Risk Of Heart Disease Research Articles

The association of triglyceride-glucose and triglyceride-glucose related indices with the risk of heart disease in a national

BackgroundThe association between triglyceride-glucose (TyG), triglyceride-glucose related indices and heart disease remains a topic of debate in the current literature. Existing evidence in Chinese people and in diabetes or non-diabetes patients regarding this association is limited, highlighting the need for further investigation.MethodsA cohort study was conducted involving 7945 participants enrolled in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The incidence of heart disease was collected by following up 9 years. TyG, TyG with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were collected at baseline. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, restricted cubic spline (RCS), Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were used to analyze the associations between TyG, TyG related indices and the risk of heart disease in national participants and in type 2 diabetes (T2D) or non-T2D patients respectively.ResultsDuring a 9-year follow-up, 1477 participants (18.6%) developed heart disease. Our analysis found a significant positive association between TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR with heart disease risk in all participants. The adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for the highest quartile compared to the lowest were: TyG-BMI 1.73 (95% CI: 1.47–2.03), TyG-WC 1.46 (95% CI: 1.24–1.71), and TyG-WHtR 1.31 (95% CI: 1.11–1.54). However, TyG alone was not significantly associated with heart disease in all participants. In non-diabetic patients, the associations were consistent: TyG-BMI 1.75 (95% CI: 1.47–2.08), TyG-WC 1.47 (95% CI: 1.24–1.75), and TyG-WHtR 1.34 (95% CI: 1.13–1.60). However, in diabetes patients, no significant associations were found between TyG, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR and heart disease risk except for the highest quartile of TyG-BMI (HR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.02–3.40).ConclusionsIn the national population study, higher TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR indices were significantly associated with an increased risk of heart disease, with TyG-BMI and TyG-WC showing stronger correlations. While this association was evident in non-T2D patients, only TyG-BMI was associated with heart disease incidence in T2D patients, underscoring the necessity for further investigation.

The Heme Oxygenase/Biliverdin Reductase System and Its Genetic Variants in Physiology and Diseases

Heme oxygenase (HO) metabolizes heme into ferrous iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin-IXα (BV), the latter being reduced into bilirubin-IXα (BR) by the biliverdin reductase-A (BVR). Heme oxygenase exists as two isoforms, HO-1, inducible and involved in the cell stress response, and HO-2, constitutive and committed to the physiologic turnover of heme and in the intracellular oxygen sensing. Many studies have identified genetic variants of the HO/BVR system and suggested their connection in free radical-induced diseases. The most common genetic variants include (GT)n dinucleotide length polymorphisms and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Gain-of-function mutations in the HO-1 and HO-2 genes foster the ventilator response to hypoxia and reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and age-related macular degeneration but increase the risk of neonatal jaundice, sickle cell disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Conversely, loss-of-function mutations in the HO-1 gene increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and some types of cancers. Regarding BVR, the reported loss-of-function mutations increase the risk of green jaundice. Unfortunately, the physiological role of the HO/BVR system does not allow for the hypothesis gene silencing/induction strategies, but knowledge of these mutations can certainly facilitate a medical approach that enables early diagnoses and tailored treatments.

Association between asthma and risk of cardiovascular disease in Korean adults.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in Korea, and studies have reported that asthma can have a negative impact on CVD. This study aimed to identify the association between asthma and CVD, including the current status, treatment status, and duration of asthma in Korean adults. The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2021) was used, and 34,384 adults aged 19 years or older were included. Exposures were asthma-related characteristics, and outcomes were hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and stroke. The association between asthma characteristics and CVD was analyzed using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. The asthma diagnosis experience rate of the population was 3.1%; 1.6% were currently suffering from asthma, 1.0% were receiving asthma treatment, 0.6% were receiving regular medication, and 1.5% had a disease duration of 11 years or more. The CVD diagnosis rates in the population were 20.2% for hypertension, 2.3% for ischemic heart disease, and 1.8% for stroke. Compared to those who had no asthma diagnosis, those who had been diagnosed with asthma (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.47-2.87), received asthma treatment (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.22-3.04), and had a long duration of asthma (OR = 3.54, 95% CI = 1.71-7.33) had a significantly higher risk of ischemic heart disease. However, hypertension and stroke were not significantly correlated with asthma-related characteristics. Asthma diagnosis and asthma-related characteristics were associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease. Our study suggests that research on risk assessment and management of CVD in patients with asthma would be needed.

Cardiovascular effects and safety of classic psychedelics.

Psychedelics, used for millennia in spiritual and healing practices, have emerged as promising treatments for mental health conditions including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use disorders and anxiety. Despite the therapeutic potential of psychedelics and their increasing use in both medical and nonmedical settings, there is a paucity of data on their cardiovascular safety. Here we review current evidence on the cardiovascular effects and safety of this unique class of therapeutic agents. The cardiovascular effects and associated risks of classic psychedelics are categorized into three areas: electrophysiological effects and arrhythmia risk, structural effects and valvular heart disease risk, and vascular effects including hypertension and ischemia risks. The Review also emphasizes crucial knowledge gaps that require further basic and clinical investigation including studies in individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease, characterization of important drug-drug interactions and studies on the safety of repetitive, long-term (including microdosing) exposure to classic psychedelics.

COPD and cardiovascular risk.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) usually presents joined to other pathologies we call comorbidities. The more frequent of them are those related to cardiovascular risk, either its risk factors or its clinical manifestations. Cardiovascular risk of these patients grows up with the severity of the airflow obstruction, specially during and after an exacerbation of COPD. Patients with COPD have between 2 and 5 times more risk of ischaemic heart disease than people without COPD, even after adjusting for cofounding factors. Cardiovascular diseases are up to the second cause of mortality in these patients, close to those due to the lung disease. Although COPD is associated to several cardiovascular risk factors such as tobacco, arterial hypertension or Diabetes Mellitus, they don't explain all the excess in cardiovascular risk these patients have. Despite that excess of cardiovascular risk in COPD patients, most widely used cardiovascular risk scores don't include COPD as a risk factor itself, so global risk is understimated in these patients. In this review, we make a bibliography revision of the avaliable evidence about COPD and cardiovascular risk factors as well as the excess of cardiovascular risk COPD itself involves.

Association of functional variants in miRNA genes with the risk of coronary heart disease

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD), are currently the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Environmental and genetic factors contribute to the pathophysiology of CHD. In this study, we investigated the associations of miRNA genes MIR222, MIR423, MIR4274, and MIR3117 with the pathogenesis of CHD. Methods Genetic inheritance models were applied to explore the association between these miRNA genes and CHD. Tetra-Primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) was used for genotyping, and Sanger sequencing was applied for validation in selected cases. Results The codominant [χ2 = 8.058, 2; P value = 0.0178], and recessive (CC vs GC + GG) [OR = 0.4535 (0.2439–0.8669); P value = 0.0187] models demonstrated a statistically significant association between MIR222 (rs2858060) and CHD. Similarly, the co-dominant [χ2 = 6.105, 2, 2; P value = 0.0472], and additive [OR = 1.494 (1.024–2.211); P value = 0.0428] models revealed a significant association (P value < 0.05) between MIR423 (rs6505162) and CHD. In MIR4242, a novel triplet insertion (CAC) was identified exclusively in CHD samples, predicated to disrupt the stem-loop structure ofmiR-4274. However, MIR3117 showed no association with CHD, as confirmed by Sanger sequencing of 40 samples. Conclusion Our findings suggest that functional variants rs2858060, rs6505162, and a novel triplet insertion (CAC) in MIR222, MIR423, and MIR4274 respectively are strongly associated with CHD. These results underline the potential of miRNA gene variants as genetic biomarkers for CHD susceptibility.

Unhealthy Alcohol Use and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults

Unhealthy Alcohol Use and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults

Association of remnant cholesterol with unhealthy lifestyle and risk of coronary heart disease: a population-based cohort study

Association of remnant cholesterol with unhealthy lifestyle and risk of coronary heart disease: a population-based cohort study

Food consumption patterns and Framingham cardiovascular risk score among shift workers: A NOVA-based approach

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between dietary quantity and variety, by extent and purpose of processing, and Framingham cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score among rotating shift workers. MethodsThe cross-sectional study included male shift workers. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour recall method conducted by trained interviewers. Food items were classified using two approaches: the first was based on the amount of food consumed in each food group. Fruits, vegetables, and legumes (FVL) intake, is classified as recommended at 400g per day by WHO guidelines. Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) were analyzed based on tertiles of daily caloric contribution. The second approach, the NOVA dietary diversity score (DDS-NOVA) assessed the variety of consumed items within each food group, assigning points for each unique item consumed, irrespective of quantity or frequency. The CVD-risk score was evaluated using the Framingham coronary heart disease risk score, categorizing participants as low risk (<5%) or intermediate to high risk (>5%). Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used, with adjustments made for age, skin color, schooling, duration of shift work, physical activity, BMI and total caloric intake. ResultsThe study involved 213 participants, with an average age of 38.67 years (±6.96), a minimum of 26 and a maximum of 60. The majority (62.4%) were between 30 and 40 years old; 49.3% identified themselves as brown; 56.8% had completed high school; and 79.3% were married. The Framingham CVD-risk score indicated that 56.2% were at low risk (<5%) and 43.7% at intermediate to high risk (≥5%). The average consumption of FVL was 272.32g (±350.43), with 70.4% meeting the recommendation of ≥400g/day. Participants consumed an average of 3.46 fresh food items, 3.74 minimally processed food items, 2.54 processed food items and 3.39 ultra-processed food items. In the multivariate model, consuming ≥400g/day of FVL reduced the likelihood of cardiovascular risk ≥5% by 2.12 times (OR: 0.47; 95%CI: 0.23-0.98). Each additional item of fresh food reduced the risk by 49% (OR: 0.67; 95%CI: 1.01-1.66), while each additional item of ultra-processed food increased the risk by 30% (OR: 1.30; 95%CI: 0.52-0.87). There was no significant association between the calorie intake of ultra-processed foods and cardiovascular risk. ConclusionBoth adequate consumption of FVL quantity and a greater variety of fresh-foods were associated with a lower chance of CVD-risk, while a higher variety of consumption of UPF items increased this chance.

Ethanol exposure during differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells reduces cardiomyocyte generation and alters metabolism.

Prenatal alcohol exposure increases the risk of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) by disrupting fetal development, yet the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced cellular and molecular changes in human cardiogenesis remain unclear. This study investigates the effects of ethanol exposure on cardiomyocyte differentiation using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as a model. Cardiomyocyte differentiation was induced using Wnt signaling molecules, and hiPSCs were treated with ethanol at concentrations of 17, 50, and 100 mM from day 0 to day 12. Ethanol treatment impaired cardiac differentiation efficiency in the early stage (days 5-7) and reduced cell proliferation in the late stage (days 12-13) in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in fewer cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes. Additionally, ethanol exposure caused mitochondrial defects, characterized by redox imbalance, reduced membrane potentials, and decreased mitochondrial content and cellular respiration. Proteomic analysis revealed downregulation of proteins involved in calcium binding and fatty acid oxidation, a key metabolic pathway for cardiac development. These findings shed light on the mechanisms by which alcohol disrupts cardiomyocyte differentiation and may inform strategies to mitigate alcohol-induced CHD risk.

Circulating ANGPTL3/8 Concentrations Are Associated With an Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profile and Increased CHD Risk in Swedish Population-Based Studies.

Binding of ANGPTL (angiopoietin-like protein)-3 to ANGPTL8 generates a protein complex (ANGPTL3/8) that strongly inhibits LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activity, as compared with ANGPTL3 alone, suggesting that ANGPTL3/8 concentrations are critical for the regulation of circulation lipoprotein concentrations and subsequent increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. To test this hypothesis in humans, we evaluated the associations of circulating free ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL3/8 complex concentrations with lipoprotein concentrations and CHD risk in 2 prospective cohort studies. Fasting blood samples were obtained in conjunction with the baseline evaluation of 9479 subjects from 2 population-based Swedish cohorts of middle-aged men and women. Standard biochemical blood analyses, including all lipid/lipoprotein measurements, were performed in these samples at baseline. Additional serum samples were stored at -80 °C and used at a later stage for ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL3/8 concentration measurements. Information about incident CHD was obtained for both cohorts by matching to the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register. ANGPTL3 concentrations showed modest, positive associations with all lipoprotein concentrations but were not associated with CHD risk. In contrast, ANGPTL3/8 concentrations were associated in both cohorts with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile (characterized by increased triglyceride and LDL [low-density lipoprotein] concentrations and reduced HDL [high-density lipoprotein] concentrations). In the combined cohort, ANGPTL3/8 was associated with increased CHD risk. Hazard ratio per 1 SD increase was 1.10 (95% CI, 1.03-1.17) after adjustment for age, sex, cohort, smoking, and hypertension. Elevated concentrations of ANGPTL3/8, but not ANGPTL3, are associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile and increased CHD risk in humans.

Analysis of 26 Studies of the Impact of Coconut Oil on Lipid Parameters: Beyond Total and LDL Cholesterol

Coconut oil (CNO) is often characterized as an “artery-clogging fat” because it is a predominantly saturated fat that ostensibly raises total cholesterol (TChol) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Whereas previous analyses assessed CNO based on the relative effects on lipid parameters against other fats and oils, this analysis focuses on the effects of CNO itself. Here, we review the literature on CNO and analyze 984 lipid profile data sets from 26 CNO studies conducted over the past 40 years. This analysis shows considerable heterogeneity among CNO studies regarding participant selection, the amount consumed, and the study duration. The analysis reveals that, overall, CNO consumption gives variable TChol and LDL-C values, but that the HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) values increase and triglycerides (TG) decrease. This holistic lipid assessment, together with the consideration of lipid ratios, shows that CNO does not pose a health risk for heart disease. Because the predominantly medium-chain fatty acid profile of CNO is significantly different from that of lard and palm oil, studies using these as reference materials do not apply to CNO. This paper concludes that the recommendation to avoid consuming coconut oil due to the risk of heart disease is not justified.

Associations Between Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Mortality by Sociodemographic Factors.

The 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines 2nd Edition Advisory Committee Scientific Report recommended research to understand whether the health benefits of physical activity (PA) differed by sociodemographic factors. This study examined associations between meeting PA guidelines in leisure time and all-cause, heart disease, and cancer mortality across sociodemographic characteristics. Nationally representative data on 567,483 eligible US adults from the 1998-2018 US National Health Interview Survey and 2019 public-use linked mortality files were used. Participants self-reported leisure-time aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA. Meeting PA guidelines was defined as meeting both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity recommendations. Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing all-cause, heart disease, and cancer mortality risk across PA categories, with a focus on adults meeting guidelines. Across sociodemographic groups, associations comparing mortality risk among adults meeting guidelines versus those meeting neither recommendation in leisure time ranged from no significant associations to significant risk reductions in mortality ranging from 14% to 36% for all-cause, 25% to 52% for heart disease, and 20% to 32% for cancer. Risk reductions were larger for women versus men (all cause and heart disease), non-Hispanic or non-Latino/a White adults compared with Hispanic or Latino/a adults (all cause), adults with college education or higher versus those with less than high school education (all cause), and adults with high school education versus those with some college education (cancer). Meeting PA guidelines provides a substantial reduction in mortality risk from all causes, heart disease, and cancer, but the magnitude of reduction may differ across sociodemographic groups.

IoT-based heart disease risk prediction and categorization for healthcare using an optimized progressive residual attention-based holographic convolutional neural network

IoT-based heart disease risk prediction and categorization for healthcare using an optimized progressive residual attention-based holographic convolutional neural network

2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.

The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and obesity) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose control, and metabolic syndrome) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, brain health, complications of pregnancy, kidney disease, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, valvular disease, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). The AHA, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States and globally to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2025 AHA Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2024 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and AHA staff members. This year's edition includes a continued focus on health equity across several key domains and enhanced global data that reflect improved methods and incorporation of ≈3000 new data sources since last year's Statistical Update. Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Temporal trends, associated risk factors and longitudinal cardiovascular outcomes of body roundness among middle-aged and older Chinese adults: from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011–2018

BackgroundObesity is a major global health issue, driving high morbidity and mortality rates. The body roundness index (BRI), which includes waist circumference, offers a more accurate measure of visceral and total body fat. However, despite evidence of BRI's effectiveness in predicting obesity-related diseases, national-level data, especially from non-Western populations like China, remain limited.MethodsThis study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a large, nationally representative cohort of Chinese adults, to examine the temporal trends of BRI, identify associated risk factors, and investigate the longitudinal associations between BRI and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. BRI was calculated using height and waist circumference measurements. Temporal trends and risk factors were analyzed cross-sectionally, while longitudinal associations were examined using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders. Mediation analyses were conducted to assess the role of intermediate factors such as hypertension and diabetes in the relationship between BRI and CVD.ResultsA total of 12,902 participants were included for risk factor analysis, 10,525 for longitudinal analysis, and 7,310 for cumulative analysis. BRI continued to rise slowly across survey cycles but was higher in women, older adults, and urban residents. Multivariable analysis identified age, alcohol consumption, elevated blood pressure, and diabetes as positive predictors of BRI, while male sex, rural residence, and smoking were negatively associated. Higher baseline BRI was significantly associated with increased CVD risk (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.22–1.69), stroke (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.12–1.98), and heart disease (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.22–1.77). Cumulative BRI similarly predicted increased risks of CVD, stroke, and heart disease. Mediation analysis showed that hypertension accounted for 20.69% of the association between BRI and CVD risk.ConclusionsBRI is a robust predictor of CVD risk. Targeting hypertension and other metabolic conditions could mitigate the elevated CVD risk associated with high BRI in Chinese adults. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating BRI into public health strategies to better manage obesity-related health risks in China.

Associations between physical activity and heart disease among middle-aged and older Chinese adults

ObjectiveTo quantify the risk of heart diseases (HD) and determine the relationship between physical activity (PA) dimensions and HD among Chinese middle-aged and older individuals.MethodsUsing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2018), 16,927 participants were included in this study. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the association between HD risk and PA dimensions, including volume, intensity, frequency, and duration. Restricted cubic spline analysis was conducted to assess the dose-response relationship between PA and HD risk.ResultsCompared to the least active participants, a low risk of HD was significantly associated with a higher PA volume. With regards to frequency, a lower HD risk was associated with performing vigorous PA except for 3–5 days/week. The frequency and duration of light as well as moderate PA had no significant associations with HD risk after adjusted by using covariates. A non-linear association was also noted, with increased PA being associated with decreased HD risk, with steeper reductions in HD risk at low activity levels than at high activity levels. There was a non-linear association between PA and HD risk in participants in male and aged older than 65 years.ConclusionsAn inverse non-linear dose-response association was detected between the total volume of PA and HD risk. As PA increased to 4,000 METs-min/week, HD risk in the overall population decreased by approximately 26%, while further increases in PA did not produce any further marked reduction in the risk. A vigorous intensity of PA was associated with a reduced risk of HD and is strongly recommended.

Dynamic feature selection and quantum representation for precise heart disease prediction: Quantum-HeartDiseaseNet approach

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality, necessitating early and precise prediction for improved patient outcomes. This study proposes Quantum-HeartDiseaseNet, a novel heart disease risk prediction framework that integrates a Dynamic Opposite Pufferfish Optimization Algorithm for feature selection and a Quantum Attention-based Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (QABiGRU) for accurate diagnosis. The feature selection method enhances diagnosis accuracy while reducing dimensionality, and Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) addresses data imbalance. Evaluated on three heart disease datasets, the proposed model achieved 98.87% accuracy, 98.74% precision, and 98.56% recall, outperforming conventional methods. Experimental results validate its effectiveness in early disease prediction.

P0468 Prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in Crohn’s disease

Abstract Background Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory bowl disease (IBD) has only recently been described, whereas the increased risk of venous thromboembolic events in IBD was identified long before. An excess risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke of around 20% has already been demonstrated. Are traditional cardiovascular risk factors the best way of assessing this excess risk? Our aim is to determine the frequency of traditional risk factors in Crohn’s disease Methods This was a prospective observational study involving 118 patients with CD. All patients were thoroughly interviewed, and screened for arterial hypertension by self-measurement validated by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin and lipid profiles, the rest of the factors were gathered through questioning. The data collected was entered and analysed using EPIINFOV and SPSS statistical software. Results There were 70 men (59.3%) and 48 women (40.7%) with a sex ratio of 1.46. The mean age was 36. 49 +/- 11.62 with a median of 34 years and extremes of 19 and 67 years, There were only five subjects whose age represented a risk factor - two men and three women In our population, the family history of cardiovascular disease was 10.2%, smoking as a cardiovascular risk factor was present in 28% of patients, arterial hypertension was present in only 10.2% of patients, with a non-significant female predominance with a p = 0.06, In our series there were only two type 2 diabetic patients on metformin, Only 11.9% of our subjects were sedentary. In our female population, 16.7% were postmenopausal for more than ten years, 57.6% of our patients had dyslipidaemia (according to ESC 2017), the cardiovascular risk was low in the majority of our patients at 88.1% according to the Framingham score. The prevalence of traditional risk factors in our population is low. This result is consistent with those in the literature, which may be due to the specific features of Crohn’s disease, such as weight loss or hypovolaemia during flare-ups, but also to the fact that our population is young? Conclusion The low frequency of traditional cardiovascular risk factors does not explain the increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease found in Crohn’s disease. The study of non-traditional risk factors is imperative and could explain this paradox.

Research Progress in Saltiness Perception and Salty Substitutes.

Salty taste in foods is a key sensory attribute for appetite enhancement, however, consumption of a high salt diet is associated with a high risk of hypertension, stroke, and heart diseases. To address this issue, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended reducing the global per capita salt consumption by 30% by 2025, with adults optimally consuming less than 5 g/day of salt. Therefore, the search for new salty substitutes to reduce salt intake in foods has become a research hotspot. Despite the ongoing endeavors of global research, multiple studies have focused on the application of a single category of salty alternatives or food processing quality (such as preservative effects and process characteristics), and there is still little comprehensive evaluation of these alternatives in terms of nutritional value, health impact, and consumer acceptance in the literature. This review will first outline the urgency of global salt reduction, followed by thorough discussion of salty substitutes and associated mechanisms from the perspective of human salty taste perception. Second, the present review will explore the potential application of salty substitutes and highlight the interaction between taste and odor in foods. Additionally, the potential impacts of salty substitutes on human health will be discussed. The present review will provide a scientific basis for the development of low salt products by food industry.