Healthy Growth Of Children Research Articles

Effect of music therapy based on traditional Chinese musical instruments on fine motor development of patients with mental retardation

BackgroundMental retardation is a kind of mental disorder in which the intelligence of the patient is lower than that of children of the same age before maturity, which is specifically manifested as difficulties in social adaptation and sports ability defects. Music therapy establishes a good therapeutic relationship through music experience, without obvious toxic side effects. Therefore, the study used traditional Chinese musical instruments to intervene in patients with mental retardation and explore the therapeutic effect on fine motor development.Subjects and MethodsThe 68 children with mental retardation who came to our hospital from February 2019 to June 2020 were selected and included in the study according to their compliance and the principle of parental voluntariness. Then, 68 children’s fine motor development quotient and original scores of fine motor test items were evaluated and recorded by Peabody Motor Development Scale. The patients were given music therapy with Chinese traditional instruments and music playing, three times a week. After 12 weeks of treatment, they were evaluated again with Peabody Motor Development Scale.ResultsTable 1 shows the comparison of children’s fine motor scores and development quotient before and after music therapy. The results showed that the fine motor of the children improved significantly after treatment, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001).Table 1.Comparison of fine motor score and development quotient of children before and after music therapyProjectGrasping abilityVisual motor integrationFine motor development quotientBefore treatment27.76±3.3850.61±9.6354.78±4.72After treatment31.18±3.7558.41±8.5658.71±5.13t5.5864.9924.649P0.000.000.00ConclusionsMental retardation is a kind of mental disorder that endangers the healthy growth of children. The study used music therapy of traditional Chinese musical instruments to treat patients with mental retardation. The results showed that the method effectively improved the fine motor function of children and had certain clinical application value.

Association Between Maternal Feeding Patterns and Quality of Food Consumption with Stunting among Children Aged 18-24 Months in Bogor City, West Java, Indonesia

Healthy growth and development of children is the right of every child, both physically and mentally. Stunting is one of the features of delayed growth and development as a result of chronic malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to see the association maternal feeding patterns and quality of food consumption on stunting in children aged 18-24 months in Bogor City. This study uses a nested case-control study design by analyzing data from a cohort study of child development in five villages in Bogor. A total of 90 subjects aged 18-24 months were selected in this study consisted of 45 stunting subjects and 45 non-stunting subjects. The variables analyzed in this study maternal feeding patterns and quality of food consumption as measured by the energy density and other nutrients. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between maternal feeding patterns (p=0.002) and stunting in children aged 18-24 months. There was a significant relationship between iron density measurement 2 (p=0.017) and calcium density measurement 2 (p=0.004) and stunting in children aged 18-24 months. Energy density and protein density did not show a significant relationship with stunting. Poor food parenting, as well as low intake of iron and calcium can increase the occurrence of stunting in children aged 18-24 months.

The influence mechanism of parental emotional companionship on children's second language acquisition.

It has become a consensus that parental emotional companionship can promote the healthy growth of children. However, the theoretical circle still knows little about the relationship between parental emotional companionship and children's second language acquisition and the internal processes. In this study, the path analysis method was adopted to analyze the academic quality testing data of Grade 5 and Grade 9 students obtained by questionnaire survey method in Jiangsu Province in 2020, so as to explore the influence mechanism of parental emotional companionship on children's second language acquisition. The results show that parental emotional companionship promotes second language acquisition. Learning confidence and internal learning motivation play an intermediary role in this relationship. Learning confidence positively influences internal learning motivation and plays a chain mediating role. The indirect effect of internal learning motivation in the middle school group is the masking effect. The conclusion of this study reveals the influence mechanism of parental emotional companionship on children's second language acquisition, which enriches and deepens the theoretical understanding of the affective factors affecting second language acquisition. Theoretical and practical implications, along with limitations and future research directions were discussed.

Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka di PAUD Nurul Ikhlas Kemantan Kebalai Kabupaten Kerinci

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the independent curriculum for PAUD Nurul Ikhlas in Kemantan Kebalai, Kerinci, Indonesia. The independent curriculum has changed the paradigm in implementing education at PAUD Nurul Ikhlas. Even though the number of students is 40 people with 5 teachers and 1 educator, PAUD Nurul Ikhlas is a very important PAUD in Kemantan Kebalai in an effort to provide facilities for healthy and optimal child growth and development in accordance with community values, norms & expectations. Research using descriptive quantitative research methods. Data collection was carried out by questionnaire, literature study, observation, and the documentary method. The instruments that researchers use are as follows. Questionnaire and Documentation Guidelines. The results of the study show that Nurul Ikhlas PAUD Education in implementing the independent curriculum is carried out by providing maximum and rich experience and stimulation. So it is necessary to have a conducive environment for the growth and development of children in Kemantan Kebalai. The method and approach used is an independent learning-based approach, including play-learning.

A Comparative Study of Early Childhood Sports Policies in China and Korea

As countries in Asia that attach great importance to sports, China and South Korea also have different development and trends in early childhood sports, and have built more distinctive characteristics and systems. With the convergence of the global educational environment and social environment, various countries have gradually learned from each other in the theoretical discussion and practical research of children's sports, learning from each other's strengths, and jointly promoting the healthy growth of young children. Therefore, the analysis and research of children's sports policies in China and South Korea not only help to improve the decision-making of early childhood education, but also help broaden the vision of early childhood sports research, which is an important strategic issue related to social development. Based on this, this paper first introduces the development of children's sports and related sports policies in China. Then, the development of early childhood sports and related sports policies in Korea was elaborated, and finally based on the comparison of early childhood sports and policies between China and South Korea, the enlightenment of China's early childhood sports development was considered, that is, attention should be paid to accelerating the formulation of regulations related to early childhood education. Actively contribute to and participate in international research and cooperation on early childhood sports; Strengthen the improvement of children's sports software and hardware, so as to better promote the continuous improvement of China's children's sports policies and promote the healthy growth and all-round development of children.

COVID-19 Vaccines in Children.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the world. It has highlighted health inequities, the lack of social safety nets, and the limitations of health care systems. But it has also paved the way for medical ingenuity and technological advances in the face of these extreme challenges. One such medical marvel is the COVID-19 vaccine. The ability to rapidly create and mass produce a safe and effective vaccine for both adults and children has been essential to minimizing the harm of COVID-19, reducing the burden on hospitals and ushering in some semblance of return to pre-COVID times. Although vaccine hesitancy and long-standing health inequities have limited the number of children who have received the COVID-19 vaccine, the recommended vaccines remain a vital tool in ensuring healthy growth and development of children. [Pediatr Ann. 2023;52(1):e4-e7.].

Analysis of the factors that influence preschool children eating behavior by applying the health belief model: Seoul and Gyeonggi Province.

This study explores the parental characteristics that affect the eating behaviors of preschool children. The nutrition quotient for preschool children (NQ-P) tool was applied to measure the eating behaviors of preschool children, and the relationship between parents' health beliefs and children's eating behaviors was investigated by applying the health belief model. In August 2018, a self-administered online survey was conducted on a sample of parents of children aged 3 to 5 years living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi area. A total of 248 respondents were analyzed via descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The eating behaviors of preschool children significantly differed based on parents' education level and monthly income (P < 0.01). Among the factors of the health belief model, "perceived benefit" had the highest score at 4.37 points. The multiple regression analysis confirmed that parents' "self-efficacy" raised the NQ-P scores (β = 0.175, P < 0.05), balance scores (β = 0.204, P < 0.01), and environment scores of preschool children (β = 0.149, P < 0.05). The study results showed that if parents are educated on healthy eating habits and their level of self-efficacy for healthy eating practices increases, the formation of correct eating behaviors for preschool children is more likely. This study provides preliminary data to develop an education program for parents to understand proper eating behaviors for their children and may help form healthy eating habits and encourage the healthy growth of preschool children.

Study on the Health Status of Children and Adolescents under the Influence of COVID-19

Background: The COVID-19 epidemic is a public health security event affecting the whole country, which has a certain impact on the development and current situation of the health field. As a special group, children and adolescents need to receive attention and special care. Purpose: To study the health status of children and adolescents under the influence of COVID-19. Method: To collect and analyze the physical, mental and mental health data of 448 children aged 3 - 18 years in the Pediatric Medical Center of the Second Hospital of Jilin University since the COVID-19 outbreak, so as to grasp the physical, mental and mental health status and existing problems of children and adolescents under the impact of COVID-19 outbreak. Results: Food (seafood, mangoes, dairy products, animal protein, soy, peanuts, etc.) is the main allergen in the children and adolescents who participated in the survey, followed by inhalation (pollen, cat and dog hair, etc.). The diet was relatively normal, but there were still unhealthy eating behaviors, the detection rate was 5.36%. High calorie diet, high cholesterol diet, high salt diet, low protein diet, liquid diet in order from high to low, 85.27% of the normal water intake, drinking behavior was greatly affected by the family environment and school environment. The main problem affecting children’s digestion is constipation. Functional constipation accounts for more than 90% of children’s constipation, and its causes are mainly genetic factors, metabolic factors, mental factors, diet factors, etc. Genetic factors and unreasonable diet are the causes of children’s research results show that among 448 children and adolescents, 425 are in normal mental conditions. 94.87%; 13, or 2.9%, were in the doldrums; There were 10 people in the state of hyperactivity, accounting for 2.23%, the main cause of functional. Conclusion: The health cloud platform was used to manage and analyze the data, in order to lay the foundation for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents as well as the whole life cycle management of individual health.

Promoting child's growth and development in childcare centers

Introduction: Childcare centers are a type of daycare that is increasingly used by families all over the world. Indonesia is experiencing a similar trend. Childcare centers have essential roles in supporting child's growth and development in the center. This study aims to explore how childcare centers support the healthy growth and development of young children. Methods: A qualitative research approach using a case study design was used for exploring the perspectives of two childcare managers and eight teachers in two public and two private childcare centers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Semi-structured interviews of one hour each, audiotaped recorded with the participants' consent, were used to collect the data. Content analysis was used to generate findings from the data. Findings from the public and private centers were compared and contrasted to generate the study's overall findings.Results: The findings identified that childcare centers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, actively promote child growth and development by providing high-quality environments and services. The environment is safe, homelike, has high standards of cleanliness and sanitation, and provides appropriate toys and equipment. Services include nutrition, supervision, and health checks. Linking centers to the community was an essential strategy for improving the funds and resources needed to promote child growth and development. Conclusion: This study suggests that providing training for childcare workers, refining the curriculum, and developing stimulating activities for children in the center are needed.

Maternal BMI in the preconception period, and association with child zBMI growth rates.

Elevated body mass index (BMI) and rapid growth in early childhood are important predictors of obesity risk. The association between maternal preconception BMI and child growth rates is unclear. To assess the association between measured maternal preconception BMI and child age- and sex- standardized WHO BMI z-score (zBMI) growth rates and mean zBMI, in children aged 0-10 years old. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with children (n=499) enrolled in The Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!) primary care practice-based research cohort. Maternal BMI was measured during the preconception period, defined as the 2 years prior to pregnancy. Repeated measures of child weight and height were obtained between 0 and 10 years of age. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association between maternal BMI and child zBMI growth rates and mean zBMI. Maternal preconception BMI was associated with child zBMI growth rate during some growth periods, with the strongest association from age 0 to 4months; a 5kg/m2 higher maternal BMI was associated with 0.031 zBMI SD unit/mo higher growth rate (p=0.004), and 0.186 SD unit higher mean child zBMI (p=0.0002). Maternal preconception BMI was associated with growth rate and mean zBMI in early childhood. The preconception period may be an important target for health interventions to promote healthy child growth rate and weight outcomes.

From childhood obesity risk to healthy growth in the U.S.: A 10-year social work research & policy update

Childhood obesity is a major health issue and a prominent chronic health condition for children in the United States (U.S.), caused by a multitude of factors. Most existing models of childhood obesity prevention have not worked, yielding little to no effect on improving weight status or the proximal health behaviors most attributed to obesity risk: nutritional intake, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep. There is an urgent need for new approaches to prevent health disparities that are responsive to impacts of economic inequality on healthy child growth in marginalized populations. In this Short Commentary, a social justice update is provided to motivate a new generation of research that promotes equitable and healthy child growth under present-day social, economic, and political circumstances. Social work-specific research and policy recommendations are provided to guide future research that targets underlying social and economic determinants of weight-related health disparities in childhood. Recommendations include research on cross-disciplinary metrics to better capture reductions in health disparities and the development and testing of policy and system interventions that address structural issues and strengthen health resources in marginalized communities. Progress in reducing disparities in childhood obesity will likely remain inhibited until recommendations from social work research are incorporated to strengthen existing medical and public health models and redirect the childhood obesity epidemic toward equitable, healthy child growth.

Preventive small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements reduce severe wasting and severe stunting among young children: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Meta-analyses show that small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) reduce child wasting and stunting. There is little information regarding effects on severe wasting or stunting. We aimed to identify the effect of SQ-LNSs on prevalence of severe wasting (weight-for-length z score < -3) and severe stunting (length-for-age z score < -3). We conducted a 2-stage meta-analysis of individual participant data from 14 randomized controlled trials of SQ-LNSs provided to children 6-24 mo of age. We generated study-specific and subgroup estimates of SQ-LNS compared with control and pooled the estimates using fixed-effects models. We used random-effects meta-regression to examine study-level effect modifiers. In sensitivity analyses, we examined whether results differed depending on study arm inclusion criteria and types of comparisons. SQ-LNS provision led to a relative reduction of 31% in severe wasting [prevalence ratio (PR): 0.69; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.86; n = 34,373] and 17% in severe stunting (PR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.90; n = 36,795) at endline. Results were similar in most of the sensitivity analyses but somewhat attenuated when comparisons using passive control arms were excluded (PR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.96; n = 26,327 for severe wasting and PR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.95; n = 28,742 for severe stunting). Study-level characteristics generally did not significantly modify the effects of SQ-LNSs, but results suggested greater effects of SQ-LNSs in sites with greater burdens of wasting or stunting, or with poorer water quality or sanitation. Including SQ-LNSs in preventive interventions to promote healthy child growth and development is likely to reduce rates of severe wasting and stunting. This meta-analysis was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019146592.

Mothers' Perception of Smart Device Use by Preschool Children

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of mothers of preschool children regarding their use of smart devices. Methods: The participants were ten mothers with preschool children attending a daycare center and using smart devices. Data were collected through purposeful sampling from September to October 2020 using in-depth interviews until data saturation was reached. The collected data were analyzed by a conventional content analysis method. Results: Eight categories were derived. ‘Worry about the risk of addiction’, ‘Interfere with the healthy growth and development of children’, ‘Difficulty in blocking smart devices in the present age and the necessity to use them’, ‘Require appropriate parental guidance on use and encouragement of transition activities’, 'Need to increase children's ability to self-regulate their use', 'Use as an aid to facilitate parenting', ‘Use as a means of relieving children's emotions and communication’, and 'Use it as a resource for education and learning and an opportunity to experience indirectly'. Conclusion: Mothers of preschool children recognized that the use of smart devices was essential to enable them to adapt to the present age and that it was necessary to enhance the children's self-regulation, parental guidance, and encouragement to reduce negative aspects such as the risk of addiction.

My child is growing and now? Exploring the environmental needs of children with congenital Zika syndrome according to their caregivers' perceptions.

Promoting social inclusion of children with congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS) is challenging, mostly, when there is a transport problem, low access to informationand a long distance between the house and health services. Participation can be understood as involvement in a life situation and is strongly influenced by physical, social and attitudinal environmental factors; however, was still little explored in the case of children with CZS. In this sense, this study aimed to explore the perception of caregivers about the environmental needs of children with CZS, differentiating barriers and facilitators. This is qualitative research. Thematic analysis was used to identify the environmental needs perceived by caregivers of children with CZS. The patient public involvement (PPI) approach was incorporated with the purpose of validating the data analysis performed by the researchers. After this step, the data were categorized in terms of barriers and facilitators and validated by the group of researchers. A relevant environmental need reported by caregivers as a barrier was social support for children with CZS. Ableism was also evidenced as an important attitudinal barrier. Health services were essential for the lives of children with CZS and the availability of auxiliary devices as facilitators of participation. Environmental factors related to medication and food routines were, for the most part, facilitators. This study contributes to critical approaches to the impacts linked to environmental factors of children with CZS, recognition of these children is an evolving process and fundamental to basic rights for adequate living in society. The data point to the need to implement public policies aimed at children with CZS, as well as the availability of qualified professionals to apply family-centred care and skills-focused management. Building friendly environments that promote broad social participation will contribute to the healthy growth of children with CZS. Six caregivers (20% of the caregivers) as part of thePPI approach were contacted and participated in individual virtual meetings to discuss the results of the thematic analysis regarding the environmental needs of children with CZS.

빈곤지역 마을교육공동체 형성을 위한 참여실천연구 - 지역교육네트워크 화월주의 ‘마을협의체 프로젝트’를 중심으로 -

This study considered that the healthy growth of children and adolescents in poverty-stricken areas is possible only when members of the local community take the lead and solve them together. Therefore, we conducted a ‘Participatory Action Research’ to consider our task and apply it to our practical activities. As a practical matter, a consultation and communication structure called the ‘Wolsan-dong Village Educational Activists Council’ was organized, and local education issues were learned through workshops, seminars, and consulting. Based on this, a village education course was developed and operated, and a space for youth base was prepared. Characteristics of the practice process are: First, the orientation toward the region (village) was strongly revealed in designing the subject, space, and activity. Second, the start of the activity came from the process of sharing and agreeing with the actors. Third, with the unique capabilities and roles of HwaWolJu as an intermediate supporter, it plays a leading role in establishing the foundation in the beginning, then sets the parties as the subject of the activity and transfers the authority and role. Fourth, selfor mutual reflective practice was confirmed. The significance of this study is that through the participatory action research process, local problems were solved and the possibility of independent growth of residents and establishment of a village education community was confirmed.

Nutritional Value of Lunches Served in The Remote Rural Area Child-Care Centers in Chiang Mai, Thailand

Introduction: Child-care centers (CCCs) typically offer lunch to preschool children. The nutritional composition of lunches served in remote rural area CCCs was compared with 40% of the recommended Thai dietary reference intake (DRI) for children aged 3 to 5 years. Methods: Nine CCCs in Chiang Dow district, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, were selected for the study. Lunch content was evaluated by weighing each food item served to children on two consecutive days. Nutrients were determined by the INMUCAL nutritional analysis software version 3.0. Average nutrient content of the lunches was compared with 40% of the recommended Thai DRI using a one-sample t -test. Results: Average nutrients in lunches served in CCCs in Chiang Dow district, Chiang Mai Province, did not meet 40% of the daily DRI nutritional recommendations. The lunches were statistically deficient in energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, dietary fiber, iron, vitamin B1 and calcium. The cholesterol content was significantly higher than the daily DRI recommendations, while vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin C and iron contents were comparable with DRI recommended levels (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: CCC lunches in remote rural areas did not meet 40% of the daily Thai DRI nutritional recommendations. Lunch menus served in CCCs must be improved to provide appropriate nutrients and ensure the healthy growth and development of preschool children.

Multicenter analysis on the non-suicidal self-injury behaviors and related influencing factors—A case study of left-behind children in northeastern Sichuan

BackgroundFew studies have been conducted focusing on the non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) incidence rate and influencing factors among left-behind children in northeastern Sichuan, China. In this study, we investigated the incidence rate of the NSSI behaviors, levels of anxiety and depression in left-behind children in northeastern Sichuan, and relevant sociodemographic factors. MethodsThe NSSI behaviors were identified using the Ottawa Self-injury Inventory (Chinese version). Its incidence rate and related influencing factors were evaluated by Cluster sampling; the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) was adopted to assess the levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. ResultsA total of 9450 adolescents met the inclusion criteria, including 543 with NSSI behaviors, and the prevalence of NSSI was 5.7 %. There were 3596 left-behind children, and 243 of them had NSSI behaviors, the NSSI incidence in left-behind children was 6.8 %. There were 5854 non-left-behind children, and the NSSI incidence in non-left-behind children was 5.1 %. Left-behind children's NSSI behaviors were remarkably correlated with five risk factors: being female (OR = 2.411, 95%CI = 1.773–3.279), parents' divorce (OR = 1.742, 95%CI = 1.262–2.404), elder age (OR = 1.120, 95%CI = 1.028–1.219), severe depression (OR = 1.212, 95%CI = 1.148–1.281), and high anxiety (OR = 1.170, 95%CI = 1.093–1.251). LimitationsThis is a cross-sectional study, we cannot probe into the causality between NSSI behaviors and corresponding risk factors. Reporting and recalling biases may be unavoidable as questionnaires are performed by self-rating scales and retrospective reports. ConclusionThe NSSI behaviors are common in left-behind children in northeastern Sichuan. This study proposes that prevention and intervention measures are necessary for the healthy growth of such children.

Valuing tacit nursing knowledge during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Public health nurses in Ontario, Canada, support the healthy growth and development of children across the province through a variety of programs including home visits for pregnant individuals and families with young children. During the COVID‐19 global pandemic the needs of families increased while access to health and social services decreased. During this time, home visiting teams closely involved in supporting families also experienced staff redeployment to support pandemic efforts (e.g., case and contact management, vaccinations) and changes to the nature of home visiting work, including shifts to remote or virtual service delivery. To support nursing practice in this new and evolving context, a framework for capturing and sharing the tacit or how‐to knowledge of public health nurses was developed. A valuing of this type of knowledge for informing future public health nursing practice – well beyond the pandemic response – was recognized as a pandemic silver lining when reflecting on two years of supporting home visiting teams in our province.

Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Child Growth and Development: A Retrospective Study of 0-12 Years Old

Objectives: It aims to reduce the rate of vitamin D deficiency in children and enhance the importance of public and medical staff in timely supplementation of vitamin D and other healthy behaviors to recognize and promote the healthy growth of children.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective research method was used to collect relevant literature with the key words of “children”, “vitamin D”, “growth and development”, and analyze the effect of vitamin D deficiency on growth and development in children aged 0-12 years and the prevention and treatment methods.&#x0D; Results: Vitamin D deficiency can affect bone health in children, cause developmental delays, and have potentially negative effects on the respiratory tract, nervous system, and autoimmune system. Prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in children is based on adequate sunlight and diet and vitamin D supplementation.&#x0D; Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency can have a profound impact on the healthy growth of children. To meet the vitamin D requirements of children, in addition to adequate sunshine and a healthy diet, reasonable vitamin D supplementation is essential. Therefore, in the process of children's growth, supplementation of vitamin D should be paid great attention and the 25-(OH)D3 level in children monitored regularly to reduce the incidence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.

Hydrolyzed Rice Formula: An Appropriate Choice for the Treatment of Cow's Milk Allergy.

Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is a common condition in the pediatric population. CMA can induce a diverse range of symptoms of variable intensity. It occurs mainly in the first year of life, and if the child is not breastfed, hypoallergenic formula is the dietary treatment. Extensively hydrolyzed cow’s milk formulas (eHF) with documented hypo-allergenicity can be recommended as the first choice, while amino acid-based formulas (AAF) are recommended for patients with more severe symptoms. Hydrolyzed rice-based formulas (HRFs) are a suitable alternative for infants with CMA that cannot tolerate or do not like eHF and in infants with severe forms of CMA. In the present paper, we reviewed the nutritional composition of HRFs as well as studies regarding their efficacy and tolerance in children, and we provided an updated overview of the recent evidence on the use of HRFs in CMA. The available studies provide evidence that HRFs exhibit excellent efficacy and tolerance and seem to be adequate in providing normal growth in healthy children as well as in children with CMA.