Alberton, CL, Andrade, LS, Pinheiro, RB, and Pinto, SS. Anaerobic threshold in a water-based exercise: agreement between heart rate deflection point and lactate threshold methods. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2472-2478, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare and assess the agreement of the heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) corresponding to the anaerobic threshold (AT) between HR deflection point (HRDP) and lactate threshold (LT) methods during a water-based exercise in young men. Sixteen young men (24 ± 6 years) performed the experimental protocol, which comprised the performance of a maximal incremental test during the water-based stationary running exercise. The initial cadence corresponded to 90 b·min-1, with 10 b·min-1 increases every 3 minutes up to exhaustion. Heart rate was monitored every 30 seconds while blood lactate concentrations and RPE were measured at the end of each 3-minute bout. Anaerobic threshold was identified by HRDP and LT methods by experienced physiologists. Paired Student's t-test, Bland-Altman analysis, and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). As results, there was agreement between HRDP and LT methods for HR, while RPE presented significant higher values for the HRDP method, resulting in an absence of acceptable agreement between methods. In addition, strong relationships (p ≤ 0.001) were verified between methods of AT determination for HR (r = 0.786) and RPE (r = 0.916). Therefore, based on the agreement between HRDP and LT methods, the HR determined by HRDP may be a valid parameter used for the intensity prescription of water-based stationary running exercise in young men during water aerobics programs and may be considered more reliable than RPE.

Lactate and glucose thresholds and heart rate deflection points for Beagles during intense exercise.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the lactate threshold of dogs could be determined by a visual method and to assess the extent of agreement and bias among treadmill velocities for the lactate threshold as determined by visual (LTv) and polynomial (LTp) methods, glucose threshold as determined by visual (GTv) and polynomial (GTp) methods, and heart rate deflection point (HRdp) as a method for estimating the aerobic capacity of dogs. ANIMALS 18 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Each dog underwent a standardized incremental treadmill exercise test once. The test ended when the dog began to show signs of fatigue. Plasma lactate and glucose concentrations and heart rate (HR) were plotted against exercise intensity (treadmill velocity) for the duration of the test, and the LTv, GTv, and HRdp were determined visually. The LTp and GTp were determined by means of a second-order polynomial function. One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, Bland-Altman analyses, and ordinary least products regression were used to assess the extent of agreement and bias among the various threshold velocities. RESULTS Mean velocity did not differ significantly among the thresholds evaluated. There was a strong positive correlation between the LTv velocity and the velocity for GTv (r = 0.91), LTp (r = 0.96), GTp (r = 0.94), and HRdp (r = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that LTv could be determined for dogs undergoing intense exercise on a treadmill, and the treadmill velocity corresponding to the LTv was associated with the velocity for the other hallmarks of endurance. Thus, that method may be useful for prescription and evaluation of conditioning programs for dogs.

Determination of heart rate threshold from heart rate kinetics during maximal graded exercise in soccer players

Abstract The main of the present study was to identify the heart rate threshold based on heart rate kinetics during graded maximal exercise in football players. Twenty-six male football players performed a maximal exercise test (Bruce protocol) on a motor-driven treadmill. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were monitored, recorded and resampled at 3.5Hz. The ventilatory threshold (VT), and respiratory compensation (RC), heart rate deflection points (HRDP1 and HRDP2) and heart rate kinetics threshold (HRT) were determined by computerized methods. The heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed in the frequency domain. The HRT averaged 89.9 ± 1.2 % of the VO2 peak. The HRT showed poor correlations and significant differences compared with HRDP1 (r = 0.46) and VT (r = 0.51), but was not different from, and highly correlated with, HRDP2 (0.98) and RC (0.90). Bland Altman plots showed all athletes into 95% of limits of agreement, and intraclass correlation coefficient showed good agreements between points obtained from HRT compared with HRDP2 (0.96) and RC (0.98). The HRT was highly correlated with HRDP2 and RC, suggesting it could be a marker for cardiorespiratory fatigue.

Heart rate deflection point as an alternative to determining the anaerobic threshold in dyslipidaemic patients

Abstract Aim: The aim of the present study was to verify the agreement between the ventilatory method (VT) and the alternative method of heart rate deflection point (HRDP) in determining the anaerobic threshold (AT) during incremental treadmill test in dyslipidaemic patients. Methods: Twenty-seven dyslipidaemic patients (61.50 ± 10.46 years) performed an incremental treadmill test, in which the AT was determined using both methods. Bland-Altman statistics was adopted in order to verify the agreement between the methods. Results: Agreement in AT determination between the VT and HRDP methods was observed (p < 0.05) for heart rate (138.00 ± 23.80 and 136.26 ± 22.18 bpm, respectively), oxygen uptake (31.00 ± 10.33 and 31.00 ± 11.17 ml.kg−1.min−1), and treadmill velocity (7.67 ± 1.71 km.h-1and 8.00 ± 1.75 km.h-1). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HRDP method can be adopted for the determination of the AT in dyslipidaemic patients, showing agreement with the VT method.

Physiological Responses during Competitive Sports Aerobics Exercise

The aim of this study was to characterize heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake and pulmonary ventilation during competitiveaerobic gymnastics routine in a group of elite women athletes. The subjects were Lithuanian aerobic women gymnasts,members of national team (21.6, 4.4) years old). All subjects performed a maximal incremental treadmill test in thelaboratory and competitive aerobic gymnastics exercises in group category. Heart rate was continuously recordedusing the heart rate measurement equipment Polar ACCUREX-Plus. During the incremental treadmill test HRdeflection point and other parameters of aerobic capacity were determined from the relationship of HR to runningspeed. During the aerobic gymnastics routine pulmonary gas exchange parameters and heart rate were continuouslymeasured using the telemetric equipment Cortex 3B. The changes of HR, minute ventilation and oxygen uptake wereanalyzed by adopting monoexponential function.The results showed that HR values during the competitive aerobic gymnastics routine were higher than HR break pointwhich is near the lactate accumulation threshold (reaching 95.2 (4.2)% of maximal HR). Oxygen uptake duringcompetitive routine reached 81.3 (5.8)% of maximal oxygen uptake. Rather high blood lactate accumulation(7.50 mmol / l) at the third minute after exercise show the high intensity of exercise. These results allows us to considerthat aerobic gymnastics is a sport with high cardiorespiratory and metabolic demands, in which aerobic and anaerobicsources are intensely activated.Keywords: aerobic gymnastics, aerobic capacity, pulmonary gas exchange, lactate, heart rate deflection point.

Estimation equation of maximum oxygen uptake in taekwondo specific test

Progressive specific taekwondo test (PSTT) was designed to evaluate aerobic indicators and maximum frequency kick (FKMAX) in taekwondo athletes. Both can be used as specific aerobic power variables to estimate maximum oxygen uptake (VO2MAX). To determine a linear regression equation to estimate the VO2MAX during PSTT in taekwondo athletes. Twenty-two taekwondo athletes performed a PSTT. Oxygen consumption was measured and the equations to estimate VO2MAX were established by multiple linear regression. Regression coefficient (R), coefficient of determination (R2), and standard error of estimate (SEE) were stablished and p < 0.05 was considered. Two significant regression equations were obtained: VO2MAX absolute (L.min−1) = 7.230–0.029 (heart rate deflection point) + 0.048 (FKMAX), with R 0.616, R2 0.379, and SEE = 0.428; and VO2MAX relative (mL.kg−1.min−1) = 28.946 + 0.761 (FKMAX)—0.030 (height), with R = 0.622, R2 = 0.387, and SEE = 4.665 Significant but moderate multiple regression coefficients to predict absolute and relative VO2MAX were found. The SEE observed suggests that more control of the actions during the test (i.e., control of the kick speed or its impact and standardization of step intensity) must be established.

Prediction of performance by heart rate-derived parameters in recreational runners

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether heart rate (HR)-derived parameters are accurate performance predictors in endurance recreational runners. One hundred thirty recreational athletes completed an incremental running test (4´running + 1´rest). After each stage, we recorded HR, % of maximum HR (%HRmax), and blood lactate. We also assessed HR after each recovery period, and calculated lactate and HR recovery thresholds and HR deflection point. We tested these parameters for associations with running performance, as measured by peak treadmill speed (PTS) and personal best International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) score. The %HRmax at 14.5 km·h−1 correlated with PTS (r = −0.92), and IAAF score (rho = −0.80). The magnitudes of the correlations of lactate-related parameters with PTS (|r| = 0.84 to 0.86) or IAAF score (|rho| = 0.70 to 0.77) in absolute values were slightly lower. The correlations detected between other HR-derived parameters and running performance were weaker (|r or rho| = 0.24 to 0.70). Regression models identified %HRmax at 14.5 km·h−1 as the strongest predictor of both PTS (β = −0.72) and IAAF score (β = −0.72). Consequently, tests based on %HRmax may provide a non-invasive and inexpensive alternate method for predicting the performance of these athletes.

Individualisation of speed thresholds does not enhance the dose-response determination in football training

ABSTRACTThis study examined the utility of a range of approaches used to develop player-dependent speed zones in time-motion analysis (TMA), in determining the dose-response (internal load) of daily football training. Daily external (10 Hz GPS) and internal load (heart rate metrics, ratings of perceived exertion [RPE], wellness ratings) measures were tracked for 22 International women’s football players during a 21-day training camp. High-speed (HSR) and very high speed running (VHSR) were determined according to arbitrary speed thresholds, as well as using a range of different individualization approaches that included the velocities corresponding to the heart rate deflection point, maximal aerobic speed, YYIR1 performance, and maximal sprint speed (MSS). Within-player correlations between the TMA approaches versus internal load measures quantified the dose-response to training. Correlations between HSR and VHSR vs. RPE were large (r = 0.53–0.67), with the exception of VHSR for the MSS technique (moderate; r = 0.44). HSR was very-largely associated with heart rate indices (r = 0.72–0.78), again with the exception of MSS (large; r = 0.60–0.67). Using a range of different fitness characteristics to individualise speed thresholds did not enhance the dose-response determination to daily fluctuations in external load, and was worsened with MSS per se.