Heart Mountain Research Articles

Evaluation of the Evolution of the Ecological Security of Oases in Arid Regions and Its Driving Forces: A Case Study of Ejina Oasis in China

Ecological security is an important guarantee of human security and survival, closely related to sustainable development. However, the ecological security evaluation and driving force analysis of oases in arid areas is still insufficient. Ejina Oasis’s ecological security has experienced significant shifts following the centralized management of the Heihe River’s water allocation. Understanding the shifts in ecological security in the Ejina region is paramount for the oasis’s long-term sustainability. This paper employed the Pressure–State–Response (P–S–R) model to select socioeconomic and ecological indicators, establish a comprehensive ecological security evaluation index system, and then analyze the evolving ecological security in the region. Additionally, this paper explored the relationship between changes in the water area, oasis area, and ecological security by using the gray correlation degree to quantify the influence of Land Use Changes (LUCCs) on the overall ecological security. From 2000 to 2012, the ecological security index of Ejina Oasis remained relatively stable at around 0.4. However, a noticeable upward trend in the ecological security index emerged from 2012 to 2020, indicating a shift toward improved ecological security in the region. Critical determinants of this change included the habitat degradation degree, total population, habitat quality, carbon stock, fractional vegetation cover (FVC), the proportion of tertiary industry, and the volume of water discharged from Wolf Heart Mountain. The degree of habitat degradation, fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and the proportion of tertiary industry had the greatest impact on the change in ecological security. The pressure index was dominant in influencing ecological security before 2012 but gradually transitioned to the state index. This study offers a valuable framework for assessing the intricate relationship between LUCCs and ecological security in water-scarce, arid-region oases.

The Shoshone Canyon Conduit Cave: A Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Sulfur Cave

Fve miles west of Cody, Wyoming and ~25 miles east of Yellowstone National Park lies the Shoshone Canyon Conduit Cave (Fig. 1, Suppl. material 1). Bisecting Cedar Mountain, an irrigation tunnel built by the Bureau of Reclamation (BoR), managed by the Heart Mountain Irrigation District, delivers water from the BoR Buffalo Bill Reservoir to more than 30,000 acres of irrigated lands in and around Cody. During the construction of that tunnel in the late 1940’s, a cave was discovered and the tunnel was made to travel though the cave with only light disturbance to the cave. The cave can only be accessed with permission in the non-irrigation time of year. The cave is rich in sulfides and sulfur deposits with unique speleothems. To date, we have conducted a preliminary geobiological survey of the geochemistry, microbiology and mineralogy of this sulfur cave on its speleothems, mineral deposits and waters. Sampled waters, of which there is little, were all highly acidic (pH < 2). Microbiologically, an analysis of microbial communities present in approximately 25 sample locations (Fig. 1) to answer the question of—who is there?—was conducted via small subunit ribosomal 16S rRNA gene (for Bacteria and Archaea) and 18S rRNA (for Eukarya) analyses, prepared using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer-pair that allows for the even amplification of all three domains of life. All samples were relatively low in biomass and resultant community analysis indicates a variety of Bacteria and Archaea phyla are represented with a dominance of known sulfur metabolizers. Mineralogically, petrography reveals a variety of crystal growth and habit in this sulfur-dominated, calcium carbonate-driven karstic ecosystem. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to better determine the kinds and extant of mineral morphotypes and were surprisingly variable. The Shoshone Canyon Conduit Cave is a most intriguing sulfur cave to reveal what is known of the geobiology of sulfur caves in the Rocky Mountain Region. Findings from this work will likely apply to other cave systems such as Villa Luz (Mexico) and the Frasassi system (Italy). Finally, to learn about the Cedar Mountain Caves will inform on how either or both the National Park Service (NPS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) may better manage them as a meaningful component of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

Hard History: Teaching the Japanese American Experience in American Concentration Camps

How should “hard history” be confronted to understand the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II? This article shares a way of teaching this topic that not only confronts directly the real experiences of Japanese Americans in concentration camps but also humanizes the story. Encouraging students to learn the history experientially, the author uses two different sets of historical primary sources, offering both an “outsider” and “insider” perspective. First, the author explains that he focuses on the biographies and objectives of different photographers who took photos at Manzanar, highlighting how this context helps illuminate students’ perceptions and understanding of these photographs, revealing a larger story about the experience of Japanese Americans. Second, he describes how he incorporates the diary of Stanley Hayami, a Japanese American teenager interned at Heart Mountain who used his diary to retain agency within an oppressive system. Through an analysis of the diary with students, the author demonstrates how this diary captures the complexity of the Japanese American experience in American concentration camps.

High‐Velocity Slip and Thermal Decomposition of Carbonates: Example From the Heart Mountain Slide Ultracataclasites, Wyoming

AbstractThe Heart Mountain Slide in Wyoming is one of the largest known terrestrial gravity slides (3,500 km2) formed ∼49 Ma ago by the nearly horizontal detachment of Paleozoic‐Eocene cover sliding on top of autochthonous formations. At the White Mountain locality, exposures offer an exceptional opportunity to investigate high strain rate/high velocity processes in carbonates. Here we use the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 274 samples to shed light on ultracataclastic deformation along this detachment. Contrary to predictions, the carbonate ultracataclasite displays a consistent AMS fabric, particularly in the upper ultracataclasite. The AMS in this unit is controlled primarily by magnetite formed through the breakdown of iron sulfides caused by frictional heating. Additional thermomagnetic experiments reveal that the new magnetic fabric began forming ∼250ºC and continued up to ∼400ºC when calcination of carbonate minerals caused a major drop in friction. The main cataclastic slip direction inferred from AMS is ∼N033°, at odds with the previously accepted NNW‐SSE direction. We validate these AMS fabrics through 3D shape preferred orientation analysis and micro X‐ray scanning of the same specimens. These results, however, may only represent cataclastic flow directions at the local scale as a result of synkinematic rotation of the White Mountain block. Alternatively, these results may call for a re‐evaluation of the large scale movement of the slide. Finally, this study demonstrates the usefulness of a magnetic approach in deciphering deformation processes in carbonates, particularly in high strain rate cases such as seismic faults.

Review: Religion and Culture in Native America, by Suzanne Crawford O’Brien with Inés Talamantez

Review: <i>Religion and Culture in Native America</i>, by Suzanne Crawford O’Brien with Inés Talamantez

Going, but Where? The Resettlement of Japanese Americans from the Heart Mountain Relocation Center

Abstract After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1942, the United States incarcerated (interned) 120,000 people of Japanese descent, two thirds of whom were U.S. citizens. Half of the incarcerated people returned to the West Coast, while the rest were dispersed across the country through the government's resettlement program. In this article, I study the resettlement of Japanese Americans away from the Heart Mountain, Wyoming, incarceration camp through historical big data and network analysis. The overarching goal of this article is to understand post-camp resettlement and its driving forces—or its obstacles—in light of the networks the inmates created at Heart Mountain. In particular, I draw attention to the ways in which resettlement choices could be seen to reflect individual agency: how resettlement decisions and actions mirror a person’s position in the incarceration community. I will uncover a variety and depth of networks that at times are indicative of compliance with authorities, while at times they may enforce separation from the dominant, i.e. White, society. This separation should not automatically be seen as negative or alienating, but rather as resistance to White expectations. Overall, these strategies highlight individual choice and agency.

“Setsuko’s Secret: Heart Mountain and the Legacy of the Japanese American Incarceration”を読み終えて

“Setsuko’s Secret: Heart Mountain and the Legacy of the Japanese American Incarceration”を読み終えて

Barbed Voices: Oral History, Resistance, and the World War II Japanese American Social Disaster. The George and Sakaye Aratani Nikkei in the Americas Series. By Arthur A. Hansen. Foreword by Lane Ryo Hirabayashi

Resistance, whether it is recognized at the time as principled dissent or as irrational disruption, is dependent on context. This is the decades-long focus of Arthur A. Hansen, whose meticulously researched work on the complexity of Japanese American wartime incarceration is a timely read for today’s political climate. Once viewed as “trouble-makers” disrupting the polished narrative pushed by the federal government, Hansen continues to unearth the silenced history of the resisters. Incidents once characterized as “riots” at Manzanar, California, or Poston, Arizona—justifying use of force or further isolation in a stockade inside an American concentration camp—are, in truth, revolts by Americans against the loss of civil rights, poor food, inadequate facilities, or bureaucratic failures by camp administrators. The arrests in December 1942 at Heart Mountain, Wyoming, by military police of thirty-two persons for security violations were, in fact, all children under the age of eleven sledding in the snow. Hansen puts to rest the notion of Japanese Americans holding a monolithic view of society, politics, and citizenship. Of the approximately 120,000 forcibly removed from rural and urban communities in the West, there are 120,000 views of the world. The federal administrators were unprepared for the political dynamics that would unfold and mostly clueless about the cultural context. In a riveting account of a banquet held by incarcerees with camp administrators at Gila River, Arizona, the details of speeches in the Japanese language and the serving of “Japanese tea” (bourbon with water)—despite the prohibition against alcohol due to the camp being on Native American land—are understood as performative resistance meant to send a message. The tension overlaying the banquet is felt. These acts were a show of power over the War Relocation Authority for other incarcerees.

USABILITY ASSESSMENT OF A SENSOR-CONTROLLED DIGITAL GAME FOR OLDER ADULTS WITH HEART FAILURE

The inability of older persons with heart failure (HF) to self-manage has contributed to poor health outcomes. Our team from nursing, digital game design, and mobile computing developed an innovative sensor-controlled digital game (SCDG) called ‘Heart Mountain’ to offer a portable, and enjoyable tool to facilitate engagement in HF self-management. We installed the SCDG application, which featured older adult game avatars on the participants’ smartphones. The SCDG utilized data from an activity tracker and weight scale to trigger game rewards, knowledge content and messages based on participants’ real-time behaviors. In this study we assessed the usability of a SCDG prototype with 10 HF older adults in Central Texas. Observations on the usability of the SCDG app by older adults were noted on a usability heuristics checklist. Acceptance and satisfaction were collected by an open-ended survey guided by Intrinsic Motivation Inventory after a week of playing the game. Participants (60% males, 60% white, ages 63-84) were able to play the game and use the devices after a training session that lasted for 15 minutes. We will present results on participants’ ease of use of the SCDG app, satisfaction with the knowledge content, quizzes and rewards features of the SCDG, and perceptions on acceptance and satisfaction with the SCDG for heart failure self-management. Our project will generate insights on designing digital gaming solutions that are acceptable to older adults and can be applied to improve self-management of chronic diseases like heart failure.

Enemy Child: The Story of Norman Mineta, a Boy Imprisoned in a Japanese American Internment Camp During World War II by Andrea Warren

Reviewed by: Enemy Child: The Story of Norman Mineta, a Boy Imprisoned in a Japanese American Internment Camp During World War II by Andrea Warren Elizabeth Bush Warren, Andrea Enemy Child: The Story of Norman Mineta, a Boy Imprisoned in a Japanese American Internment Camp During World War II. Ferguson/Holiday House, 2019 [224p] illus. with photographs Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-8234-4151-8 $22.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-8234-4197-6 $13.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 5-8 Norman Mineta, youngest child of a Japanese immigrant father who worked his way from agricultural laborer to independent businessman, was eleven when Pearl Harbor was bombed and residents of Japanese heritage were forced by executive order to leave their homes and report to camps. The Minetas were first transported to temporary housing at the Santa Anita racetrack, an assignment that had a touch of glamor for the boy who was excited by the novelty of the situation. Their final destination, at the Heart Mountain War Relocation Center in Wyoming, was the real awakening, as the cold assaulted the Californians, the war dragged on, and the uncertainty of ever leaving the barbed wire encampment settled in. Warren bases her narrative on interviews as well as other primary and secondary resources, and although readers who have read other work on the internment camps will find much that is familiar, the Mineta family story offers particulars that do not emerge with such clarity in other accounts. Norman’s older siblings and his father, for example, secure work in other parts of the country and are released from camp, leaving only Norman and his mother to remain through 1943. The Minetas’ eventual reunion and their relatively smooth transition back into their post-war community (neighbors and church members secured their home and personal property) are contextualized in contrast to experiences of less fortunate returnees. Norman Mineta later served as a U.S. Representative, and his effort to gain recognition of and restitution for injustice toward internees is an essential part of his personal and America’s larger story. Black and white photographs are included, as well as multimedia recommendations, bibliography, source notes, index, and historical notes. Copyright © 2019 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Women, Workers and Race in LIFE Magazine: Hansel Mieth's Reform Photojournalism 1934-1955 by Dolores Flamiano

Reviewed by: Women, Workers and Race in LIFE Magazine: Hansel Mieth's Reform Photojournalism 1934-1955 by Dolores Flamiano Carol Zuegner Women, Workers and Race in LIFE Magazine: Hansel Mieth's Reform Photojournalism 1934-1955. Dolores Flamiano. Ashgate Publishing Co., 2016, 288 pp. $149 hardback. The life of German-born photographer Hansel Mieth reads like fiction—from traveling through Europe as a teenager under a boy's disguise, to working as a fruit tramp, to being the second woman hired at LIFE magazine (after Margaret Bourke-White). Mieth's life was all too real. In "Women, Workers and Race in LIFE Magazine: Hansel Mieth's Reform Photojournalism 1934-1955," Dolores Flamiano highlights the boundaries and borders Mieth continually encountered and often crossed: gender, nationality, class, and race. An in-depth cultural exploration of Mieth's photographs, buttressed by her unpublished memoir and oral histories, the book raises questions about gender, documentary versus photojournalism, and the power of the photojournalist (versus the power of magazine editors) to frame a story. Flamiano divides Mieth's career into four phases: an apprentice photographer in the early 1930s, when she was a migrant farm worker and a photographer with the San Francisco Public Works Administration; her professional career with LIFE, which started in 1937 in New York; freelance photography and farming in California beginning in 1941; and, after the 1973 death of her longtime companion and husband Otto Hagel (also a photographer), a period of renewed interest in Mieth's work. Mieth had no formal training as a photographer, but she had a deep interest and experience in the causes of social reform and change. She came to LIFE reluctantly because she was more interested in social reform photography than photo stories on celebrities. Flamiano says LIFE magazine wanted Mieth's ability as a candid photographer, especially her skill with visual storytelling and the photo essay. In the heart of the book, Flamiano examines a series of photo essays—including one called "Garment Workers at Play" and featuring women union workers—aiming to contrast Mieth's motivation in taking the pictures with what actually appeared in the magazine. Mieth developed an interest in science stories, and "embraced scientific progress as a vehicle for social change," Flamiano writes. That part of Mieth's career at LIFE is illuminated by a photo essay on a rhesus monkey colony on Puerto Rico. One photo she took on that assignment became a Picture of the Week – and one of her most famous photos, reprinted and even mentioned in her New York Times obituary. But it was the stories about social reform that drew Mieth. Her work targeted the intersection of gender and race. She published a LIFE photo essay in 1938 called "Negroes: The U.S. Also Has a Minority Problem," and went to a predominantly African-American community in South Carolina in 1940 for a photo essay that she thought would center on an African-American nurse. But the magazine editors recast the story (titled "Birth Control: South Carolina Uses It for Public Health") in a different light that left Mieth appalled and disenchanted both with LIFE and her editors' story choices. The most compelling chapter of Flamiano's book shows some of the photos taken by Mieth that never appeared in LIFE. An especially interesting example is a photo essay about Heart Mountain, a Japanese internment camp of 11,000 in Wyoming. LIFE killed the story in 1943, but Mieth's photos of the camp have emerged in various collections and exhibitions. Mieth's career at LIFE declined during World War II, when she and Otto Hagel moved to a California farm, photographing a few social reform stories. Mieth claims the two were blacklisted during the Cold War because they refused to appear before the before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Though that claim is disputed, Hagel and Mieth's work was clearly marginalized in the post-war climate. Flamiano's examination of Mieth's life, work, and the culture in which she worked offers a fascinating exploration of the constraints and treatment of gender, race, and class in the context of magazine photojournalism. The books would have a place in both undergraduate and...

On Japanese American Remembrance and the Liberal Limits of Dissenting Citizenship

On Japanese American Remembrance and the Liberal Limits of Dissenting Citizenship Doug S. Ishii (bio) Then They Came for Me: The Incarceration of Japanese Americans during WWII and the Demise of Civil Liberties, Alphawood Gallery, Chicago, June 29to November 19, 2017. Growing up yonseiin an all-American, Japanese American family, I was raised with stories about the segregated 442nd Infantry Regiment: a group of men who sustained high casualty rates to prove their loyalty to a country that incarcerated them based on their race. Their ranks included my grandfather. My other grandfather proved his American identity through language, as part of the Counter Intelligence Corps. This story of military service is not the only story that the Alphawood Gallery, in a partnership with the Japanese American Service Committee (JASC), tells in Then They Came for Me—a visual exhibit that used images and objects, largely culled from Richard Cahan and Michael Williams's Un-American: The Incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II: Images by Dorothea Lange, Ansel Adams, and Other Government Photographers(2016) and the archives and collections of the JASC Legacy Center, and a robust roster of multidisciplinary programming, to educate about Executive Order 9066 and its relevance for the Era of 45. On October 22, in one such Alphawood-sponsored program, I and a dear colleague watched the stage recording of the musical inspired by George Takei's World War II incarceration experience, Allegiance(2015). In the penultimate number of act 1, the woman protagonist Keiko and Frankie, whose name recalls Frank Emi of the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee, go to the dance in the camp's mess hall. Frankie leads the show's exuberant number "Paradise," with the refrain "Put up and shut up, 'cuz you're in Paradise!"—which inspires many of the attendees, including Keiko, to direct actions, such as draft resistance and the covert circulation of radical criticism. Through one of Allegiance's three competing story lines, the sympathetic portrayal of Keiko and Frankie reframes the postincarceration narrative through what Sunaina Maira calls dissenting [End Page 335]citizenship: "an engagement with the nation-state that is based on a critique of its politics and not automatically or always in compliance with state policies" that also "encapsulates the contradictions of challenging the state while seeking inclusion within it." 1To bring these two incarceration narratives together, this transition in political perspective, from one of assimilative citizenship through combat to one of a dissenting citizenship that questions the distribution of rights, reflects the paradigm shift in which Then They Came for Meparticipates. Then They Came for Memobilizes cultural institutions for the public good as part of ongoing but easily ignored social justice organizing in the Midwest. But, for the exhibition's concluding weekend on November 13, the Alphawood Gallery brought together the performer Arish Singh; the noted Asian American activist Helen Zia, who entered the spotlight during the trial of Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz for the 1982 murder of Vincent Chin; and Serve 2 Unite's Pardeep Kaleka, whose father was murdered in the 2012 Oak Creek Massacre, for a discussion, "Hate Crimes: From Vincent Chin to the Present." In his comments, Kaleka opined, "sometimes we get so tied into the explanation of things . . . how do we get people to feel again?" In this political climate in which empathy for the aggrieved seems like a minimal goal, feelings matter; but, as disaster, endless war, and the militarization and privatization of everyday life illustrate the failures of the racist nation-state, feeling feels like a cop-out. These affective politics reflect Rebecca Wanzo's theorizing of sympathetic storytelling, a political form characterized by progress narratives, suffering hierarchies that occur amid the homogenization of suffering, the privileging of therapeutic intimacy, and the disqualification of some people's pain. 2The exhibit's humanization of Japanese Americans' racializing suffering by the state that supposedly would prevent such suffering engages what Lisa Lowe has called "the economy of affirmation and forgetting," in which "liberal affirmations of individualism, civility, mobility, and free enterprise simultaneously innovate new means and forms of subjection, administration, and governance." 3Restrained by liberal citizenship, Then They Came for...

Performing Race, Speaking the Body

Performing Race, Speaking the Body

The Small Stone Scriptures Preserved in the All American National Museum : A Buddhist Artifact from the Cemetery Site of the Heart Mountain Concentration Camp, Wyoming

The Small Stone Scriptures Preserved in the All American National Museum : A Buddhist Artifact from the Cemetery Site of the Heart Mountain Concentration Camp, Wyoming

On the feasibility of using satellite gravity observations for detecting large-scale solid mass transfer events

The main focus of this paper is to assess the feasibility of utilizing dedicated satellite gravity missions in order to detect large-scale solid mass transfer events (e.g. landslides). Specifically, a sensitivity analysis of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity field solutions in conjunction with simulated case studies is employed to predict gravity changes due to past subaerial and submarine mass transfer events, namely the Agulhas slump in southeastern Africa and the Heart Mountain Landslide in northwestern Wyoming. The detectability of these events is evaluated by taking into account the expected noise level in the GRACE gravity field solutions and simulating their impact on the gravity field through forward modelling of the mass transfer. The spectral content of the estimated gravity changes induced by a simulated large-scale landslide event is estimated for the known spatial resolution of the GRACE observations using wavelet multiresolution analysis. The results indicate that both the Agulhas slump and the Heart Mountain Landslide could have been detected by GRACE, resulting in $${\vert }0.4{\vert }$$ and $${\vert }0.18{\vert }$$ mGal change on GRACE solutions, respectively. The suggested methodology is further extended to the case studies of the submarine landslide in Tohoku, Japan, and the Grand Banks landslide in Newfoundland, Canada. The detectability of these events using GRACE solutions is assessed through their impact on the gravity field.

Volcanic Initiation of the Eocene Heart Mountain Slide, Wyoming, USA

AbstractThe Eocene Heart Mountain slide of northwest Wyoming covers an area of as much as 5000 km2 and includes allochthonous Paleozoic carbonate and Eocene volcanic rocks with a run-out distance of as much as 85 km. Recent geochronologic data indicated that the emplacement of the slide event occurred at ∼48.9 Ma, using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) extracted from U-Pb zircon ages from basal layer and injectite carbonate ultracataclasite (CUC). We now refine that age with U-Pb results from a lamprophyre diatreme that is temporally and spatially related to the CUC injectites. The ages for the lamprophyre zircons are 48.97 ± 0.36 Ma (LA-ICPMS) and 49.19 ±0.02 Ma (chemical abrasion isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry). Thus, the lamprophyre and CUC zircons are identical in age, and we interpret that the zircons in the CUC were derived from the lamprophyre during slide emplacement. Moreover, the intrusion of the lamprophyre diatreme provided the trigg...

Detrital Zircon U-Pb geochronology and provenance of the Eocene Willwood Formation, Northern Absaroka Basin, Wyoming

We report the results of U-Pb ages from detrital zircon populations in the lower Eocene synorogenic Willwood Formation in the northern Absaroka Basin, Wyoming. Zircons (n=229) were extracted from three sandstone beds and one ash layer in the Willwood Formation at the base of Jim Mountain in the North Fork Shoshone River Valley. K-S statistical analysis indicates that the three sandstones, which were sampled from the base, middle, and top of the formation, have identical age spectra, indicating that the sandstone provenance remained the same during the duration of Willwood deposition. The zircon age spectra are dominated by Archean zircons (61%), with peak ages at 3270 and 2770 Ma. These sandstones also have very early Paleoproterozoic zircons (∼2450 Ma), which likely were derived from the Tobacco Root Mountains. The final significant age peak is ∼70 Ma, which is likely associated with the Cretaceous Tobacco Root batholith. The Jim Mountain ash, which occurs at the top of the succession, just beneath the allocthonous volcanic rocks of the Heart Mountain slide, has a maximum depositional age of ∼50 Ma. Between 49–50 Ma, as Eocene volcanism in the northern Absaroka Range became more prominent, stratovolcanoes grew and disrupted sediment transport into the Absaroka basin. Lower Wapiti sandstones to the southwest show a mix of Eocene, recycled Proterozoic and Archean grains. The coeval Crandall Conglomerate, which was dismembered by the emplacement of the Heart Mountain slide in the northern Absaroka Range, has a distinct detrital zircon age spectrum. Thus these stream systems that deposited the Crandall did not share the headwaters with the streams that supplied sediment to the Absaroka basin.

Of Coercion and Accommodation: Looking at Japanese American Imprisonment through a Law Office Window

Crucial to the implementation of the War Relocation Authority's (WRA) regulations of its detention camps for the uprooted Japanese American community of the West Coast were the WRA “project attorneys,” white lawyers stationed in the camps who gave legal advice to administrators and internees alike. These lawyers left behind a voluminous correspondence that opens a new window on the WRA's relationship with its prisoners, a relationship heretofore understood as encompassing coercion on one side and either compliance or resistance on the other. This article uses the voluminous correspondence of the project attorney at the Heart Mountain Relocation Center in Wyoming as a new lens for viewing the regulatory relationship between the WRA and the imprisoned community. It focuses on three of the many matters about which the project attorney gave advice: the design of the camp's community government, its criminal justice system, and its business enterprises. Evidence from this one law office suggests that on many key issues, the relationship between the WRA and the internees was marked not so much by coercion as by reciprocal accommodation, with each taking account of some of the preferences of the other. While the data are from just one of the ten WRA camps, they suggest a need to reconsider our understanding of how this American system of racial imprisonment operated.

Wyoming Samurai: The World War II Warriors of Heart Mountain. By Mike Mackey

Wyoming Samurai: The World War II Warriors of Heart Mountain . By Mike Mackey. (Cody, WY: Western History Publications, 2015. vii + 181 pp. Illustrations, map, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $18.95, paper.) One of the most poignant paradoxes of the American military experience in World War II was the Army service of thousands of Nisei, American citizens of Japanese ancestry. Notwithstanding an onslaught of racial injustices and indignities culminating in their mass removal from the West Coast and lengthy incarceration in American concentration camps, thousands of Japanese Americans either volunteered or accepted conscription into the U.S. Army between 1943 and 1945. Serving with remarkable courage and effect in the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) in the Pacific Theater, … emuller{at}email.unc.edu

Episodic Dissolution, Precipitation, and Slip along the Heart Mountain Detachment, Wyoming

AbstractThe Heart Mountain allochthon is among the largest landslide masses in the rock record. The basal fault, the Heart Mountain detachment, is an archetype for the mechanical enigma of brittle fracture and subsequent frictional slip on low-angle faults, both of which appear to occur at ratios of shear stress to normal stress far below those predicted by laboratory experiments. The location of the detachment near the base of thick cratonic carbonates, rather than within subjacent shales, is particularly enigmatic for frictional slip. A broad array of potential mechanisms for failure on this rootless fault have been proposed, the majority of which invoke single-event, catastrophic emplacement of the allochthon. Here, we present field, petrographic, and geochemical evidence for multiple slip events, including cross-cutting clastic dikes and multiple brecciation and veining events. Cataclasites along the fault show abundant evidence of pressure solution creep. Banded grains, which have been cited as evide...