Healthy Newborn Babies Research Articles

Arnica D30 – an alternative for managing procedural pain in full-term neonates

Background: Despite scientific advances, the management of procedural pain in neonates remains suboptimal. Applying adequate therapy to control pain during the neonatal period is a moral and ethical act. In recent decades, ample evidence has accumulated regarding the risks, associated with both untreated pain and the use of more aggressive analgesic therapy. Thus, the emphasis in neonatal clinical practice is on non-aggressive pain management techniques, including non-pharmacological methods, such as glucose and homeopathic agents. The efficacy and safety of homeopathic agents for reducing procedural pain in neonates is the subject of the present study. Materials and methods: Healthy full-term newborn babies with an average age of 72–84 hours were included. They were divided into three study groups: group (A) – without analgesia, (n = 67), group (B) – analgesic with Arnica D30 (n = 57) and group (C) – analgesic with Sol.Glucose 25% (n = 40). The severity of the pain was assessed using the multimodal - Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and the unimodal - Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) scale. Assessments were done 30s before, 30 seconds after, and 5 minutes after the painful stimulus caused by the heel prick. Heart rate, transcutaneous oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and blood pressure were examined at the same intervals. The results obtained were processed statistically by descriptive analysis and ANOVA at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Five minutes after heel prick both scales showed a score near 3, i.e. no significant pain, and statistically significant lower score in those given Arnica D30, compared to those who received Sol.Glucose 25% (p < 0.05). When monitoring the physiological indicators, we found a significant increase in the heart rate 30 seconds after the procedure between group B and C. Five minutes after the heel prick we recorded significantly values of respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure in all three groups compared to accounted for pre-procedural values. Conclusion: Arnica D30 has better analgesic effects compared to Sol.Glucose 25% for newborn babies after heel prick tests.

Immunomodulatory effect and molecular mechanism of deoxyribonucleic acid receptor toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway on newborn babies with acute lung injury.

This work was to demonstrate the immunomodulatory effect of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling on newborn babies with acute lung injury (ALI) and the mechanism of TLR9 in vivo, so as to provide experimental basis for clinical treatment of newborn babies with ALI. Firstly, the expression of TLR9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) was compared among ALI and healthy newborn babies. Then, PBMCs of newborn babies with ALI were extracted and divided into three groups. They were added with non-methylated cytosine purine-guanine dinucleotide sequence oligodeoxyribonucleotide (CpG ODN), ODN without non-methylated CpG, and blank nutrient solution, respectively, so as to determine the proliferation changes of PBMC. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was applied to detect the protein expression of TLR9-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling in lung tissue, and the number of T cell subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) was detected by flow cytometry. Besides, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine the concentration of interferon-α (INF-α) and INF-γ. The results revealed a neglectable difference in TLR9 expression in PBMCs among ALI and healthy newborn babies (P>0.05). Additionally, the proliferation number of PBMC cultured in CpG ODN group was greatly superior to the number of ODN and blank groups (P<0.05), and the INF-α and INF-γ of CpG ODN group increased obviously versus those of blank and ODN groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, TLR9 in PBMCs was present in both ALI and healthy newborn babies. CpG ODN could specifically recognize the TLR9 signaling, so as to activate the immune function of T lymphocyte subsets in newborn babies with ALI and promote the release of inflammatory factors from the neonatal patient's immune cells, thereby mediating the immune response of neonatal patients.

Frequency of congenital hypothyroidism in healthy newborns.

Objective: To determine the frequency of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in healthy newborns. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Neonatology, Children Hospital &amp; Institute of Child Health Multan. Period: July 2020 to January 2021. Material &amp; Methods: Neonates of both genders between 48 hours of life to 28 days of age delivered after 37-weeks of gestation were analyzed. All the neonates underwent blood sample testing for congenital hypothyroidism (T4 and TSH). The CH was described as neonates having T4 levels &lt; 0.85 ng/dl and TSH &gt; 40 mIU/L. Frequency of CH (yes/no) was noted. Results: Of these 146 study cases, 77 (52.7 %) were male participants while 69 (47.3 %) were female. Mean gestational age of our study cases was 38.12 ± 0.78 weeks. Of these 146 study cases, 40 (27.4 %) belonged to rural areas and 106 (72.6 %) belonged to urban areas. Poor socioeconomic status was noted in 46 (31.5%) while 100 (68.5%) were from middle income families. Of these 146 study cases, 109 (74.7%) were born vaginally while 37 (25.3%) were born through cesarean section. Family history of hypothyroidism was positive in 15 (10.3) cases. Mean body mass index of their mothers was 24.21 ± 2.33 kg/m2 and maternal obesity was present in 22 (15.1 %) in our study cases. Congenital hypothyroidism was noted in 12 (8.2%). Conclusion: High frequency (8.2%) of congenital hypothyroidism was noted in healthy newborn babies. Congenital hypothyroidism was significantly associated with mode of delivery and family history of hypothyroidism.

Dental radiographic information of term newborn babies within the first month: Analyzing five radiographic cases along with physical attributes in Japan

BackgroundAlthough dental radiography is a valuable tool for age estimation in forensic anthropology and odontology, very limited radiological data are available regarding tooth development in healthy newborn babies during the first month of life. AimThis study aimed to describe the radiological findings of tooth development in babies aged 0 days to 1 month. DesignWe analyzed the postmortem findings of five newborn babies with no known natural cause of death who had undergone autopsy, computed tomography (CT), and dental radiography. We estimated the gestational age for the babies aged 0 days and analyzed the condition of mandibular symphysis, existence of tooth germs, and presence or absence of calcification of the first permanent molars of all the babies. ResultsThe calcified form of 20 deciduous teeth, tooth germs of the permanent upper and lower first molars, and non-calcified mandibular symphysis were observed in each case. However, calcification of the first permanent molar was observed in only two 1-month-old babies. ConclusionThe dental radiographic findings and anthropometric measurements of non-skeletonized, non-mummified term babies confirmed calcification of all the deciduous teeth and the first permanent molar at the age of 0 days and 1 month, respectively.

What is the Effect of Topical Breast Milk Application on Umbilical Cord Separation among Healthy Newborn Babies in the Middle East?

Umbilical cord care is variable all over the world and is informed by firm traditional practices that are passed down as culture. Breast milk has been proposed as a topical substance to the umbilicus as it is full of antibacterial properties. The analysis of four studies revealed a strong correlation between the use of topical breast milk and umbilical cord separation time among newborns in the Middle East. Comparing the results of the studies included in this review, breast milk is not only effective in shortening the separation time of the umbilical cord over dry cord care but is just as effective in reducing signs of infection as the antimicrobial chlorhexidine. These findings designate breast milk as an affordable, easy, and practical method of umbilical cord care. This is particularly useful in developing countries, where the risk of neonatal death due to infection is higher. The result is generalizable to healthy neonates born in a hospital setting, so more research about its practicality in rural areas as well as among sick neonates is suggested.

New global WHO postnatal guidance is welcome but misses the long-term perspective

Despite high rates of maternal mortality, widespread and persistently severe maternal morbidity, and suboptimum breastfeeding rates,1–3 postnatal care attracts little attention from policy makers. The WHO Recommendations on Maternal and Newborn Care for a Positive Postnatal Experience,4 issued on March 30, 2022, are therefore important. Recommendations intended for healthy women and newborn babies reflect a human rights-based approach to support a positive postnatal experience that accords with the WHO vision for better-quality maternity care5 and complements existing WHO pregnancy and birth guidance.

Fully united, easy, and economical sensor array for newborn babies’ amino acids monitoring: Identification of amino acids in healthy and unhealthy with PKU newborn babies

Amino acid (AA) disorders are the main class of inborn errors of metabolism with diverse medical presentations. This paper was aimed to provide a novel and efficient sensor array for the quantification and differentiation of AAs using different pH buffer solutions as sensor elements (SEs) and nanocurcumin (NC) in the role of a marker in biofluids of newborn babies. Amino and carboxyl groups along with the side chain of different AAs in different pH buffer solutions are protonated or deprotonated. This makes each AA molecule an acid (in the role of a proton donor), a hydrogen bonding donor, as well as a polar ion. So that, these differences may permit a profile differentiation-based sensor array for AAs discrimination. Using NC as a marker, the interactions between AA and NC in different pH buffer solutions (mainly involved in acid-base, hydrogen bonding, and π- π stacking interactions) result in absorbance changes, making a discriminate response profile for each AA. The results reveal that AAs can be discriminated successfully at three concentrations levels 10, 25, and 50 µM by linear discrimination analysis (LDA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Complex AA mixtures are also capable to be classified. The results show that our sensor array can be potentially employed to the differentiation of AAs in biofluids of healthy and unhealthy newborn babies. It should be noted that the sensor array requires only common and available lab equipment and materials, which can be applied in AAs-related fundamental studies and clinical diagnosis.

Retro cervical tunneling to ensure correct placement for robotic-assisted transabdominal cerclage

To demonstrate the step-by-step surgical technique of robotic-assisted transabdominal cerclage, highlighting a new posterior compartment approach. Stepwise explanation of a surgical technique using surgical video. The procedure was performed at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona, Spain, a tertiary medical center. The local institutional review board considers that case reports are exempt from research approval. A 26-year-old non-pregnant patient, with a history of cervical incompetence, three second-trimester losses, and vaginal cerclage failure during her previous pregnancy. Robotic-assisted transabdominal cerclage placement was performed. An 8-mm, 30° scope; monopolar scissors; and Maryland bipolar graspers were used. A uterine manipulator was used for better exposure. First, a bladder flap was created, and the uterine vessels were identified and skeletonized. Next, a window between the uterine vessels and the uterine cervix at the level of the cervical-isthmic junction was created bilaterally. At the posterior compartment, the dissection of the root of the uterosacral ligaments was carefully performed. A retrocervical pocket was created with monopolar scissors and sharp dissection. The procedure was finished with the Mersilene tape placement. First, the tape was passed through the window created in the right broad ligament, with a posterior-to-anterior direction, the retro cervical pocket, and finally through the left broad ligament. The knot was placed anteriorly and reperitonization was performed. In addition to this operation, robotic-assisted transabdominal cerclage was successfully performed in another six patients with good surgical and obstetrics outcomes. Intraoperative technique to ensure successful robot-assisted abdominal cerclage placement. The patient became pregnant six months following the robotic-assisted transabdominal cerclage. Her pregnancy was closely followed up at the High-Risk Obstetric Unit, and she had no complications during pregnancy. An elective cesarean section was performed at 36 weeks with a healthy newborn baby that was discharged with the mother three days after delivery. The development of a retro cervical pocket during robotic-assisted transabdominal cerclage can be performed safely and effectively. It may help prevent displacement of the Mersilene tape during endoscopic knotting.

Medical Image Enhancement Algorithm for B-Mode Ultrasound Image Analysis of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The aim of this paper was to explore the imaging characteristics of lung B-ultrasound images under image enhancement algorithm for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) and the therapeutic effect of vitamin A (VA) on NDRS. 30 newborn babies with NRDS in hospital were selected as the experimental group and 30 healthy newborn babies were selected as the control group. All of them received the lung B-ultrasound based on the image enhancement algorithm under the partial differential equation (PDE). The subjects of the control group were given formula milk every day. On the basis of formula milk, the subjects of the experimental group took VA soft capsule orally once a day at noon. Oxidative stress indexes, blood gas indexes, and mechanical ventilation parameters were recorded in the subjects of the two groups. The results of 30 newborn babies with NRDS in the experimental group indicated that the images of 12 cases presented the disappearance of line A and dense or discontinuous distribution of line B; the abnormal pleural line was found in the images of 8 cases; there was lung consolidation under the pleural line, patchy hypoecho, and point-strip hyperecho in the images of 5 cases; the images of 2 cases showed alveolar edema and alveolar interstitial syndrome. Compared with before treatment, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of subjects in the experimental group (87.61 ± 5.79) increased dramatically, but their arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) decreased sharply after treatment (40.07 ± 6.12), with statistically huge differences ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The respiratory rate (RR) and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) after treatment were greatly less than those before treatment of subjects in the experimental group ( P &lt; 0.05 ), and the difference was statistically obvious ( P &lt; 0.05 ). By comparing with before treatment, malondialdehyde (MDA) of subjects in the experimental group decreased after treatment while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased considerably, with statistically marked differences ( P &lt; 0.05 ). In conclusion, lung B-ultrasound based on partial image enhancement algorithm could clearly display the imaging characteristics of NRDS, such as pleural abnormalities and alveolar stroma. Besides, VA could effectively improve the neonatal shortness of breath, which had a good clinical effect.

Newborn joint mechanics

Introduction We aimed to evaluate joint mechanics in newborn by goniometric assessment of major joints in healthy babies born at different gestational ages (GAs). Materials and methods An institution based observational study was carried out on healthy newborn babies within two days of birth. Study subjects were born at 28–41 completed weeks of gestation. The major joints of upper and lower limbs were assessed with manual goniometer for joint angles in relation to specific passive movements and range of motion (ROM) calculated where applicable. All measurements were made by a single observer with careful consideration of plane of movement and axes involved. Strength of association between joint angles and GA was quantified by Pearson’s r coefficient. Results Six major joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle) were evaluated on either side in 433 babies. No significant differences were found between male and female babies and left or right side of the body. For most joints, a secular declining trend of joint angle or ROM was noted with good to strong inverse correlation with GA. The strongest associations were for flexion–extension ROM and adduction–abduction ROM at shoulder, palmar flexion at wrist and dorsiflexion at ankle joint with r values of −0.76, −0.75, −0.75, and −0.75, respectively. Conclusions The reading of a specific joint angle in the newborn infants was found to be dependent on GA. Precise calibration of gestation appropriate joint angles had laid down the foundation for functional assessment of multimodal joint mechanics. Highlights Evaluation of newborn joint angles require stringent attention toward the plane and axis of the particular joint movement being assessed. Major joint angles and range of motion in newborn infants were observed to follow a secular declining trend according to the gestational age. Precise estimation of gestation appropriate joint angle will be helpful to understand the mechanics of musculoskeletal medicine in newborn.

Emerging Data from a Newborn Hearing Screening Program in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Objectives Newborn hearing screening (NHS) plays a critical role in early identification of hearing loss and subsequent early habilitation. Active parental involvement influences the success of NHS, particularly the initial NHS and follow-up. The current study reports the results of an NHS program in a cohort of babies born in a tertiary care hospital in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Further, it explores a two-stage NHS model to reduce false responses, thereby alleviating parental anxiety. Methods Retrospective observational study was conducted for a period of five years from January 2017 to December 2020. NHS was done as a two-stage model. All the healthy newborn babies were screened using Automated Auditory Brainstem Response (AABR) by trained audiology professionals. Babies who failed the first NHS were followed up after two weeks. Further, babies that failed the follow-up NHS were sent for diagnostic hearing evaluation and intervention as necessary. Results A total of 1821 newborn babies were screened during the study period. Eighty-one percent of babies passed the initial NHS. Four hundred and twenty-three (23.22%) babies were referred on the first NHS and were followed up after 2 weeks. Among these babies, 7.03% (24) failed second NHS. Nine (37.50%) of the 24 babies were confirmed to have hearing loss in both ears. The incidence of hearing loss in our cohort was 4.94 per 1000. Confirmed hearing loss was statistically higher in boys than girls (p < 0.05) Conclusion Current study was an attempt to report the emerging NHS data as part of the implementation of an NHS program. The study findings emphasize the need for a two-stage model of NHS to rule out false responses.

Neonatal meningitis: small babies, big problem

All physicians fear missing a meningitis diagnosis, because it is such a devastating disease. Every physician that has witnessed an apparently healthy newborn baby developing a bombing fontanel, nuchal rigidity, and even opisthotonus within only a few hours' after birth is haunted by feelings of powerlessness to safeguard a vulnerable baby from probable brain damage or death. World Meningitis Day on April 24 is intended to raise awareness for this disease. Mortality, neurodevelopmental impairments, and economic outcomes after invasive group B streptococcal disease in early infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands: a national matched cohort studyiGBS disease, especially meningitis, was associated with increased mortality and a higher risk of NDIs in later childhood. This previously unquantified burden underlines the case for a maternal GBS vaccine, and the need to track and provide care for affected survivors of iGBS disease. Full-Text PDF Open Access

Profil kadar Bilirubin pada bayi baru lahir sehat dengan Ikterus di Rumah Sakit DR. Sardjito Yogyakarta

Jaundice is yellow color in the baby¢s skin caused by an excess amount of bilirubin. This condition can be physiologic or pathologic. Jaundice may appear in increased bilirubin levels and it is a serious condition. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of bilirubin levels in healthy newborn babies with jaundice, to detect hyperbilirubinemia in healthy newborn babies. An observasional retrospective study was used in this study. Data ware collected from the subsection of Clinical Chemistry, the Clinical Pathology Department and Medical Record of DR Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta, from January 1999 to May 2003. The inclusion criterian were as follows: healthy newborn babies and had jaundice clinically. The exclusion criterian were babies with sepsis, ABO incompatibility and without examination of serum bilirubin level. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson and Spearman correlation. The results showed that a total of 32 babies were observed and jaundice appeared on third day of birth in 17 babies (53.10%) and significant hyperbilirubinemia was observed on the third day in 14 babies (43.80%) correlation was observed between hemoglobin and total serum bilirubin (r=0.280; p=0.121) non between haematocrit and total serum bilirubin (r=0.277; p=0.125). Weak correlation was observed between jaundice reference of Kramer and serum of unconjugated bilirubin (r=0.439; p=0.012). It was concluded that the most common hyperbilirubinemia in healthy newborn appeared on third day of birth and had no correlation with haemoglobin levels, haematocrit and had weak correlation with jaundice reference of Kramer

Clotrimazole, Pregnancy and Endocrine Disruption: A Narrative Review

Background: Clotrimazole is an antifungal drug commonly used in human medicine. It is considered to be safe in pregnancy. Besides this medical assumption ecotoxicology has developed over the last years an awareness of pharmaceuticals which have been detected in surface waters and are of concern for the biosphere. Some of those drugs are endocrine disruptors. So is clotrimazole.Methods: Selective internet research on this subject incorporating medical and ecotoxicological positions.Conclusions: Ecotoxicology and human medicine postulate divergent positions about the harmful effects of clotrimazole. Medicine bases its assumption on thousands of healthy newborn babies whose mothers were treated with clotrimazole during pregnancy. This argument is easy to refute as clotrimazole is an endocrine disruptor and possible consequences of exposure during sensitive periods of pregnancy will only show up much later in life. As a result medicine is challenged to incorporate ecotoxicological concerns into its advice for pregnant women.

Serum brain natriuretic peptide in healthy Nigerian newborn babies

Background: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a sensitive biomarker that is valuable in the management of childhood heart failure. Studies have reported racial differences in the level of BNP, especially in the adult population. The level of BNP in healthy Nigerian newborn babies is unknown. Hence, we determined the level of BNP in healthy term appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborn babies. Methods: This was a cross sectional study,85 healthy term AGA newborn babies aged 24 to 72 hours. The babies had relevant demographic parameters documented in a proforma and BNP assay analysed using ELISA method. Results: The median IQR serum BNP level was 341.43 (313.39 to 425.45) pg/ml. The median level in females, was higher than males, {393.86 (296.97- 460.62) pg/ml vs328.05 (313.61-389.39) pg/ml, p &gt;0.05}.There was no significant relationship between serum BNP and birth weight, chronological age, gestational age, or mode of delivery (p&gt;0.05 in each case). Conclusion: The study demonstrated high BNP levels in healthy term Nigerian newborns. There was no relationship between BNP, the chronological age, birth weight, gender, gestational age or mode of delivery in babies between 24 to 72 hours of life.

Probiotic Activity and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Healthy Breastfed Newborn Baby Feces

Breast milk is a very nutritional food that helps with the production of good microbiota in the gut of an infant. Generally, two lactic acid bacteria (LAB), namely Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, are related to infant gut microbiota. LAB is often used as a probiotic agent, but some conditions required for every bacterium to be utilized for this purpose. This study aimed to investigate the acid and bile salt tolerance as a criterion of probiotic agent and antibiotic sensitivity of LAB isolated from the feces of a healthy breastfed newborn baby. The sample was obtained from the feces of the aforementioned subject (baby). The result showed that the total colony of LAB from the feces was 10.2 x 108 CFU/mL. In an acidic condition at pH 3, there was one isolate that had 100% viability in the first hour period, but all of them had 100% at bile salt tolerance. However, sensitivity test of the isolated LAB indicated resistance to 6 types of antibiotics namely Erythromycin 5 µg, Gentamicin 10 µg, Oxacillin 5 µg, Ofloxacin 5 µg, Amoxycillin 25 µg, and Cefotaxime 30 µg. The study showed that LAB isolated from healthy newborn baby feces have potency as a probiotic.

Dreams deferred

Dreams deferred

Enterococcus faecalis Is a Better Competitor Than Other Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Initial Colonization of Colon of Healthy Newborn Babies at First Week of Their Life.

Initial colonization of human gut by bacteria is an important step in controlling its microbiota and health status. This study followed the initial colonization by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in colon of new born babies through following its occurrence in their stool at first week of their life. The LAB occurrence in the neonates’ stool was followed on MRS agar medium. The isolated LAB from male and female newborn babies of normal birth and cesarean section surgical delivery were molecular biologically identified by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. From the 24 investigated newborn babies, three LAB taxa, Lactobacillaceae, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus, were detected in their stool at first week of their life. Lactobacillaceae represented 20.8% of total colonized LAB in newborn babies in the culture-dependent approach used in this study and included three species namely Limosilactobacillus reuteri (previously known as Lactobacillus reuteri), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (previously known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus) and Ligilactobacillus agilis (previously known as Lactobacillus agilis). Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium were detected where E. faecalis was the highest dominant, representing 62.5% of total LAB colonizing newborn babies. This result suggests that this bacterium has high potency for colonization and might be important for controlling the initial settlement of microbiota in healthy newborn babies. Only one species of Streptococcus namely Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in 8.33% total of the investigated newborn babies indicating high competency by other LAB for colonization and that this bacteria, in spite of its pathogenicity, is commensal in its low existence in healthy babies. The explored potency of natural initial colonization of the LAB species E. faecalis, E. faecium, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, and L. agilis of which many health beneficial strains were previously reported, would be important for future applications. Despite the controversy in evaluating its health benefits, E. faecalis as a potent competitor to other LAB refers to its importance in initial colonization of healthy babies colon at first week of their life. Further future studies, with more number of samples and characterization, would be of importance for evaluating the potential use of beneficial Enterococcus strains which could improve intestinal ecosystem.

Maternal Nutritional Status and Preterm Birth

An optimal diet before and during pregnancy cannot guarantee a successful outcome of pregnancy; it can improve the chance of a healthy newborn baby, a healthy mom, and a healthy future for both. A woman who is well nourished and within her healthy weight range prior to conception provides an environment conducive to normal fetal growth and development during the critical first trimester of pregnancy. Study design and population. This study used data from the mothers and child care unit in health centers, a prospective cohort study in central Al.Hillah designed to investigate the maternal dietary patterns during the second trimester and risk factors for preterm birth. second trimester of pregnant women were recruited at 24–29 wk of gestation from prenatal clinics at the MCH Services Department. Stratified and randomly selected out-patient clinics between Jan 2016 and April 2017. All participants gave written informed consent at the time of recruitment. Data were collected via interviews and self-administered questionnaires, including an MNA to collect dietary information. Socio-demographic information and health behaviors were collected via interviews. during the first 6 mo of pregnancy was collected from self administered questionnaires. pregnancy BMI was based on height measured at the first prenatal clinic visit and self-reported pregnancy weight. Missing pregnancy weight was imputed on the basis of the first prenatal care visit (19). Total of (50) pregnant women were enrolled into the PIN study. Only pregnancies with complete dietary information were included in this study (n = 50). Data analyses the related data by using SPSS 23.0 software program. A level of P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically signifificant. Characteristics of the intervention group and comparison group were compared using t-tests for continuous variables and ?2-tests for categorical variables. Most of the sample (44.9%) had (21-26) years aged,(36.7%) with (56-66 kg ) body weight and (42.9% ) had 140-150 cm ) body height

The normal range of separation time of the umbilical cord in Iraqi Newborn

A prospective study was performed on 150 healthy term newborn babies who had been examined in postnatal ward of gynecology and obstetrics department at Al-Mahmodyia general hospital during the period from of April to December 2019. Among the total 150 surveyed cases, 71 cases were males (47%), 79 cases were females (53%). The mean time of umbilical cord separation for the male cases was 8.5 days, whereas that of the female cases was 8.3 days. In the studied newborns, the mean time of umbilical cord separation was 8.4 days, shortest documented time of separation was 4 days (3 cases) while the longest time of separation was 14 days (one case only). Most of the cases; 71 (47.33%) cases had separated the umbilical cord in the time period (>8 to 11 days), whereas the least group separated the UC in the time period (>11 days).