Health supervision visits for infants and toddlers are core to the work of primary care pediatrics. Pediatricians provide the majority of the well-child visits to children who are younger than 3 years. Data from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) show that the typical pediatrician provides 35 health supervision visits a week to children 35 months and younger.1 Increasingly, pediatricians are asked to address not only traditional issues in these visits, such as immunizations and physical growth, but also developmental needs and psychosocial issues in the family. Professional guidelines (AAP Guidelines for Health Supervision III, Bright Futures),2,3 innovative programs (eg, Healthy Steps),4 and recent policy studies (eg, National Academy of Science’s From Neurons to Neighborhoods )5 point to the importance of anticipatory guidance for child health and development. Physicians, particularly pediatricians, are the professionals who see virtually all US children in the first few years of life. Through these unique contacts, pediatricians play an important role in identifying potential problems and helping parents to promote their children’s healthy development. Despite the importance of these visits, little is known about the process, content, and quality of health supervision, particularly from the perspective of parents. This supplement to Pediatrics reports results of a new national survey, the 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH), which was designed to address this information gap. The NSECH is a unique survey of parents of infants and toddlers, developed to monitor the health of young children, assess child health service delivery, and inform child health policy. The NSECH provides critical national-level information about the content and quality of preventive health care for young children, as well as parenting practices in early childhood that can affect the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children. Many of the specific measures included …