Health Care In Indonesia Research Articles

Perceived usefulness of receiving a potential smoking cessation intervention via mobile phones among smokers in Indonesia

Background: The use of technology to support healthcare in Indonesia holds new promise in light of decreasing costs of owning mobile devices and ease of access to internet. However, it is necessary to assess end-user perceptions regarding mobile health interventions prior to its implementation. This would throw light on the acceptability of mobile phone communication in bringing about behavioral changes among the target Indonesian population. The aim of this study was to explore the perceived usefulness of receiving a potential smoking cessation intervention via mobile phones. Methods: This is an exploratory cross-sectional study involving current and former adult tobacco smokers residing in Indonesia. Online advertisement and snowballing were used to recruit respondents. Data was collected using a web-based survey over a period of 4 weeks. Those willing to participate signed an online consent and were subsequently directed to the online questionnaire that obtained demographics, tobacco usage patterns, perceived usefulness of a mobile phone smoking cessation application and its design. Results: A total of 161 people who smoked tobacco responded to the online survey. The mean age of the participants was 29.4. Of the 123 respondents, 102 were men. Prior experience with using a mobile phone for health communication (OR 3.6, P=0.014) and those willing to quit smoking (OR 5.1, P=0.043) were likely to perceive a mobile phone smoking cessation intervention as useful. A smartphone application was preferred over text messages, media messages or interactive voice response technology. Content consisting of motivational messages highlighting the methods and benefits of quitting smoking were requested. Conclusion: People who smoke in Indonesia perceived receiving a potential smoking cessation intervention via mobile phones as useful. A multi-component, personalized smartphone application was the desired intervention technique. Such an intervention developed and implemented within a public health program could help address the tobacco epidemic in Indonesia.

Security Value Issues on eHealth Implementation in Indonesia

eHealth is an information technology solution for improving healthcare to be more effective and efficient. eHealth innovations not only give expected benefits but also new problems, one of them is security value issues. This inquiry has purpose to identify problems of security-related value in eHealth implementation in Indonesia involving its stakeholders. We use constructivism as research paradigm with qualitative method. Data was collected through focus group discussion with five information security experts from State Cyber and Code Agency that work on security controls in healthcare sector. Data analysis using thematic coding with Atlas.ti as tool. This research explored some security value issues on eHealth implementation in Indonesia, including regulator value conflict, data integrity and reliability, and data privacy and confidentiality. Some of those problems are caused by specific regulation about information security for healthcare in Indonesia is not available yet that makes some value conflict among stakeholders involved in this sector. Some implications are also proposed, both practically and theoretically.

“GOLDARHES” As a Digitalization Blood Type Test Device Based on Light Sensors

According to the data, high death rate among surgery patients was caused by faulty blood typing which were still manually done and high risk in human error. GOLDARHES is a device to determine blood type uses a light sensor with LDR and LED components and an Arduino microcontroller, then it showed the results on LCD. This device has never been used in Indonesian healthcare facilities. The Casing which is environmental friendly material is made of corn husk waste containing cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. In addition, the energy power of the device itself uses a charging system so that it can reduce the amount of chemical waste that is difficult to decompose. The Methods of this research is True Experimental using 100 samples of participants. The results obtained will be displayed on the LCD which is processed in less than 10 seconds. The results of this research was faster than manually test, the mean of test period was take 5 seconds and the sensitivity of the tool is 95%. Thus “GOLDARHES” can be used as an effective, accurate, and fast medical device in determining blood type.

The Difference Scores of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Exited Components in Psychotic Agitation Patients of Haloperidol Injection and those Prescribed with the Injection of Haloperidol and Diazepam

BACKGROUND: The availability of psychotic medications in primary health care in Indonesia is in a limited number. The center of psychiatric health-care provides varied types of medications. However, the quantities are limited, in which the second generation of psychotic drugs is relatively expensive. Common available drug medications are haloperidol and diazepam.
 AIM: This study aims to investigate the difference scores of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-EC) in psychotic agitation patients of haloperidol prescription and those who have been prescribed with haloperidol and diazepam injections at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital, Medan North Sumatera, Indonesia.
 METHODS: This study involved 64 psychotic agitation patients who were divided into two groups. The first group was 32 patients who have been prescribed by 5 mg of haloperidol injections and the second group was 32 patients who have been injected by 5 mg of haloperidol and 10 mg of diazepam. The PANSS-EC score assessment was performed for 1 h due to the side effects of medication consumption.
 RESULTS: A significant comparison in terms of the decreasing of PANSS-EC scores in psychotic agitation patients who have been injected by the combination of haloperidol and diazepam was confirmed during the assessment of 30 and 60 min (p < 0.001). The extrapyramidal side effects in haloperidol group were found in two subjects, and the reinjections of combination therapy of haloperidol and diazepam were lower than those with one type of drugs medication, which, respectively, were accounted for 56.25% and 84.37%.
 CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy of haloperidol and diazepam had more accelerating effects in reducing agitation compared to those prescribed by only haloperidol.

Improving the satisfaction and loyalty of BPJS healthcare in Indonesia: a Sharia perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze how to improve the satisfaction and loyalty of Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS) health patients in Indonesia based on services in Islamic hospitals, where the service quality was analyzed from a Sharīʿah perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe sample for this study was 470 Muslim patients from BPJS health, 248 from large Islamic hospitals and 232 from small Islamic hospitals in Central Java, Indonesia. Overall, the respondents were from five large hospitals and five small hospitals. The study used eight service quality variables that were modified from the SERVQUAL, PAKSERV and CARTER models. All the variables used indicators of Sharīʿah principles and tested their effects on satisfaction and loyalty.FindingsThe results of the study showed that the insurance system has been proven to significantly increase the satisfaction and loyalty of BPJS health patients. This means that the efforts of the Indonesian Government to improve the level of health by establishing BPJS can benefit the community. Satisfaction can also be increased through the variables of reliability, empathy and responsiveness, while the loyalty of BPJS Health patients is strongly influenced by satisfaction. The sincerity variable can increase the satisfaction and loyalty of BPJS health patients in small hospitals, but not in large hospitals. On the other hand, the variable of compliance can increase the satisfaction and loyalty of BPJS health patients in large hospitals, but not in small hospitals.Originality/valueThe insurance system implemented in Indonesia can influence the improvement of satisfaction and loyalty. Also, hospitals that are fair in serving patients and that apply amanah (trust), tabligh (responsiveness) and are fast in handling BPJS health patients’ complaints are important indicators that need attention from BPJS health and hospitals. These indicators can form variables that can increase satisfaction and loyalty.

Perspective of Soy Formula and Fiber intake among Non-Cow’s Milk Drinker Pediatric Patients; A Survey among Indonesian Health Care Practitioners

Indonesia is one of the highest countries for soy-based product consumption, which the usage also started from early age as breastmilk substitute product, although local regulation and guideline stated that soy-based formula recommended for cow’s milk protein allergy. However, evidences showed that soy-based formula supplemented with fiber in non-cow’s milk drinker could also have health effect to gastrointestinal system. This online survey aimed to explore the perspective of health care practitioners (HCPs) in recommending soy-based formula for non-cow’s milk drinker pediatric patients, as well as identify the required additional ingredient or supplementation, specifically on fiber, in soy-based formula. Majority of respondents (97% of paediatricians (P < 0.001)), (96% of nurses (P = 0.003)), (99% of midwives (P < 0.001)) recommended soy-based formula as nutritional product toward non-cow’s milk drinker patients. On the added ingredients required, 43% of respondents mentioned that AA and DHA and 31% mentioned that fibre is the ingredient that need to be added to complete the benefits of soy formula. This study concluded that the overall perspective of HCPs showed that soy-based formula is a nutritional product recommended for non-cow’s milk pediatric patients. However, fiber is required to be added to achieve the potential benefits of soy-based formula.

Accidental vs. deliberate overdose admissions to the emergency department in Bali's largest hospital - a look into the effects of mental health on Indonesia's substance abuse problem

BackgroundMental health care in Indonesia is under-resourced, drugs are easily available, and alcohol use is rising, increasing the risk of accidental and deliberate overdose. AimsIdentify the demographics of overdose patients presenting to the emergency department. Determine the substances commonly used in overdose; the percentage of accidental vs. deliberate overdoses; the psychiatric history of overdose patients; the reasons behind the overdoses occurring.Methods22 overdose patients over the age of 18 that had presented to the emergency department at the RSUP Sanglah Hospital in a 1-year period were included in the study. Data were collected from records kept by the hospital on gender, age, nationality, substance(s) used in overdose, presence of psychiatric disorder, whether the overdose was accidental or deliberate, and the reason behind the overdose. Microsoft Excel was used to collect and analyse the data.ResultsOverdoses were predominantly carried out by male Indonesians aged 25-34. Alcohol was the most common substance used (n=5, 22.7%). 55.5% (n= 12) of overdoses were accidental and 45.5% (n=10) were deliberate. 3 out of 22 patients had a diagnosed mental disorder. The unknown quantity consumed; unknown content consumed; over-consumption; and spiked drink caused an accidental overdose. Suicidality and family issues caused a deliberate overdose.ConclusionsOverdose rates were lower than expected. Accidental overdoses are likely due to easy access to substances, and a fear of retribution preventing admission to hospital. The high deliberate overdose rate plus low mental disorder rate suggests patients reach a mental-health crisis point before being diagnosed with a mental disorder.Â

Development and Evaluation of a Mental Health Training Program for Community Health Workers in Indonesia.

The treatment gap in mental health care in Indonesia is a critical issue due in large measure to the dearth of professional mental health staff. In response to this need, our team designed a mental health training program for existing community health workers. The training program was offered to 65 participants at 2 (two) community primary care center (Puskesmas); we evaluated the training program with quantitative and qualitative methods. We assessed the gains in knowledge using a 20-question knowledge assessment test. In addition, in Puskesmas 1, the test was repeated as a follow-up test 4months after the training. Statistical analysis showed that the differences between pre-test and post-test scores were significant in both Puskesmas 1 (p = 0.004) and Puskesmas 2 (p < 0.001). This study concluded that the model of integrative training appears effective for preparing Indonesian CHWs to recognize and respond to needs for mental health care.

Analysis of rational prescribing in “X” Hospital, Jakarta

Background: The irrational prescribing is one of the problems in health care in Indonesia. The irrational prescribing can cause medication errors, increase costs, the possibility of adverse drug side effects or drug interactions that may inhibit the quality of care. The purpose of this study is to know the rationality of drug prescribing in March 2016 in Hospital X, Jakarta.Methods: This study assessed a prescribing which admitted in March at X hospital with descriptive analysis design and samples taken by multistage sampling.Results: 384 prescription were used and the results of this study : 23,96 % (92) rational prescribing, 5,47 % (21) incomplete administrative prescription, 15.88% (61) overprescribing, 11.20% (43) underprescribing, 15,36 % (59) multiple prescribing, 4.95 % (19) extravagant prescribing and 23.18% (89) polypharmacy.Conclusion: Rational presription 23.96% and the most irrational prescription form is polypharmacy 23.18% .

Addressing the Medical Errors in the Re-Organized Healthcare in Indonesia.

Medical errors have emerged as an important problem in terms of negative outcomes for patients that can be associated with Healthcare Workers' behaviour. This study aimed to measure the awareness of the main medical issues in the medical personnel of the Ciracas General Hospital, recently opened after the reorganization and enlargement of an existing Primary Healthcare Outpatients Center. A qualitative research (interviews, focus group discussions and direct observations) was conducted on the most frequent errors occurring in daily practice and on the main causes of these errors. The main errors identified by the questioned staff are wrong medications and wrong processes in drug administration, demonstrating the lack of awareness among the staff of the many other causes of medical errors and, consequently, the absence of corrective interventions. There are nine types of errors that the medical staff failed to recognize as medical errors. They feel and refer that they had never heard, seen, or experienced any of the nine medical errors in the inpatient units. The majority of the medical staff have poor knowledge about medical errors. It is essential to foster the growth of patient safety, eliminating the "blaming" culture in order to increase the quality of this institution.

Determinants that Influence Relationship between Motivation and Job Satisfaction of Health Workers at Primary Health Care in Indonesia

Determinants that Influence Relationship between Motivation and Job Satisfaction of Health Workers at Primary Health Care in Indonesia

Preventing Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In Indonesia

BPJS Kesehatan (Indonesian Health Insurance System) has been experiencing a severe problem for many years that BPJS Kesehatan has been suffering a huge deficit. That situation is getting worse and taking a negative impact on hospitals, medical practitioners, and patients itself. The more severe problem felt by a patient who needs special treatment and medication. Due to the deficit of the BPJS Kesehatan budget, some hospitals owe some money to the pharmaceutical company to buy some medicines. However, they cannot buy the medication because they have no budget. This study is to explain and compare with the National Health Insurance System in Taiwan to resolve the problems within BPJS Kesehatan in Indonesia, notably on the supervisory system between 2 (two) countries. The method used in this study is the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with qualitative approval from secondary data in approving, reviewing, evaluating, and research supporting all available research in 2015-2020. Then obtained the appropriate literature received seven literature. the factors that make BPJS Kesehatan deficit is because of the small premium, bad management, and fraud. A lot of fraud obtained within BPJS Kesehatan. The fundamental reason why fraud still exists is the weak of the supervisory system. The author will explain that problem of BPJS Kesehatan actually can be tackled by transplanting the healthcare system in Taiwan to the Indonesian healthcare system on the supervisory system. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Sunarti S, Ghozali M, Haris F, Rahman FF, Rahman RA, Ghozali . Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In SRP. 2020; 11(7): 228-231. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36 Web Style Sunarti S, Ghozali M, Haris F, Rahman FF, Rahman RA, Ghozali . Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=126862 [Access: March 29, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Sunarti S, Ghozali M, Haris F, Rahman FF, Rahman RA, Ghozali . Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In SRP. 2020; 11(7): 228-231. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Sunarti S, Ghozali M, Haris F, Rahman FF, Rahman RA, Ghozali . Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In SRP. (2020), [cited March 29, 2021]; 11(7): 228-231. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36 Harvard Style Sunarti, S., Ghozali, . M., Haris, . F., Rahman, . F. F., Rahman, . R. A. & Ghozali, . (2020) Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In SRP, 11 (7), 228-231. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36 Turabian Style Sunarti, Sri, MT Ghozali, Fahni Haris, Ferry Fadzlul Rahman, Rofi Aulia Rahman, and Ghozali. 2020. Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 228-231. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36 Chicago Style Sunarti, Sri, MT Ghozali, Fahni Haris, Ferry Fadzlul Rahman, Rofi Aulia Rahman, and Ghozali. Preventing Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In Indonesia. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 228-231. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Sunarti, Sri, MT Ghozali, Fahni Haris, Ferry Fadzlul Rahman, Rofi Aulia Rahman, and Ghozali. Preventing Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In Indonesia. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.7 (2020), 228-231. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Sunarti, S., Ghozali, . M., Haris, . F., Rahman, . F. F., Rahman, . R. A. & Ghozali, . (2020) Fraud and Deficit Through The Optimization of Health Insurance In Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 228-231. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.36

Real Real-time Aspect on the Application Implementation of Chronic Disease Management Program Patients in supporting Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI)

Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) is one of programs conducted by Indonesian Healthcare Social Insurance Organization. Prolanis program’s target is making chronic disease patient achieve the optimal quality of life through the effective and efficient health service costs and prevent any disease complications [3]. Prolanis activities consist of medical or educational consultation, reminder, club activities and health-status monitoring which is done periodically. Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI) is a program facilitating the realization of patients’ accurate clinical-status. Prolanis application was made to monitor the health status patients periodically. An evaluation must be done especially on real-time aspect to make prolanis application perfect. This research was descriptive and quantitative analytic research with cross sectional approach by using scoring method. The research results revealed that the value of information quality on real-time aspect regarding the implementation of prolanis application on overall score interpretation was in good category (79,3%%). The highest real-time aspect was found in the patients’ identity items written on BPJS cards and the health chart was 83,3%, while the lowest item of personnel data and DM report was 73,3%. These analysis results can be used to make prolanis application more perfect so that it will fulfill the needs of CDI.

Exploring the potential use of patient and public involvement to strengthen Indonesian mental health care for people with psychosis: A qualitative exploration of the views of service users and carers.

BackgroundPatient and public involvement (PPI) has the potential to strengthen mental health systems in Indonesia and improve care for people living with psychosis. Current evidence from other parts of the world demonstrates the need to understand the contexts in which PPI is to be enacted to ensure optimal implementation.ObjectiveTo understand service users’ and carers’ views on the current use and potential applicability of PPI within Indonesian mental health services.DesignQualitative study incorporating focus groups analysed using thematic analysis.Setting and participantsParticipants included 22 service users and 21 carers recruited from two study sites in Indonesia (Jakarta and Bogor). All participants had experience of psychosis either as a service user or carer.ResultsDespite the value attributed to PPI in relation to improving services and promoting recovery, current use of such activities in Indonesian mental health services was limited. Participants expressed a desire for greater levels of involvement and more holistic care but felt community organizations were best placed to deliver this because PPI was considered more congruent with the ethos of third‐sector organizations. Additional barriers to PPI included stigma and low levels of mental health literacy in both health services and communities.Discussion and conclusionParticipants felt that there was potential value in the use of PPI within Indonesian mental health services with careful consideration of individual contexts. Future aspirations of involvement enactment should ensure a central design and delivery role for third‐sector organizations. Facilitators to global collaborative research in the context of the current study are also discussed.

Increasing HIV treatment access, uptake and use among men who have sex with men in urban Indonesia: evidence from a qualitative study in three cities.

Men who have sex with men make up one of four key populations identified as critical to a successful HIV response in Indonesia. Despite international policies supporting HIV treatment in low- and middle-income countries, Indonesia is one of the few countries experiencing low coverage of HIV treatment and little decrease in HIV incidence. There is poor retention in care and low viral suppression rates among key populations such as men who have sex with men. The national government has committed to increasing treatment access and uptake for people with HIV but little is known about how these men themselves view, use and experience these medications. Drawing on qualitative data collected in 2015-16 from 24 HIV-positive men who have sex with men living in three Indonesian cities, we observed multiple intersecting social and contextual factors that can influence effective HIV treatment use. Although shared stories of strong side effects and fear of unwanted disclosure inhibited treatment uptake, social support from 'buddies' helped to navigate healthcare systems and sharing medication among peers enabled adherence. In order to improve treatment uptake and adherence among Indonesian men who have sex with men living with HIV, these divergent effects of the social meanings and practices associated with HIV treatments in Indonesia must be better acknowledged. A more comprehensive understanding of social and community practices within key populations can strengthen national efforts to improve treatment access and increase adherence. Ongoing decentralization of healthcare in Indonesia, and differentiated care models that enable initiation of treatment in community settings and involve non-medical, community-based organizations in the provision of treatment services have the potential to address the needs of individuals who fall into a key population category such as men who have sex with men.

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Parent Report (SDQ-PR) As Screening Instrument of Children Mental Health in Indonesia

This study aims at examining the agreement level between clinical diagnoses by a senior psychologist in the hospital and diagnoses/screening on Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire conducted by parents. Using ICD 10 (Indonesian version) as the gold standard, a clinical child psychologist diagnosed 253 male and female elementary school children aged 7-14 years old. Parents of the same children were requested to fill-out the SDQ questionnaire (SDQ-PR). Psychometric property of SDQ-PR was analyzed using Alpha Cronbach and Principal Axis Factoring Analysis. Screening quality of SDQ-PR was examined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), Likelihood Ratio (LR+ and LR-), and Chi-square. Reliabilities of SDQ-PR in all subscales were (α = 0.562 to α = 0.684) except subscale of peer-problem (α = 0.174). Different from the original version of SDQ-PR that consists of 5 subscales, this study revealed 8 subscales. LR and ROC analyses for hyperkinetic revealed LR+ = 1.84 and LR– = 0.51, sensitivity = 67.6% and specificity = 63.3% with cut-off score ≥ 6. For behavior disorder, the LR+ = 2.3, LR- = 0.42, sensitivity = 70.96%, and specificity = 69.15% with cut-off score ≥ 4. As for behavior disorder the LR+ = 1.07, LR- = 0.94, sensitivity = 50%, specificity 53.27% with cut-off score ≥ 4. Chi-square score indicated a significant correlation between SDQ-PR and the diagnoses from child psychologist for hyperkinetic and behavior disorder, but not for an emotional problem.

Supplier Selection Model Based on Risk in an Indonesian Healthcare Service Industry

In Indonesia, healthcare services are a priority industry sector. In the last few periods, every health care provider began to evaluate and make a performance improvement of the entire supply chain. Supplier selection is one of supply chain business process that have some risks. Therefore, this research is conducted to identify and reduce various risks in supplier selection process. The method used is Fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FFMEA) with three main stages, i.e. fuzification, rule evaluation and difuzification. The result show that there are four criteria, i.e. price, communication, quality and delivery time used for supplier selection in an Indonesian healthcare industry. Each criterion has some supplier performance risks with a total of 10 failure modes. The integration of risk factors in supplier selection model have been successfully done with one best suppliers based on the lowest risk score.

Training for Tuberculosis Elimination in Indonesia: Achievements, Reflections, and Potential for Impact.

Indonesia has the third highest tuberculosis (TB) caseload internationally. A cornerstone for strengthening health systems to respond to TB is a well-trained workforce. In a partnership between Indonesian and Australian institutions, TB training was run during 2018 to strengthen the local capacity to meet End TB strategy targets. This paper aims to report on course design, delivery, training outcomes, and reflections. Seventy-six Indonesian healthcare workers, program staff, researchers, and policy-makers were selected from over 800 applicants. The structure comprised three trainings, each with a pre-course workshop (in Indonesia) to identify learning needs, a two-week block (Australia), and a post-course workshop (Indonesia). The training content delivered was a combination of TB technical knowledge and program/project theory, design, and logic, and the training utilised multiple teaching and learning methods. An innovative element of the training was participant-designed TB workplace projects focusing on context-specific priorities. Evaluation was undertaken using participant surveys and appraisal of the projects. Participants rated the course highly, while success in project implementation varied. Reflections include the importance of involving Indonesian experts in delivery of training, the need to understand participant learning requirements and adapt the training content accordingly, and the challenge of measuring tangible training outputs.

The evolution of income-related inequalities in healthcare utilisation in Indonesia, 1993-2014.

ObjectiveWhile the major policy changes in the Indonesian healthcare system over the last 25 years have been well documented, less is known about the accompanying changes in inequalities in healthcare utilisation during this period. Our study aimed to describe the trends in income-related inequalities in healthcare utilisation in Indonesia during the period 1993–2014.MethodsA repeated cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Indonesian Family Life Surveys from 1993, 2000, 2007, and 2014. We measured outpatient and inpatient healthcare utilisation in public and private provider as well as the overall utilisation. Standardised prevalence rate and relative index of inequality (RII) were used to measure the extent of inequalities in healthcare utilisation by income level (income-related inequalities).ResultsRelatively large income-related inequalities were observed in the utilisation of private outpatient care and public and private inpatient care in 1993. Income-related inequalities in public and private outpatient care utilisation decreased between 1993 and 2007 but increased in 2014. Income-related inequalities in public and private inpatient care utilisation continued to decrease between 1993 and 2014. The largest decrease was observed in private inpatient care utilisation.ConclusionIncome-related inequalities in all types of healthcare utilisation decreased until 2007. This trend continued until 2014 only for public and private inpatient care utilisation. This phenomenon may be explained by the changes to the healthcare system (e.g. expansion of the government health insurance programme and health sector decentralisation), which coincided with the changes in inequalities in healthcare utilisation in Indonesia.

Perceived usefulness of receiving a potential smoking cessation intervention via mobile phones among smokers in Indonesia

Background: The use of technology to support healthcare in Indonesia holds new promise in light of decreasing costs of owning mobile devices and ease of access to internet. However, it is necessary to assess end-user perceptions regarding mobile health interventions prior to its implementation. This would throw light on the acceptability of mobile phone communication in bringing about behavioral changes among the target Indonesian population. The aim of this study was to explore the perceived usefulness of receiving a potential smoking cessation intervention via mobile phones. Methods: This is an exploratory cross-sectional study involving current and former adult tobacco smokers residing in Indonesia. Online advertisement and snowballing were used to recruit respondents. Data was collected using a web-based survey over a period of 4 weeks. Those willing to participate signed an online consent and were subsequently directed to the online questionnaire that obtained demographics, tobacco usage patterns, perceived usefulness of a mobile phone smoking cessation application and its design. Results: A total of 161 people who smoked tobacco responded to the online survey. The mean age of the participants was 29.4. Of the 123 respondents, 102 were men. Prior experience with using a mobile phone for health communication (OR 3.6, P=0.014) and those willing to quit smoking (OR 5.1, P=0.043) were likely to perceive a mobile phone smoking cessation intervention as useful. A smartphone application was preferred over text messages, media messages or interactive voice response technology. Content consisting of motivational messages highlighting the methods and benefits of quitting smoking were requested. Conclusion: People who smoke in Indonesia perceived receiving a potential smoking cessation intervention via mobile phones as useful. A multi-component, personalized smartphone application was the desired intervention technique. Such an intervention developed and implemented within a public health program could help address the tobacco epidemic in Indonesia.