Health Risk Behaviors Research Articles

7. Latent Class Models for Health Promotion and Risk Behaviors Differ from Mid-Adolescence to Young Adulthood Across Health Needs, Well-Visits, and Race/Ethnicity

7. Latent Class Models for Health Promotion and Risk Behaviors Differ from Mid-Adolescence to Young Adulthood Across Health Needs, Well-Visits, and Race/Ethnicity

Longitudinal clustering of health behaviours and their association with multimorbidity in older adults in England: A latent class analysis.

Health-risk behaviours such as smoking, unhealthy nutrition, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity (termed SNAP behaviours) are leading risk factors for multimorbidity and tend to cluster (i.e. occur in specific combinations within distinct subpopulations). However, little is known about how these clusters change with age in older adults, and whether and how cluster membership is associated with multimorbidity. Repeated measures latent class analysis using data from Waves 4-8 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA; n = 4759) identified clusters of respondents with common patterns of SNAP behaviours over time. Disease status (from Wave 9) was used to assess disorders of eight body systems, multimorbidity, and complex multimorbidity. Multinomial and binomial logistic regressions were used to examine how clusters were associated with socio-demographic characteristics and disease status. Seven clusters were identified: Low-risk (13.4%), Low-risk yet inactive (16.8%), Low-risk yet heavy drinkers (11.4%), Abstainer yet inactive (20.0%), Poor diet and inactive (12.9%), Inactive, heavy drinkers (14.5%), and High-risk smokers (10.9%). There was little evidence that these clusters changed with age. People in the clusters characterised by physical inactivity (in combination with other risky behaviours) had lower levels of education and wealth. People in the heavy drinking clusters were predominantly male. Compared to other clusters, people in the Low-risk and Low-risk yet heavy drinkers had a lower prevalence of all health conditions studied. In contrast, the Abstainer but inactive cluster comprised mostly women and had the highest prevalence of multimorbidity, complex multimorbidity, and endocrine disorders. High-risk smokers were most likely to have respiratory disorders. Health-risk behaviours tend to be stable as people age and so ought to be addressed early. We identified seven clusters of older adults with distinct patterns of behaviour, socio-demographic characteristics and multimorbidity prevalence. Intervention developers could use this information to identify high-risk subpopulations and tailor interventions to their behaviour patterns and socio-demographic profiles.

Association of early life adversity with cardiovascular disease and its potential mechanisms: a narrative review.

Strong epidemiological evidence has shown that early life adversity (ELA) has a profound negative impact on health in adulthood, including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Here, we review cohort studies on the effects of ELA on cardiovascular outcomes and the possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, we summarize relevant studies in rodent models of ELA. This review reveals that the prevalence of ELA varies between regions, time periods, and sexes. ELA increases cardiovascular health risk behaviors, susceptibility to mental illnesses, and neuroendocrine and immune system dysfunction in humans. Rodent models of ELA have been developed and show similar cardiovascular outcomes to those in humans but cannot fully replicate all ELA subtypes. Therefore, combining cohort and rodent studies to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the association between ELA and cardiovascular diseases may be a feasible future research strategy.

Educational attainment and family health risk behaviors

Many studies have shown that education does play a role in personal health risk behaviors, but few studies have focused on whether education significantly affects family health risk behaviors. In this article, we aim to examine the effects of educational attainment on family health behaviors using survey data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The ordinary least squares (OLS) approach and the instrumental variable (IV) method are adopted. Regression results show that the educational attainment of respondents has a significant inhibitory effect on household smoking participation, the number of smokers, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, but has no significant effect on household drinking behavior. Results of mechanism analysis reveal that a one-stage increase in the population's education level would reduce the probability of smoking initiation by 7.89% and decrease the daily cigarettes consumption by 4.59. Heterogeneity analyses suggest that compared to women, men's increased educational attainment has a significant inhibitory effect on smoking participation not only for themselves but also for the rest of the household. From a health perspective, we suggest that the government should further promote the development of education.

Longitudinal Associations between Different Types of Sexting, Adolescent Mental Health, and Sexual Risk Behaviors: Moderating Effects of Gender, Ethnicity, Disability Status, and Sexual Minority Status.

The present study investigated the moderating effect of adolescent demographic variables in the longitudinal associations among different types of sexting, mental health (i.e., depression, self-harm, subjective health complaints), and sexual risk behaviors. There were 1113 adolescents (ages 14-17years; Mage = 16.36; SDage = .81; 50% female) from six high schools located in the United States included in this study. Adolescents completed questionnaires on their sexting behaviors, mental health, and sexual risk behaviors during the ninth grade; in tenth grade, they completed questionnaires on mental health and sexual risk behaviors. Non-consensual sexting and pressured sexting were both related positively to each of the mental health variables and sexual risk behaviors. The relationship between non-consensual sexting and depressive symptoms was stronger for girls, ethnic minorities, those adolescents with disabilities, and sexual minorities. Similar patterns were found for pressured sexting, non-suicidal self-harm, and subjective health complaints. The relationships between pressured sexting and sexual risk behaviors were stronger for girls, ethnic minorities, those adolescents with disabilities, and those who identified as sexual minorities. Research focused on the relationships among different types of sexting, mental health, and sexual risk behaviors is important as such research facilitates the development of evidence-based recommendations for sexting harm prevention and sexual education programs.

Cross-Border Migration and Its Influence on Mental Health Dynamics in Thailand: An Empirical Analysis of Provincial Data

While previous research has examined the impact of cross-border migrants on economic development and other social issues, limited studies have focused on the potential effects of migrants on the mental health of the native population. This paper investigates the impact of cross-border migrants on the mental health of natives in Thailand, considering various mental health disorders. This study analyzes 77 provincial data sets from 2016 to 2021 using a spatial panel autoregressive model. The findings suggest that the presence of migrants did not have an adverse influence on the mental health of the native population at a 5% significance level. Notably, there is a reduction in the prevalence of substance abuse disorders associated with the presence of migrants at the 5% significance level. Additionally, unemployment, education, public health services, technological infrastructure, health risk behavior, and age are significant contributors to the mental health of natives at a 5% significance level. The study underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to developing effective mental health policies and initiatives that address these multiple contributors.

Prevalence and associated factors for poor mental health among young migrants in Sweden: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background Young migrants face multiple challenges that can affect their mental, sexual and reproductive health. Objective To assess the prevalence of self-reported poor mental health and its associated demographic, post-migration and sexual risk behaviour factors among young migrants (aged 15–25) in Sweden. Methods Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey conducted with migrants aged 15–65 years old in Sweden between December 2018 and November 2019 (n = 6449). Among these, 990 participants aged 15–25 were eligible for the study. Mental health was measured using the Refugee Health Screener-13. Missing data indicator analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to estimate the association between mental health, sexual risk behaviour, demographic and migration-related variables. Results Of the 990 participants, 59% reported poor mental health. Participants reporting poor mental health were more likely to be female (AOR:1.63, 95% CI:1.18–2.25), to have lived in Sweden more than three years (AOR:2.16, 95% CI:1.17–3.97), to engage in any sexual risk behaviour (AOR:1.99, 95% CI:1.25–3.17), and to live alone (AOR:1.95, 95% CI:1.25–3.03) or with friends they already knew (AOR:1.60, 95% CI:1.37–4.91). People arriving from the Americas (AOR:0.54, 95% CI:0.33–0.88), Asia (AOR:0.44, 95% CI:0.22–0.86), Europe (AOR:0.30, 95% CI:0.14–0.61) and Africa (AOR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.23–0.60) had lower odds of poor mental health than those arriving from Syria. Conclusion The prevalence of poor mental health among young migrants in Sweden was high, with specific subgroups (women, asylum seekers, people arriving from Syria, and those residing longer in Sweden) being particularly vulnerable. Our results indicate the interconnectedness between poor mental health and sexual risk behaviour in this population. Thus, policies targeting young migrants should ensure that healthcare services screen for both poor sexual and mental health at the same time.

Exploring the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adolescent cancer risk behaviours in the ALSPAC cohort

BackgroundSome modifiable risk factors for cancer originate during adolescence. While there is evidence indicating relationships between adverse childhood experiences and health risk behaviours generally, little is known about how childhood adversity influences the engagement of adolescents in cancer risk behaviours. This study aimed to determine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent cancer risk behaviours.MethodsData were collected prospectively from birth to age 18 years on children born to mothers enrolled into the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort study. Multivariable linear regression models assessed relationships of a composite exposure measure comprised of adverse childhood experiences (total number of childhood adversities experienced from early infancy until age 9 years) with multiple cancer risk behaviours. The latter was expressed as a single continuous score for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, unsafe sex, and physical inactivity, at ages 11, 14, 16 and 18 years. Analysis was carried out on the complete case and imputation samples of 1,368 and 7,358 participants respectively.ResultsAll adolescent cancer risk behaviours increased in prevalence as the adolescents grew older, except for obesity. Each additional adverse childhood experience was associated with a 0.25 unit increase in adolescent cancer risk behaviour (95% CI 0.16–0.34; p < 0.001). Individually, parental substance misuse (β 0.64, 95% CI 0.25–1.03, p < 0.001) and parental separation (β 0.56, 95% CI 0.27–0.86, p < 0.001) demonstrated the strongest evidence of association with engagement in adolescent cancer risk behaviour.ConclusionChildhood adversity was associated with a greater degree of engagement in adolescent cancer risk behaviours. This finding demonstrates the need for targeted primary and secondary prevention interventions that reduce engagement across multiple cancer risk behaviours for children and adolescents who have experienced adversity in childhood, such as parental substance misuse and separation, and reduce exposure to adversity.

Poor Physical Health in Caregivers of Children with ADHD or ASD and its Association with Health Risk Behaviours: NHIS 2016-2018.

There is a dearth of evidence regarding physical health problems and health risk behaviours (e.g., drinking, physical inactivity, smoking, and suboptimal sleep behaviour) in caregivers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder (CCAA). The purposes of the current study were to examine differences in physical health problems between CCAA and caregivers of children without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (CCWAA) and to explore health risk behaviours associated with those problems. Data from the 2016-2018 National Health Interview Survey were used in the current study. 10 common physical health problems were compared between CCAA and CCWAA by using multivariable logistic regressions. In addition, in order to detect associated health risk behaviours, decision tree analysis was performed for physical health problems in CCAA. Of the 10 physical health problems, caregivers of children with ADHD showed significantly higher likelihood of experiencing nine (arthritis, asthma, back pain, high cholesterol, diabetes, heart problems, hypertension, neck pain, obesity), compared to CCWAA. Caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) showed significantly higher likelihoods of experiencing two physical health problems compared to CCWAA. The decision tree analysis revealed that age (> 42 years), and suboptimal sleep behaviour (not 7-8hours), and smoking (current smoker) were the frequent predictors for physical health problems in CCAA. The results of the current study represent an important milestone in further investigating physical health problems in CCAA.

Sickness absence and associations with sociodemographic factors, health risk behaviours, occupational stressors and adverse mental health in 40,343 UK police employees.

Police employees may experience high levels of stress due to the challenging nature of their work which can then lead to sickness absence. To date, there has been limited research on sickness absence in the police. This exploratory analysis investigated sickness absence in UK police employees. Secondary data analyses were conducted using data from the Airwave Health Monitoring Study (2006-2015). Past year sickness absence was self-reported and categorised as none, low (1-5 days), moderate (6-19 days) and long-term sickness absence (LTSA, 20 or more days). Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine sickness absence and exploratory associations with sociodemographic factors, occupational stressors, health risk behaviours, and mental health outcomes, controlling for rank, gender and age. From a sample of 40,343 police staff and police officers, forty-six per cent had no sickness absence within the previous year, 33% had a low amount, 13% a moderate amount and 8% were on LTSA. The groups that were more likely to take sick leave were women, non-uniformed police staff, divorced or separated, smokers and those with three or more general practitioner consultations in the past year, poorer mental health, low job satisfaction and high job strain. The study highlights the groups of police employees who may be more likely to take sick leave and is unique in its use of a large cohort of police employees. The findings emphasise the importance of considering possible modifiable factors that may contribute to sickness absence in UK police forces.

Chronic pain-mental health comorbidity and excess prevalence of health risk behaviours: a cross-sectional study.

Chronic musculoskeletal pain and anxiety/depression are significant public health problems. We hypothesised that adults with both conditions constitute a group at especially high risk of future cardiovascular health outcomes. To determine whether having comorbid chronic musculoskeletal pain and anxiety/depression is associated with the excess prevalence of selected known cardiovascular health risk behaviours. A cross-sectional survey of adults aged 35+ years randomly sampled from 26 GP practice registers in West Midlands, England. Respondents were classified into four groups based on self-reported presence/absence of chronic musculoskeletal pain (pain present on most days for six months) and anxiety or depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score 11+). Standardised binomial models were used to estimate standardised prevalence ratios and prevalence differences between the four groups in self-reported obesity, tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy alcohol consumption after controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, employment status and educational attainment. The excess prevalence of each risk factor in the group with chronic musculoskeletal pain-anxiety/depression comorbidity was estimated. Totally, 14519 respondents were included, of whom 1329 (9%) reported comorbid chronic musculoskeletal pain-anxiety/depression, 3612 (25%) chronic musculoskeletal pain only, 964 (7%) anxiety or depression only, and 8614 (59%) neither. Those with comorbid chronic musculoskeletal pain-anxiety/depression had the highest crude prevalence of obesity (41%), smoking (16%) and physical inactivity (83%) but the lowest for unhealthy alcohol consumption (18%). After controlling for covariates, the standardised prevalence ratios and differences for the comorbid group compared with those with neither chronic musculoskeletal pain nor anxiety/depression were as follows: current smoking [1.86 (95% CI 1.58, 2.18); 6.8%], obesity [1.93 (1.76, 2.10); 18.9%], physical inactivity [1.21 (1.17, 1.24); 14.3%] and unhealthy alcohol consumption [0.81 (0.71, 0.92); -5.0%]. The standardised prevalences of smoking and obesity in the comorbid group exceeded those expected from simple additive interaction.

Changes in tobacco use and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents: National Student Health Survey.

This cross-sectional study used data from Brazil's National Student Health Survey (PeNSE), from 2015 and 2019, to compare consumption of tobacco products among adolescent students in Brazil and identify associated factors. The study variables were current cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and use of any tobacco product. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to ascertain associations between the variables; bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. Cigarette smoking remained stable between 2015 (6.6%) and 2019 (6.8%), but use of any tobacco product increased (from 10.6% in 2015 to 14.8% in 2019), involving particularly hookahs (7.8%) and e-cigarettes (2.8%). Cigarette smoking was greater among adolescents aged 16 and 17, whose skin colour was black or brown, who missed classes without permission, who reported having no friends, displayed other risk factors, such as drinking alcoholic beverages, or who were passive smokers. The prevalence of smoking has increased over the years and is associated with sociodemographic aspects and other health risk behaviour, highlighting the need for lifelong health promotion actions.

Mudanças no uso do tabaco entre adolescentes brasileiros e fatores associados: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar

Abstract This cross-sectional study used data from Brazil’s National Student Health Survey (PeNSE), from 2015 and 2019, to compare consumption of tobacco products among adolescent students in Brazil and identify associated factors. The study variables were current cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and use of any tobacco product. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to ascertain associations between the variables; bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. Cigarette smoking remained stable between 2015 (6.6%) and 2019 (6.8%), but use of any tobacco product increased (from 10.6% in 2015 to 14.8% in 2019), involving particularly hookahs (7.8%) and e-cigarettes (2.8%). Cigarette smoking was greater among adolescents aged 16 and 17, whose skin colour was black or brown, who missed classes without permission, who reported having no friends, displayed other risk factors, such as drinking alcoholic beverages, or who were passive smokers. The prevalence of smoking has increased over the years and is associated with sociodemographic aspects and other health risk behaviour, highlighting the need for lifelong health promotion actions.

Health risk behaviors among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective from family risk

Health risk behaviors among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective from family risk

Factors influencing patient-provider communication about subjective cognitive decline in people with COPD: Insights from a national survey.

Objective: While there is a growing body of evidence indicating a relationship between COPD and cognitive impairment, there is a gap in evidence regarding discussions of cognitive symptoms in healthcare settings. This study investigated the extent to which individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) self-reported confusion or memory loss with healthcare professionals. Methods: A secondary analysis of 2019 BRFSS data of US adults aged 45+ with COPD (N = 107,204), using logistic regression to explore associations between socio-demographic and health-related indicators with discussion of cognitive symptoms with healthcare professionals. Results: Less than half (45.88%) of individuals reporting SCD discussed their cognitive symptoms with their healthcare provider. In the adjusted model, unemployed (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.70-5.02, p < .005), retired (AOR = 3.16, 95% CI: 1.37-7.30, p < .01), and current smokers (AOR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.02-2.93, p < .05) were more likely to discuss cognitive decline with a healthcare professional than their counterparts. In contrast, males (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.32-0.86, p < .05) and binge drinkers (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.30-0.79, p < .01) were significantly less likely to do so when compared to their counterparts. Discussion: The study highlighted significant disparities in the likelihood of individuals with COPD discussing cognitive symptoms based on socio-demographic and health risk behaviors. Conclusion: Addressing gender disparities, occupational status, and personal health risks is crucial for improving patient-provider communication about SCD among adults with COPD.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an integrated digital psychological intervention (EmoEase) in Chinese chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

Mental health problems in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common and frequently neglected. Digital psychological interventions may reduce mental health problems, but their effectiveness has not been evaluated in the Chinese COPD population. In this study, we will develop an integrated digital psychological intervention (EmoEase) and evaluate its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in enhancing the mental wellbeing of patients with COPD in China. This study is a multicenter, two-arm, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a parallel-group design to enroll at least 420 patients with COPD with age over 35 years. Participants will be assigned to receive either usual care (control group) or usual care + EmoEase (intervention group). Assessments will take place at baseline (T0) and 4 weeks (T1), 8 weeks (T2), and 16 weeks (T3) after baseline, and participants will be asked to complete questionnaires and physical measurements. The primary outcome measure will assess mental wellbeing using the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS). Secondary outcome measures will assess mental health, physical health, COPD symptoms, health risk behaviors, socioeconomic indicators, and healthcare utilization and expenditure. Analyses will utilize an intention-to-treat approach. This is the first RCT to examine the value of EmoEase, a novel digital psychological intervention for patients with COPD. If this intervention is effective and cost-effective, it could be rapidly scaled up to provide mental healthcare for patients with COPD in China. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06026709. Date of first submission: 30 August 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06026709.

Clustering of health risk behaviors in pregnant individuals: Data from the Brazilian risk factor surveillance system for non-communicable chronic diseases

ObjectiveTo investigate the clustering of health risk behaviors (HRB) and its association with demographics, physical exercise, overweight, perception of health, and diseases in Brazilian pregnant people. Study designThis is a cross-sectional study using data from the Risk Factor Surveillance System for Non-communicable Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL), the main health survey in Brazil. MethodsWe used data on fruit and vegetable consumption, TV time, tobacco, and alcohol abuse in individuals who reported being pregnant (n = 4553). We used latent class analysis to identify optimal HRB clustering among participants. Multinomial regression (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [95%CI]) was applied to identify factors associated with HRB cluster. ResultsThree clustering classes were identified: “without HRB cluster” (i.e., least unhealthy behaviors) (n = 2402, 52,8%), “moderate HRB cluster” (n = 1983, 43,5%), and “high HRB cluster” (i.e., most unhealthy behaviors) (n = 168, 3,7%). Pregnant people aged 35–50 years (OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.01; 3.52) who did not practice physical exercise (OR = 1.94, 95%CI 1.11; 3.39) were more likely to be classified as “high HRB cluster”. Participants with 9–11 years (OR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.07; 0.17) and ≥ 12 (OR = 0.05, 95%CI = 0.02; 0.11) years of education had a lower likelihood of being in the “high HRB cluster”. ConclusionThree HRB clustering patterns were found in this study. Greater maternal age, low education, and absence of physical exercises increased the chances of being in the high HRB cluster group. Participants with higher educational levels were less likely to be in the High HRB cluster.

Fatores determinantes no reconhecimento de uma fonte usual de cuidado por adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract The present study aimed to analyze the demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors and risk behaviors associated with the recognition of a Usual Source of Care (USC), according to gender. This work was a cross-sectional study, based on the National Survey of School Health (2015), conducted with 100,464 Brazilian adolescents. Descriptive analyses were performed based on Pearson’s χ2, and the prevalence ratio (PR) through logistic regression models in Stata 14 for each type of USC (Primary Health Care (PHC), Private Practice, Hospital, and Emergency), stratified by sex. Recognition of a USC was reported by 55.5% of the adolescents, 58.6% of whom were female. In the multivariate analysis, the variables that present social, economic, and risk behavior inequalities showed positive associations for USC PHC for both genders. For the other types of USC, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics showed negative associations. The results of this study showed that PHC is the service with the highest recognition among adolescents in conditions of social vulnerability. This reinforces the need to consolidate the PHC in order to favor the health care of adolescents, establishing bonds and improving access to health actions.

Determinants factors in the recognition of a usual source of care by Brazilian adolescents.

The present study aimed to analyze the demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors and risk behaviors associated with the recognition of a Usual Source of Care (USC), according to gender. This work was a cross-sectional study, based on the National Survey of School Health (2015), conducted with 100,464 Brazilian adolescents. Descriptive analyses were performed based on Pearson's χ2, and the prevalence ratio (PR) through logistic regression models in Stata 14 for each type of USC (Primary Health Care (PHC), Private Practice, Hospital, and Emergency), stratified by sex. Recognition of a USC was reported by 55.5% of the adolescents, 58.6% of whom were female. In the multivariate analysis, the variables that present social, economic, and risk behavior inequalities showed positive associations for USC PHC for both genders. For the other types of USC, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics showed negative associations. The results of this study showed that PHC is the service with the highest recognition among adolescents in conditions of social vulnerability. This reinforces the need to consolidate the PHC in order to favor the health care of adolescents, establishing bonds and improving access to health actions.

Exploring Breast Cancer Dynamics: Understanding Risk Factors, Health Behaviors, and Treatment Trends among Women in Derna, Libya

Breast cancer poses a significant global health challenge, being the second most common cancer among women and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. This research aims to investigate the multifaceted dimensions of breast cancer, from risk factors to diagnostic methods and treatments. A comprehensive analysis of 109 Libyan females who lived in Derna, utilizing an online questionnaire disseminated through social media platforms. In this study, 23% were diagnosed with breast cancer, while 77% were controls. Higher breast cancer incidence was observed among younger individuals (26-34 years) and those who were overweight. Most cases were from central Derna, were university graduates, employed, married, and had high incomes. Key risk factors included positive family history (20%), oral contraceptive use (4%), and hormone replacement therapy (8%). Higher rates of gynecologist visits, clinical breast examinations, and breast cancer screening were noted in the case group. The majority of cases were diagnosed at Stage III, primarily through tissue biopsy, with many opting for combined surgery and radiotherapy. In conclusion, bridging the gaps in knowledge about breast cancer risk factors, early detection methods, and treatments is crucial for advancing comprehensive cancer management and improving patient outcomes. Continued research and personalized treatment approaches are essential for the evolving landscape of breast cancer care.