Healthy Albino Rats Research Articles

Wound healing potentials of herbal ointment containing Calendula officinalis Linn. on the alteration of immunological markers and biochemical parameters in excision wounded animals

ObjectiveThe present study was designed to investigate the in vivo wound healing activity of herbal ointment prepared from Calendula officinalis Linn. on excision wounded rats.Materials and methodsThe excision wound model was employed for wound healing activity in albino rats. Healthy albino rats (150–200 g) of either sex were taken for excision wound model. Animals were divided into five groups of six animals in each. Group I served as normal control, Group II served as excision wounded control without treatment and Group III, IV served as excision wounded rats were treated with herbal ointment of two different doses (10% and 20%) applied topically for 14 days and group V served as excision wounded animals treated with reference ointment soframycin. Healing potential was evaluated by the rate of wound contraction, immunological markers like IL-6(Interleukin 6), TNF-alpha (Tumor necrosis factor -α), PDGF (Platelet Derived Growth Factor) and EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), lipid peroxide (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and biochemical parameters like hydroxyproline, hesosamine, and tissue protein.ResultsThe topical application of herbal ointment treated groups showed increase in the levels of growth factors such as PDGF and EGF hydroxy proline, hesosamine, tissue protein, SOD and wound contraction and the ointment normalized the levels of lipid peroxide, IL-6, TNF-alpha compared than that of excision wounded animals.ConclusionFrom the above results, it was concluded that the topical application of herbal ointment exhibited significant wound healing activity in excision wounded rats as evidenced by increased wound contraction and collagen synthesis.

Changes in Some Biochemical Parameters and Body Weights of Healthy Albino Rats Following Palm-wine Administration

Aims: To evaluate the effect of palm-wine administration on liver function, antioxidant parameters and body weights in albino rats.
 Study Design: Randomized block design.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria between June and August, 2019.
 Methodology: Twenty adult male albino rats were divided in to five groups of four rats each, group 1 was the control. The experimental groups were administered fresh and prolonged-fermented palm-wine thus; Group 2: 15ml/ of fresh palm wine, Group 3; 15ml/ kg of prolonged fermented palm wine, Group 4; 30ml/ kg of fresh palm wine, Group 5; 30 ml/ kg of prolonged fermented palm wine, for 28 days.
 Results: AST activity decreased significantly (P<0.05) in groups 3 (9.615±0.225), 4 (9.860±0.162) and 5 (9.390±0.624) when compared to the control (10.505±0.121). ALT activity was observed to decrease significantly (P<0.05) in group 5 (7.415±0.548) when compared to control. ALP decreased significantly (P<0.05) in group 3 (7.395±0.710) when compared to control (8.250±0.577). Total Bilirubin, was significantly (P<0.05) lower in groups 3 (0.120±0.041) and 5 (0.170±0.012) compared to control (0.650±0.012). MDA decreased significantly (P< 0.05) in groups 2, 3 and 5 compared to control. SOD decreased significantly (P<0.05) in group 2 (2.735±0.110) compared to control (2.990±0.012). Groups 4 (2.700±0.046) and 5 (2.710±0.346) showed significant (P< 0.05) decrease in GPX when compared to control. GSH was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in groups 4 (5.950±0.058) and 5 (5.925±0.064) compared to control (3.110±0.035). By the third week, the mean body weights of the rats significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all the groups compared to week 2.
 Conclusion: Palm-wine did not exert remarkable toxic effect on the liver biomarkers and may not have induced oxidative stress but reduced body weights of the rats in the third week of administration.

BIOCHEMICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ALTERATIONS IN BLOOD AND TIBIAL BONE TISSUES OF OVARIECTOMIZED RATS IN THE ACUTE PHASE

AMAÇ: Menopoz sonrası meydana gelen osteoporoz, kemik kütlesinde azalma ve kemik dokunun yapısında bozulma ile sonuçlanır. Ovariektomi sonrası, osteoporoz bulgularına rastlanmakta ve kemik yıkımı kemik oluşumundan fazla olduğundan kemik kaybına neden olmaktadır. ADAMs transmembran proteinleri ekstrasellüler matriksin yeniden yapılandırılmasında ve embriyonik gelişim, hücre göçü, adezyon, anjiyogenez olmak üzere birçok fizyolojik süreçte rol alırlar. Çalışmamızın amacı, ovariektomi oluşturulan sıçanlarda kan ve kemik dokusunda akut dönemde meydana gelen değişikleri biyokimyasal, histopatolojik ve immünohistokimyasal yöntemlerle araştırmaktır.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Sağlıklı ve dişi 20 adet erişkin Wistar albino sıçan kontrol (n:10) ve bilateral ovariektomi uygulanan grup (n:10) olmak üzere 2 gruba ayrıldı. Anestezi altında yumurtalık rahim boynu kısmından 2 cm'lik kesi yapılarak, iki dorsolateral insizyon ile uterus apeksinden çift taraflı yumurtalıklar ipek iplikle çıkarıldı. Ovariektomi den 1 hafta sonra, deney hayvanları feda edildi. Serum östrojen, kalsiyum ve alkalin fosfat değerlerini ölçmek için her hayvandan kan örnekleri alındı, tibia kemikleri çıkarılarak formalin çözeltisine alınarak tespit edildikten sonra, dekalsifiye etme işlemine tabi tutuldu ve rutin histolojik işlemlerin ardından parafin blokları hazırlandı, yarı-ince kesitleri alınarak histopatolojik incelemeler için Hematoksilen Eozin boyası ile boyandı. İmmünohistokimyasal analiz için, antijen retrival işlemini uygulamak üzere sitrat tamponuna alındıktan sonra hidrojen peroksit ile muamele edildi. Kesitlere anti-ADAMTS-1 primer antikoru uygulandı, ışık mikroskobunda değerlendirildi.BULGULAR: Kontrol grubunda radiyal tarzda dağılmış havers kanalları ve volkman kanalları izlenirken, kollajen lifler birbirine paralel ve düzenliydi. Ovariektomi grubunda ise kemik matriksinde dejeneratif değişiklikler, lamelli kemik yapısında bozulma izlendi. ADAMTS-1 ekspresyonu açısından, kontrol grubu osteoblast ve osteosit hücrelerinde ve kemik matriksindeki ince kollajen liflerde ekspresyon pozitifti. Ovariektomi grubunda, dejeneratif alanda yer alan osteoklast hücrelerinde ADAMTS-1 ekspresyonunda artış, osteon yapılarında, endotel hücrelerinde ADAMTS-1 pozitif ekspresyonu izlendi. Kanda östrojen değerleri açısından, ovariektomi grubunda kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir düşüş gözlendi. Kalsiyum değerlerinde ise kontrol ve ovariektomi gruplarının değerleri birbirine yakındı. Alkalen fosfataz değerlerinin ovariektomi grubunda yükseldiği görüldü(p=0,01).SONUÇ: Çalışmamız sonucu elde ettiğimiz veriler ışığında, osteoporoz tedavisine ADAMTS-1 proteinlerinin dahil edilmesinin yeni tedavi yöntemlerini destekleyebileceği düşüncesindeyiz.

Bioinspired lipid-polysaccharide modified hybrid nanoparticles as a brain-targeted highly loaded carrier for a hydrophilic drug

Lipid-polysaccharide modified biohybrid nanoparticles (NPs) are eminent drug carriers for brain targeting, owing to their ability to prolong the circulation time and penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB). Biohybrid NPs particular interest arises from their potential to mimic biological components. Herein, we prepared bioinspired lipid polymeric NPs, either naked or surface modified by a synthesized biocompatible dextran–cholic acid (DxC). The nanoprecipitation method was tailored to allow the assembly of the multicomponent NPs in a single step. Modulating the solvent/antisolvent system provided lipid polymer hybrid NPs in the size of 111.6 ± 11.4 nm size. The NPs encapsulated up to 92 ± 1.2% of a hydrophilic anti-Alzheimer drug, rivastigmine (Riv). The brain uptake, biodistribution and pharmacokinetics studies, proved the efficient fast penetration of the bioinspired surface modified NPs to the brain of healthy albino rats. The modified nanocarrier caused a 5.4 fold increase in brain targeting efficiency compared to the drug solution. Furthermore, the presence of DxC increased Riv's brain residence time up to 40 h. The achieved results suggest that the fabricated biohybrid delivery system was able to circumvent the BBB and is expected to minimize Riv systemic side effects.

Effects of Curcumin on Hematological Parameters in Aflatoxin B1 Applied Rats

In this study, it is aimed to determine the possible effects of curcumin on hematological parameters in aflatoxin applied rats. Thirty eight healthy male Wistar Albino rats were used in the study. Group I animals was no applied. Animals in Group II were orally given 1 ml 10% DMSO daily for 60 days. Animals in Group III were orally given 300 mg/kg curcumin dissolved in 10% DMSO daily for 60 days. Animals in Group IV were orally given 250 µg/kg aflatoxin B1 dissolved in 10% DMSO daily for 60 days. Animals in Group V was orally given 250 µg/kg aflatoxin B1 dissolved in 10% DMSO and 300 mg/kg curcumin dissolved in 10% DMSO daily for 60 days. At the end of the study, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, platelet count, hemoglobin amount, hematocrit value, percentage ratios of leukocyte types, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined in blood samples taken from all animals. In the study, erythrocytes count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value and MCHC level in the aflatoxin applied rats significantly decreased compared to the control group (p<0.05). MCV level in the aflatoxin applied rats was found significantly higher compared to the control group (p<0.05). In the group in which aflatoxin and curcumin were administered together, erythrocytes count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value and MCHC levels were found to be significantly higher compared to the group administered only aflatoxin (p<0.05). In the study, the leukocyte count significantly decreased in the aflatoxin group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Granulocyte and monocyte percentage significantly increased depend on aflatoxin application (p<0.05). In the group in which aflatoxin and curcumin were administered together, the leukocyte count significantly increased compared to the aflatoxin group (p<0.05). We concluded that curcumin may alleviate the abnormalities in hematological parameters resulting from aflatoxicosis.

Therapeutic Effects of Canagliflozin and Zinc Sulphate Alone and in Combination on Pancreatic Histology in Type-2 Diabetic Rat Model

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a common metabolic syndrome characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose levels. Canagliflozin is an SGLT-2 inhibitor that controls hyperglycemia by reducing the reabsorption of filtered glucose and excreting it in the urine. Zinc sulphate exhibits some beneficial role in diabetes mellitus but has not been compared to canagliflozin individually and in combination. Aims &amp; Objectives: To observe the effects of treatment with canagliflozin and zinc sulphate on pancreatic histology in streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rat model. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, KEMU and PGMI, Lahore for the period of two months. Material &amp; Methods: It was an animal experimental study of eight weeks duration in which 48 adult healthy albino rats of male gender were divided into six groups and were provided the high fat diet throughout the study period. Groups A and B were maintained as healthy and diseased controls respectively. Groups B, C, D, E and F were administered single I/P dose streptozotocin (35mg/kg) at day 22 for inducing diabetes. Upon confirmation of diabetes after a week the rats were further treated as per group designation orally for 4 weeks , individually or in combination with full or half doses of canagliflozin (10 mg /kg/day, 5mg/kg/day ) and zinc sulphate (30mg/kg/day, 15mg/kg/day) . All animals were euthanized at the completion of study duration. The pancreatic tissue was taken out and examined for the histopathological changes (size and number of pancreatic islets, karyolysis and ballooning degeneration). Results: There was a marked improvement in the size and number of islets as well as the inflammatory changes in the combined treatment group (with canagliflozin in full as well as half dose of zinc sulphate) as compared to the groups given zinc sulphate and canagliflozin separately. Conclusion: Combined treatment with canagliflozin and zinc sulphate has a better protective effect on the pancreatic tissue in diabetes than either of them used alone.

Prompt drug delivery of rabeprazole through raft formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

Rabeprazole is degraded in the stomach below 2.5 pH and the raft forming system keeps the stomach pH above 3.5. Above pH 3.5, rabeprazole is not degraded in the stomach. The present study aimed to maintain the stomach pH above 3.5 for an appropriate period of time and improve the bioavailability of rabeprazole. The rabeprazole, polymers and raft, were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC. The RR5 formulation showed a release of 99.93% rabeprazole at 20 min in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). FTIR analysis showed the compatibility of drug and excipients. The DSC thermogram indicated the endothermic peak of rabeprazole at 179 °C. The RR5 formulation and Repit® 20 mg capsule was selected as the test and reference formulations respectively for pharmacokinetic study. Healthy albino rats were divided into two groups (reference and test) each having 6 rats and blood samples were collected for 24 h. The Cmax and tmax for the reference and test formulations were 465 ± 0.237 ng/mL and 4 ± 1.398 h and 495 ± 0.097 ng/mL and 2 ± 0.025 h, respectively. AUC0-t of the reference and test formulations was 3316.75 ± 3.418 ng/mL.h and 4910.25 ± 3.467 ng/mL.h, respectively. Our study proves the potential effectiveness of rafts for the fast oral delivery of rabeprazole.

Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability of Ibandronate Through Gastroretentive Raft Forming Drug Delivery System: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.

BackgroundBisphosphonates have very low bioavailability and cause irritation of the esophagus and stomach. This study was planned to improve the oral bioavailability of ibandronate through the formation of a raft in the stomach. Bisphosphonate-induced irritation of the esophagus and stomach is prevented by the formation of a raft.Materials and MethodsThe nanostructured raft was developed through the use of nanosized citrus pectin (NCP). The particle size of NCP was measured by zeta sizer and SEM. The percentage of NCP and the neutralization profile of raft was studied. The ibandronate, polymers, and the developed formulation were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, and DSC. The release of ibandronate was studied in 0.1 N HCl, 0.5 N HCl, 1 N HCl, and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and a cell viability study was performed using Caco-2 cells. The PPR5 formulation and Bonish 150 mg tablets were selected as test and reference formulations, respectively, for pharmacokinetic study. Twelve healthy albino rats were taken and divided into two groups using a Latin square crossover design, and the blood samples were collected for 24 hours.ResultsThe SEM image showed that the particle size of NCP was 159 nm. The raft of PPR5 showed 94% NCP and 45 minutes duration of neutralization. The FTIR and XRD showed chemical stability and a uniform distribution of ibandronate in the raft. The TGA and DSC indicated the thermal stability of formulation. The release of 99.87% ibandronate at 20 minutes was observed in the SGF. The values of Cmax for the reference and test formulations were 493±0.237 ng/mL and 653±0.097 ng/mL, respectively. The AUC(0-t) of the reference and test formulations was 3708.25±3.418 ng/mL.h and 6899.25±3.467 ng/mL.h, respectively.ConclusionThe NCP has been successfully prepared from citrus pectin and has shown effective porous raft formation. The bioavailability of the ibandronate from newly developed PPR5 was higher than the already marketed formulation.

Potential Hepatoprotective Activity of Super Critical Carbon Dioxide Olive Leaf Extracts against CCl4-Induced Liver Damage.

Virgin olive oil has demonstrated its effective activity against oxidative stress. However, data on the bioactive effect of olive leaves or their major constituents on the liver are scarce. The present research work was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extracts from fresh and dried olive leaves on hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rat models. For this purpose, healthy albino rats of 180–250 g weight were used. The assessment of biochemical markers was carried out on blood and liver tissue. Then, a histopathological study was carried out on liver tissue. The obtained results showed that fresh and dried olive leaf extracts ameliorate the perturbed biochemical parameters caused by CCl4 treatment. Furthermore, the results registered for the histopathological study are in accordance with the biochemical parameters and the protective capacity of SC-CO2 extracts against DNA damage, indicating that olive leaf extracts helped to improve liver fibrosis caused by CCl4 treatment.

Functionalized cobalt ferrite cubes: toxicity, interactions and mineralization into ferritin proteins

In the biological environment, the fate of nanomaterials characterizes as critical matter, which regulates environmental effects and associated hazards for humans. Understanding of the nanoparticle’s degradation, transformations and persistence may predict these risks. Safely designed inorganic nanomaterials are being focused for therapy; yet, fundamental processing in the biological environment and physical properties have not been assessed thoroughly. In this research work, bare, polyethylene glycol and citrate-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared through modified chemical coprecipitation method. Structural, elemental, magnetic and morphological analysis of synthesized samples are performed through XRD, EDX, FTIR, VSM, SEM and TEM. XRD confirms the cubic structure of CoFe2O4 with crystallite size 25.75 nm. SEM and TEM confirm the formation of faceted cube-like morphology. For in vivo toxicity studies, a single dose of bare and coated cobalt ferrite NPs are intraperitoneally administrated in healthy albino rats. The degradation effects are studied through optical follow-up, by introducing bare and coated NPs in lysosomal-like media where changes in behavior are linked with transformations in vivo. Transfer of degraded ions of cobalt ferrite NPs into apoferritin are also evaluated. Apoferritin studies reveal partial filling of protein with cobalt ions from cobalt ferrite NPs.

Ameliorative Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of &lt;i&gt;Citrullus Lanatus&lt;/i&gt; (Water Melon) on Liver Function Parameters and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Lead Treated Rats

Extensive and unmonitored use of lead in developing and industrialized countries is posing a serious threat to human health. Prolonged exposure of a sub-lethal dose of this toxicant is closely related to its accumulation in various soft tissues and its interference with bio elements that hamper several physiological processes. The study was designed to investigate the potential effect of aqueous seed extract of Citrullus lanatus on liver function parameters and oxidative stress markers. Forty healthy albino rats of both sexes were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1: Normal, Group 2 Lead untreated, dose 15mg/kg lead acetate. Group 3 and 4 were dosed 15mg/kg lead acetate and aqueous seed extract 50mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively for 21 days. The present study revealed that AST, ALT and ALP levels were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) in lead induced untreated group compared to control. There was no observed difference in serum total proteins (P &gt; 0.05) among all the groups but albumin, significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) compared to control. Serum vitamin A and E concentration were shown to have decreased in lead untreated groups while Vitamin C level remained unchanged. The level of GSH and catalase activity increased in the treatment groups with decreased in MDA level. It is therefore suggested that aqueous seed extract of water melon might be rich in antioxidants, hence effective in preventing lipid peroxidation.&#x0D; Keywords: Antioxidants, Citrullus lanatus, Lead, Oxidative stress.

Comparison of the effect of topical bevacizumab and sorafenib in experimental corneal neovascularization

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the neovascularization inhibiting the effect of topical bevacizumab and sorafenib and to determine the effective dose of sorafenib. Material and Methods Forty-two healthy Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into six groups. The right corneas of all rats except group 1 were cauterised with silver nitrate. Group 2 received DMSO, group 3 received topical bevacizumab (5 mg/dL, 3 times a day) and group 4, 5 and 6 received topical sorafenib (2.5 mg/dl, 5 mg/dL, 7.5 mg/dL, 2 times a day respectively), between days 1 and 7. Corneal photographs were taken on day 8 and the corneal neovascular area percentage was calculated. Following decapitation, the corneas were removed to determine the levels of VEGF ELİSA and corneal immune staining. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis Results The neovascular corneal area percentage was statistically significantly lower in the treatment groups than group 2 (p < 0.05). The intensity of VEGF immune staining was also lower in groups 3, 5 and 6 from the group 2. Group 3, 5 and 6 were no significant differences compared to group 1. The VEGF ELİSA levels were statistically significantly lower in group 3, 5 and 6 compared to group 2 (p < 0.05). There was no statistically difference between VEGF ELİSA levels of group 2 and 4 (p > 0.05) Conclusions Sorafenib was as effective as bevacizumab in the regression of corneal neovascularization. The effect of sorafenib seems to be dose-dependent. The low doses and twice a day administration are important advantages of sorafenib.

Effect of vitamin-E on cypermethrin induced toxicity in cerebral cortex of wistar albino rats: A histological study

Backgrounds: Cypermethrin, class II pyrethroid pesticides, is commonly used in the agricultural field and house pest controls. Cypermethrin leads to neurotoxicity by crossing the blood-brain barrier, inducing oxygen stress in brain tissue. Vitamin-E is an antioxidant, involving in protecting membrane stability against free radicals induced peroxidants. This study was conducted to see the protective effect of vitamin-E on cypermethrin induced toxicity.&#x0D; Methodology: Fifty healthy Wistar albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200 grams were randomly selected &amp; divided into five groups. Rats in first group served as control. Rats in second and fourth group were given cypermethrin orally at 20 mg/kg/BW for 14 and 28 days respectively. Rats in third and fifth group were give cypermethrin plus vitamin-E 2.5 ml/kg/BW orally for 14 and 28 days respectively. Rats were sacrificed and the brain was removed. Tissue processing was done. Histological analysis was carried out and statistical analysis was performed by the use of SPSS.&#x0D; Result: Cypermethrin treated rats showed decreased body and brain weight with severe neuronal vacuolation and decrease glial cell. While cypermethrin plus vitamin-E treated group showed increased body and brain weight, with normal glial cell and mild neuronal changes were observed.&#x0D; Conclusion: Cypermethrin in combination with vitamin-E minimized its harmful effect which was evidenced by improving body and brain weight gain and histological changes.

Fucoxanthin averts isoprenaline hydrochloride-induced myocardial infarction in rats

Background: In this current investigation, we aimed to assess the efficacy of natural antioxidant fucoxanthin against the myocardial infarction since it can be consumed as a regular diet. Objective: In this scientific investigation, we planned to investigate the curative effectual of fucoxanthin on isoprenaline hydrochloride provoked myocardial infarction on the experimental rats. Materials and Methods: Healthy Wistar albino rats were grouped into control, fucoxanthin alone, myocardial infarction induced, and myocardial infarction induced pretreated with fucoxanthin. The control rats were treated with a standard food diet, whereas fucoxanthin alone group rats were treated with 50 mg/kg/bwt of fucoxanthin along with standard diet. Myocardial infarction-induced groups were treated with 85 mg/kg/bwt of isoprenaline hydrochloride to induce myocardial infarction on the 29th and 30th days of the treatment period. Group IV rats were pretreated with 50 mg/kg/bwt of fucoxanthin from day 1 of experiment and on the 29th and 30th days of treatment period treated with 85 mg/kg/bwt of isoprenaline hydrochloride to induce myocardial infarction. Results: The fucoxanthin possessed effective cardioprotective activity in mycardiac infarction-induced rats. Fucoxanthin treatment reduced the statuses of cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I on myocardial infarction provoked rats; also, it exhibited the reduced Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level in the rats. The antioxidant status such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was extensively elevated in the myocardial infarction-induced fucoxanthin pretreated rats. Myocardial infarction-induced fucoxanthin pretreated rats shows decreased statuses of Na+/K+ ATPase and increase on the Na+/K+ ATPase level. Conclusion: Our results confirmed that fucoxanthin is a potent cardioprotective drug which increases the antioxidant levels and decreases the oxidative stress and inflammation during myocardial infarction.

An Experimental Study of Nasa Shareera w.s.r to Pratimarsha nasya

Nasa (nose) is considered as the Ghranendriya Adhishtana, whose functions are not only limited to olfaction and respiration but also considered as a pathway for drug administration. Acharya Vagbhata has explained in Nasya vidhi Adhyaya, as “Nasa Hi Shiraso Dwaram”, while on Dinacharya Adhyaya he explained the nasal medications like Anutaila administration in nasal cavity. Nasya Karma (nasal drug delivery) is a therapeutic procedure where drugs are administered through nose in a specific manner, to cure different Jatrurdwa Vikaras. Pratimarsha Nasya may be practiced twice daily as dinacharya. It is described as the most convenient and well tolerated form of nasya as it does not lead to any discomfort or complications. It is suitable for all the age, from birth to death and serves both the purpose of Snehana and Sodhana. The Experimental Study was conducted on 18 healthy wistar stain albino rats of either sex grouped into 3 groups of six rats each to observe any histological changes after administering the drug and the results show that there is no histological changes in the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulb and olfactory area which shows that Anutaila Pratimarsha Nasya Karma through this route is safe and effective.

Effect of Aegle marmelos methanolic extracts of leaf and fruit pulp on learning and memory in albino rats

Background: The objective was to study the effect of Aegle marmelos methanolic extracts of leaf (LE) and fruit pulp extract (FE) on learning and memory in albino rats. 40 healthy wistar albino rats of either sex were randomly divided into 10 groups of 4 each (n=4), weighing about 150 to 200 gm were selected for the study. The extracts i.e. 1ml of 1% carboxy methyl cellulose, LE and FE at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were administered per oral one hour before the experiment.Methods: Learning and memory was assessed by elevated plus maze and Hebb William maze. Latency time and number of entries were assessed by elevated plus maze whereas only latency was assessed by Hebb William maze.Results: Plant extracts of LE and FE at doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg have shown significant percentage reduction in latency time in elevated plus maze and Hebb William maze (p&lt;0.05) and reduction in the number of entries in elevated plus maze.Conclusions: LE and FE at doses 200 mg/kg have shown significant effect on learning and memory.

A study to evaluate efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) as analgesic agent using albino wistar rats as an experimental animal model

Background: Pain is a very well-known symptom of many diseases and analgesics are used to relieve pain. The main problem with these drugs remains that of side effects. Herbal medicines are better in view of their cultural acceptability, better compatibility with human body systems and lesser incidence of side effects. Extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) plant have been traditionally used to treat pain in traditional medicine.Methods: Commercially available preparation of T. cordifolia plant has been used as test drug (aqueous extract). Healthy albino rats of either sex, weighing between 140-200 g were selected for the study, divided into 4 groups of 6 each (control, standard, 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg). Central analgesic activity was assessed by tail flick model (morphine as standard drug I.P). Acetic acid 1% 10 ml/kg aqueous solution I.P. was used for abdominal writhing model. Diclofenac 150 mg/kg oral as standard drug for assessment of peripheral analgesic activity. Results were analysed using SPSS version 16 and Microsoft office excel 2007.Results: T. cordifolia extract significantly increased the tail flick latency time (sec) (mean tail flick latency control, T100, T300 6.833±0.25 sec, 8.65±017 sec, 10.01±0.14 respectively) (p value control vs T100, T300 at 90 min, 120 min, 0.0573, 0.0198, 0.0198 in between group) and decreased number of abdominal writhing in comparison with the control group (p value &lt;0.0001).Conclusions: Extract of T. cordifolia was found to possess analgesic activity and also exhibited dose and time dependant increase involving central and peripheral mechanisms. The analgesic activity of T. cordifolia found to be comparable to standard drug used.

The contraceptive potential of Carica papaya seed on oestrus cycle, progesterone, and histomorphology of the Utero-ovarian tissue of adult wistar rats.

Objective:The study’s goal was to ascertain the contraceptive effects of Aqueous extract of Carica papaya on female rats by assessing changes in the body weight, estrous cycle, serum progesterone level and the cyto-architecture of the Utero-ovarian tissue.Methods:We used twenty (20) healthy young Adult Female Albino rats. The study ran for 7 and 21 days, respectively. Each study group has their Experimental (treated 200mg/kg aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed extract) and Control group (n=5). We determined daily the phases and frequencies of the estrous cycles of the rats during the administration of the extract. We processed the utero-ovarian tissue for histological analysis, and we assessed serum progesterone level and the oestrus cycle pattern.Results:There was a significant increase in body and Ovarian weights after 21 days of treatment when compared to controls and those treated for 7 days. However, uterine weight reduced significantly (p<0.05), serum progesterone level decreased (p<0.05) in the treated rats, mostly in those submitted to 21 day-treatments; the ovary showed marked degeneration of the theca cells, granulosa and corpus luteum, and loss of mucin granules in the uterine tissues. Carica papaya administered for 7 and 21 days caused the animals to have more proestrus and diestrus phases as compared to the control animals. The estrous cycle became irregular, with prolonged diestrous and proestrus phase.Conclusion:The aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds caused antifertility, anti-implantation, by a reduction in progesterone level, disruption of oestrus pattern and histological alteration of utero-ovarian tissue.

Effect of calcarea carbonica on osteoporotic activities in ovariectomised albino rat model of osteoporosis in 1x, 30, and 0/1 potencies

BACKGROUND: From a retrospective study on Calcarea Carb done at Sarada Krishna Homoeopathic Medical College, it is found that Calcarea Carb has great affinity for musculoskeletal system (3). Females between 36-60 years have shown more musculoskeletal affection than any other age groups. This age group mainly includes menopausal women. Menopause can bring about changes in body mass index and can result in osteoporotic changes. In the modern era of evidence based medicine I wish to prove the same experimentally upon ovariectomised albino rats. Ovariectomy can induce menopause and thereby osteoporosis in rats. The study is done using 3 different potencies of Calcarea Carb, i.e, 1X, 30 and 0/1 to see the effectiveness of this remedy in controlling osteoporosis in ovariectomised albino rats. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the effect of Calcarea Carb, in osteoporotic activity, in ovariectomised rat model of osteoporosis with 3 different potency scales, 1X, 30 and 0/1. 2. To compare the effect of Calcarea Carb with estrogen in controlling osteoporosis. 3. To study the potency that is more suitable in treating osteoporosis in ovariectomised rat model of osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: STUDY SETTINGS: 30 female Wistar albino rats are taken for the study. The rats are divided into 5 groups consisting of 6 animals each. SELECTION OF SAMPLES: Healthy female albino rats of about 90 days old, weighing about 150-220g is taken for the study. STUDY DESIGN: This is an experimental study done on ovariectomised albino rats. INTERVENTION: Calcarea Carb is administered orally in 3 different potencies 1X, 30 and 0/1 to 3 different groups of female Wistar albino rats respectively. The remedy is given in water dose using distilled water, i.e., 5 drops, 3 times daily. Freshly prepared dose is administered each time. CONCLUSION: Calcarea Carb is effective in controlling osteoporosis in ovariectomised albino rat model of osteoporosis in 3 different potency scales i.e, 1X, 30 and 0/1. • Calcarea Carb 0/1 is effective in controlling osteoporosis by using the elevated biochemical parameters beneficially for osteoblastic activity. It has also taken care of the bone physically and histologically. So Calcarea Carb 0/1 is the best potency for controlling osteoporosis as per the study. • Calcarea Carb 30 is the next effective potency for controlling osteoporosis, which is evident from the physical, biochemical and histological parameters. • Calcarea Carb 1X due to its physiological or material nature, has elevated the physical and biochemical parameters to the maximum but has not showed remarkable changes in bony architecture. This confirms that its action is supplementary in nature. • The action of Calcarea Carb is comparable to that of estrogen in elevating physical and biochemical parameters and acted more than estrogen in histological parameter and serum osteocalcin parameter especially in dynamic doses of Calcarea Carb 30 and Calcarea Carb 0/1. • p value is less than 0.05 for parameters such as body weight, uterine weight, left femur weight, left femur density and in serum levels of calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, indicating that the test is significant. For left femur volume and left femur length, p value is greater than 0.05, indicating that it is due to chance. SUMMARY: Osteoporosis was induced to a sample size of 30 female Wistar albino rats (divided randomly into 5 groups containing 6 animals each) through ovariectomy after 1 week of acclimatization. After 15 days of post surgical care, these 5 groups received their respective treatment for a period of 90 days after which they were sacrificed for investigations. It was found that among the homoeopathic potencies Calcarea Carb 0/1 showed highest result in osteoblastic activity by effectively using the calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase for bone formation. Calcarea Carb 30 was found to be the next effective potency in controlling osteoporosis. It is followed by Calcarea Carb 1X. All the 3 potencies are found to be effective in controlling osteoporosis by taking care of the bone physically, biochemically and histologically. Calcarea Carb has also saved the uterus from post menopausal atrophy and helped in maintaining the body weight. Comparative study with the control group and estrogen group confirmed the same. The tests are significant, with a p value < 0.05, for all the parameters except for left femur length and left femur volume; where it is due to chance.

Anti-inflammatory effect of cortistatin in rat endotoxin-induced uveitis model.

Purpose:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of cortistatin (CST) in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) model and to compare the results with corticosteroid treatment.Methods:A total of 35 healthy Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups. EIU was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Group I received intraperitoneal (ip) normal saline (NS), Group II received ip 150 μg LPS plus NS, Group III received ip 150 μg LPS plus 250 μg/kg CST, Group IV received ip 150 μg LPS plus 1mg/kg dexamethasone, and Group V received ip 250 μg/kg CST only. The aqueous humor was collected 24 h after injection and the infiltrating cells were determined. Moreover, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed.Results:The clinical score and infiltrated cell count were reduced in Groups III and IV compared with Group II (P < 0.001). The pathological findings of Groups III and IV were significantly reduced compared with Group II (P < 0.001). These findings were similar between Groups III and IV (P = 1.000). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) immunoreactivity in the ciliary body of Group III and Group IV were significantly reduced compared with Group II (P < 0.001). TNF-α and IL-1β immunoreactivity in the ciliary body of Group III and Group IV were similar compared with Group I and Group V (range of P values was 0.539–0.958).Conclusion:CST administration as a therapeutic agent might ameliorate the severity of intraocular inflammation in uveitis patients. In conclusion, effect of CST and dexamethasone in EIU model was comparable.