Health Promotion Principles Research Articles

Resultados de sorologia para casos de sífilis em campanha de município no norte do Brasil

The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 12 million new cases of syphilis occur per year in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate results in a campaign of active search of syphilis cases in the City of Belem, Para State, Brazil, entitled no controle da sifilis (Belem in syphilis control). This campaign was aimed at the population of reproductive age, above 15 years old. Twelve Municipal Health Centers were selected based on the target audience and positive cases of Belem Health Districts. From October 24, 2013 to October 30, 2013, samples for serology were collected and 630 tests were conducted by Rapid Check Syphilis. The results of the campaign showed that the positive serology for syphilis in the sampled population was 6%, corresponding to 40 cases with positive diagnosis. The most prevalent age group was 21-40 years old in females and 31-50 years old in males. The campaign demonstrated efficacy in syphilis diagnosis, improving the principles of health promotion and disease prevention that focus on maternal and fetal mortality. It is recommended that health services participate actively in the diagnostic campaigns offered by health networks, and continually make available the rapid testing to users and treatment for positive cases.

The extent to which the public health 'war on obesity' reflects the ethical values and principles of critical health promotion: a multimedia critical discourse analysis.

The discipline of health promotion is responsible for implementing strategies within weight-related public health initiatives (WR-PHI). It is imperative that such initiatives be subjected to critical analysis through a health promotion ethics lens to help ensure ethical health promotion practice. Multimedia critical discourse analysis was used to examine the claims, values, assumptions, power relationships and ideologies within Australian WR-PHI. The Health Promotion Values and Principles Continuum was used as a heuristic to evaluate the extent to which the WR-PHI reflected the ethical values of critical health promotion: active participation of people in the initiative; respect for personal autonomy; beneficence; non-maleficence; and strong evidential and theoretical basis for practice. Ten initiatives were analysed. There was some discourse about the need for participation of people in the WR-PHI, but people were routinely labelled as 'target groups' requiring 'intervention'. Strong evidence of a coercive and paternalistic discourse about choice was identified, with minimal attention to respect for personal autonomy. There was significant emphasis on the beneficiaries of the WR-PHI but minimal attention to the health benefits, and nothing about the potential for harm. Discourse about the evidence of need was objectivist, and there was no discussion about the theoretical foundations of the WR-PHI. The WR-PHI were not reflective of the ethical values and principles of critical health promotion. So what? Health promotion researchers and practitioners engaged in WR-PHI should critically reflect on the extent to which they are consistent with the ethical aspects of critical health promotion practice.

2015 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.

This guideline offers recommendations on the diagnostic tests, treatment regimens and health promotion principles needed for the effective management of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection. It covers the management of the initial presentation, as well the prevention of transmission and future infection. The guideline is aimed at individuals aged 16 years and older presenting to healthcare professionals working in departments offering Level 3 care in sexually transmitted infections management within the UK. However, the principles of the recommendations should be adopted across all levels, using local care pathways where appropriate.

Implementation of healthy nutrition by using the empowerment approach (Germany, 2011–2015)

Background Empowerment is the core principle of health promotion according to the World Health Organization and can be defined as the process by which people gain control over the factors that shape their health-related behaviour. Experience in using this approach in the field of healthy nutrition is very limited. This study explores opportunities and challenges when working with empowerment …

Urbanisation, climate change and health equity: how can health promotion contribute?

We live in a world that is constantly changing and is challenging established approaches to managing human and ecological health. Two key drivers of change are urbanisation and global climate change. This commentary is concerned with the interrelationship of these drivers with human and ecological health, proposing that health promotion practitioners need to actively seek a new role in the process of creating urban environments that support social and ecological well-being. It provides practitioners with an up-to-date synthesis of climate change science and future projections, the literature around the health impacts of climate change and potential health challenges to urban communities. We argue that health promotion cannot respond to the challenges created by climate change and urbanisation, nor can it meet its own mandate without shifting from an anthropogenic-focussed approach toward embracing a multi-scale, collaborative approach outside the health sector. We suggest that the underlying principles of health promotion, which include equity and community engagement at all scales, are critical to the evolution of thriving urban environments. Food security is given as an example to demonstrate the proposed shift away from an anthropogenic and urban focus toward a socio-ecological approach (i.e. resilience thinking) that provides a framework for collaboration between sectors working with unpredictable global systems. In so doing, the commentary provides practitioners with guidance on the complex science of climate change and its impact on health in urban settings, as well as highlighting the skills that they can bring to creating resilient urban settlements in these times of change.

The role of the health visitor in the promotion of maternal perinatal psychological wellbeing

This review and synthesis of the literature investigates how health visitors contribute to the promotion and protection of maternal perinatal psychological wellbeing. Following systematic searches nine studies were critically appraised and the findings discussed. Social support, self-efficacy and preparedness emerged as themes from the literature and were found to be protective factors that influence the transition to motherhood and, subsequently, psychological wellbeing. Health visitors promote these protective factors through provision of the universal service; therefore recognition of the ways in which such promotion is achieved can enhance practice and increase maternal resilience. Focusing on wellbeing, rather than mental illness, will ensure health visiting interventions and approaches are in keeping with the profession's principles of health promotion, prevention and early intervention.

A community-engaged infection prevention and control approach to Ebola.

The real missing link in Ebola control efforts to date may lie in the failure to apply core principles of health promotion: the early, active and sustained engagement of affected communities, their trusted leaders, networks and lay knowledge, to help inform what local control teams do, and how they may better do it, in partnership with communities. The predominant focus on viral transmission has inadvertently stigmatized and created fear-driven responses among affected individuals, families and communities. While rigorous adherence to standard infection prevention and control (IPC) precautions and safety standards for Ebola is critical, we may be more successful if we validate and combine local community knowledge and experiences with that of IPC medical teams. In an environment of trust, community partners can help us learn of modest adjustments that would not compromise safety but could improve community understanding of, and responses to, disease control protocol, so that it better reflects their 'community protocol' (local customs, beliefs, knowledge and practices) and concerns. Drawing on the experience of local experts in several African nations and of community-engaged health promotion leaders in the USA, Canada and WHO, we present an eight step model, from entering communities with cultural humility, though reciprocal learning and trust, multi-method communication, development of the joint protocol, to assessing progress and outcomes and building for sustainability. Using examples of changes that are culturally relevant yet maintain safety, we illustrate how often minor adjustments can help prevent and treat the most serious emerging infectious disease since HIV/AIDS.

Working “Upstream”: Why We Shouldn't Use Heterosexual Women as Health Promotion Change Agents in HIV-Prevention Interventions Aimed at Heterosexual Men

The use of cognitive–behavioral interventions that aim to improve men's health-seeking behaviors via women—a trend that grows increasingly troublesome as gender inequality persists—cannot address the deep-seated social, economic, and political inequalities contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS, such as sexism and poverty. Such methods often rely on generalizations about men and women and regard female empowerment as a key goal, despite employing shaky definitions of the concept. Here we use the principles of health promotion, particularly determinants of health, to reflect upon and critique current interventions and present alternative programming models that engage both men and women in changing men's health-seeking behaviors and working “upstream” rather than “downstream” of the epidemic.

Annual health promotion programmes in remote rural Sabah

Health promotion programmes in remote rural areas are conducted annually in Sabah, Malaysia by Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sabah. *Objectives* - To understand the concepts and principles of health promotion, to acquire knowledge and skills relevant to the assessment of the community diagnosis by using qualitative and quantitative approaches, to identify the limitation and issues of health promotion and its solution, to formulate the strategic plan and able to conduct the health promotion programme, to empower the rural community to improve rural health through health promotion activities. *Targeted population* is remote rural community. *Stake holders engaged* are UMS, medical and nursing students, local health authorities and rural community. *Methods* - Students were trained by series of lectures for health promotion concepts, approaches and activities and exposed to rural areas in Sabah and conducted practical health promotion programs annually. Students helped empowering the local community to improve their health with multi-approaches Health promotion methods under supervision of a lecturer. Medical and nursing students conducted health promotion programme together in 2 weeks duration . Health and health related problems were identified in selected rural villages .Various types of health promotion activities were conducted in prevention of communicable disease and non-communicable diseases.*Sustainability* - By having sustainable financing , cooperation from stake holders and strong commitment from faculty leadership and team members ,the annual health promotion programmes are conducted effectively in the rural community in Sabah. Although the impact of these health promotion activities cannot be seen in short duration, health issues in the rural community were explained by the students and advise them with causes, risk factors and precautions which would be useful in reducing the occurrence of common health problems in the remote rural areas of Sabah.

Cancer beliefs and prevention policies: comparing Canadian decision-maker and general population views

The knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of key policy influencers and the general public can support or hinder the development of public policies that support cancer prevention. To address gaps in knowledge concerning healthy public policy development, views on cancer causation and endorsement of policy alternatives for cancer prevention among government influencers (elected members of legislative assemblies and senior ministry bureaucrats), non-governmental influencers (school board chairs and superintendents, print media editors and reporters, and workplace presidents and senior human resource managers), and the general public were compared. Two structured surveys, one administered to a convenience sample of policy influencers (government and non-governmental) and the other to a randomly selected sample of the general public, were used. The aim of these surveys was to understand knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding health promotion principles and the priority and acceptability of policy actions to prevent four behavioral risk factors for cancer (tobacco use, alcohol misuse, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity). Surveys were administered in Alberta and Manitoba, two comparable Canadian provinces. Although all groups demonstrated higher levels of support for individualistic policies (e.g., health education campaigns) than for fiscal and legislative measures, the general public expressed consistently greater support than policy influencers for using evidence-based policies (e.g., tax incentives or subsidies for healthy behaviors). These results suggest that Canadian policy influencers may be less open that the general public to adopt healthy public policies for cancer prevention, with potential detriment to cancer rates.

Global burden of dental condition among children in nine countries participating in an international oral health promotion programme, 2012–2013

The Live.Learn.Laugh. phase 2 programme is a unique global partnership between FDI World Dental Federation and Unilever Oral Care which aims to provide measurable improvement of oral health on a global scale through encouraging twice-daily brushing with a fluoride toothpaste. It was based on international recommendations using the principles of health promotion within school for the implementation of preventive health strategies. This paper is an overview of the dental caries condition of children from 2012 to 2013 in nine countries included in four World Health Organisation (WHO) regions. A cross-sectional study was conducted in each country before the implementation of health-promotion measures focused on twice-daily toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste. The sample was based on stratified sampling according to the WHO pathfinder recommendations. From a total of 7,949 children examined, there were 517 children (1-2 years of age), 1,667 preschool children (3-5years of age) and 5,789 schoolchildren (6-13years of age). The prevalence and severity of primary dental caries, early childhood caries and temporary dental caries were described using decayed, filled teeth (dft), permanent decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) indices and the significant caries index (SCI). The major findings were a high prevalence of caries, identification of high-risk groups and inequality in the distribution of the severity of dental conditions. Aggregated data from this overview should provide justification for implementing an oral health programme. The main point is the need to retain and expand the community fluoridation programme as an effective preventive measure. At the individual level, the aggregated data identify the need for more targeted efforts to reach children early - especially among specific high-risk groups.

Gender-transformative health promotion for women: a framework for action.

Gender inequity is a pervasive global challenge to health equity. Health promotion, as a field, has paid only limited attention to gender inequity to date, but could be an active agent of change if gender equity became an explicit goal of health promotion research, policy and programmes. As an aspect of gendered health systems, health promotion interventions may maintain, exacerbate or reduce gender-related health inequities, depending upon the degree and quality of gender-responsiveness within the programme or policy. This article introduces a framework for gender-transformative health promotion that builds on understanding gender as a determinant of health and outlines a continuum of actions to address gender and health. Gender-transformative health promotion interventions could play a significant role in improving the lives of millions of girls and women worldwide. Gender-related principles of action are identified that extend the core principles of health promotion but reflect the significance of attending to gender in the development and use of evidence, engagement of stakeholders and selection of interventions. We illustrate the framework with examples from a range of women's health promotion activities, including cardiovascular disease prevention, tobacco control, and alcohol use. The literature suggests that gender-responsiveness will enhance the acceptance, relevance and effectiveness of health promotion interventions. By moving beyond responsiveness to transformation, gender-transformative health promotion could enhance both health and social outcomes for large numbers of women and men, girls and boys.

Assessing the evidence of mental health promotion criteria in a pre-registration mental health nursing programme

Purpose – This paper is about a single case study of a three-year BSc Mental Health Nursing degree programme based at a London University. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the extent to which the programme sufficiently addresses the ten quality criteria developed by the “PROMISE” (2009) Mental Health Promotion Project. PROMISE (2009) is a European public health project funded by the European Commission and was conducted from 2009 to 2012. Its aim was the European-wide development of criteria and training guidelines in mental health promotion and recommended these should be integrated into the professional training curricula of nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers. Design/methodology/approach – A content analysis method (Bryman, 2012) was used for this case study. This method allowed for a line-by-line scrutiny of the contents of the curriculum for evidence of the ten PROMISE quality criteria for mental health promotion (PROMISE project; http://promise-mental-health.com/training-guidelines.html). Findings – The findings revealed that the PROMISE (2009) project was not one of the four key documents stated as forming the basis for the design of the curriculum content. However, the study found evidence of the curriculum addressing the first PROMISE criterion of embracing the principles of mental health promotion in seven of the 14 modules (50 per cent) in the programme. In the first year of the programme five of the ten PROMISE quality criteria were embedded in two of the four modules. In year 2, quality criteria 1, 4 and 7 were addressed in the course content of four of the five modules (see Table I). In the final year of the programme PROMISE quality criteria 1, 2, 4 and 8 were embedded in the syllabus and assessment strategy in two out of the five final year modules. It was also found that quality criteria 2 and 9 were not included in any of the modules in the programme. Research limitations/implications – This is a case study based on the content analysis of a single curriculum document in a London University. It is therefore not possible to make wide generalisation of its findings across the countries involved in the EU Promise project. However, it could be argued that it is possible to find a number of the key findings present in other UK University programmes that may be similar in structure to that selected for this study. The other limitation to this content analysis is that the evaluation process did not include accounts of the students’ experience on the programme. This could have contributed significantly to the outcome of the evaluation exercise. Although the methodology used is simple, practical and relatively sound, it is not necessarily rigorous in terms of quantitative research methodology but arguably an acceptable contribution to the spectrum within qualitative research paradigm. Practical implications – The emergence of the “PROMISE” criteria especially on a European-wide basis puts emphasis on the importance of mental health promotion in the training of health care professionals. This is expected to be achieved by the training institutions in the European Union. In the UK, this notion is well embraced in various health policy documents (e.g. “No Health Without Mental Health” DH 2011). In the case of the programme examined at one London University, work is required to ensure that a pervasive incorporation of mental health promotion strategies in the curriculum in order to help the students to become better equipped to understand and effectively apply the mental health promotion criteria in their work upon qualification. Originality/value – This is one of the first papers to address the “PROMISE” project and the issue of incorporating mental health promotion criteria in a pre-registration mental health pathway training programme in a university in the UK.

Policy analysis: study of public policy of environmental health in a metropolis of northeastern Brazil

The analysis of health policies has improved in Brazil despite a plethora of different methodological approaches. Based on the model developed by Walt and Gilson in 1994, the Environmental Health Program (EHP) of Recife as a policy based on the Health Promotion principles of the Unified Health System (SUS) and Agenda 21 was analyzed. An attempt was made to understand the context during the development and implementation of the EHP, the drafting process and which actors influenced the EHP agenda content and proposal. A qualitative case study was conducted, with semi-structured interviews with key actors. In terms of context, the findings include the influence of the municipal election, the socio-sanitary characteristics of Recife, the choice of the Secretary of Health and the management teams, acceptance by the technicians and the funding increase. In terms of the process, the acceptance of the managers must be stressed. Regarding the actors, the managers, sector technicians, non-sectorial actors with viability studies stood out. The content of the EHP coincided with the SUS and Health Promotion principles. Implementation was influenced by the dengue fever epidemic (2002), and cultural institutional factors that put pressure on the order of implementation of the planned actions.

Understanding key influencers' attitudes and beliefs about healthy public policy change for obesity prevention.

As overweight and obesity is a risk factor for chronic diseases, the development of environmental and healthy public policy interventions across multiple sectors has been identified as a key strategy to address this issue. In 2009, a survey was developed to assess the attitudes and beliefs regarding health promotion principles, and the priority and acceptability of policy actions to prevent obesity and chronic diseases, among key policy influencers in Alberta and Manitoba, Canada. Surveys were mailed to 1,765 key influencers from five settings: provincial government, municipal government, school boards, print media companies, and workplaces with greater than 500 employees. A total of 236 surveys were completed with a response rate of 15.0%. Findings indicate nearly unanimous influencer support for individual-focused policy approaches and high support for some environmental policies. Restrictive environmental and economic policies received weakest support. Obesity was comparable to smoking with respect to perceptions as a societal responsibility versus a personal responsibility, boding well for the potential of environmental policy interventions for obesity prevention. This level of influencer support provides a platform for more evidence to be brokered to policy influencers about the effectiveness of environmental policy approaches to obesity prevention.

Pain as social representation: a study with Italian health professionals involved in the 'Hospital and District without Pain' project.

Pain is a complex issue with many different aspects concerning both sensorial and emotional experience. In recent years, the Health Promoting Hospitals (HPH) network has been encouraging a new vision in health structures, with the aim of reducing any form of pain wherever possible. Following the social representation approach, we explore the concept of 'pain' as it is continuously redefined, constructed and shared among health professionals involved in an HPH project named 'Hospital and District without Pain'. Three hundred and eighty-three professionals (doctors, nurses and local general practitioners referring to the hospital of Rovigo, Italy) were involved in a free association task with the aim of exploring the social representation of pain. Contents were further investigated by means of four focus group discussions. Results suggest that the representation of pain is strongly connected to medical knowledge and to functional aspects of the health practice. Other forms of pain-more relational, psychological or emotional-which do not fall within the aetiopathogenetic system of diagnosis, cannot be managed with the traditional tools of the health practice, and are not perceived to be handled with the professionals' competence. Results will be discussed in relation to general health promotion principles and to a specific initiative on the issue of pain carried out by the HPH-Veneto network.

Developing competency - based accreditation for health promotion in Europe

Background: In April 2013, the inaugural meeting of the Board and Committees of the IUHPE European Health Promotion Accreditation System was held in Paris. The meeting heralded the implementation of an innovative competency-based accreditation system for health promotion in Europe. The System aims to promote quality assurance and competence in health promotion through a Europe-wide accreditation system which is designed to be flexible and sensitive to different contexts while maintaining robust and validated criteria. The System builds on the international literature on competency-based approaches to health promotion and on global capacity development initiatives such as the Galway Consensus Conference Statement ‘Toward Domains of Core Competency for Building Global Capacity in Health Promotion’1. The System is designed to provide validated mechanisms for assuring quality in health promotion practice, education and training and a foundation for capacity development in Europe based on shared concepts and a formalised system of professional recognition. The competencies and professional standards that underpin the System are premised on the core concepts and principles of health promotion as defined in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion2 and successive World Health Organisation charters and declarations3-8. The System is currently undergoing intensive piloting and will be fully operational in 2014. Methods: The System builds on a competency-based accreditation framework developed as part of the CompHP Project. The CompHP Project development processes employed a phased, multiple-method approach to facilitate consensus-building with key stakeholders in health promotion across Europe. The piloting process for the System includes establishing and testing the governance structures, application processes, reporting policies and procedures to ensure that they are equitable, feasible, open and transparent. The eligibility criteria and online application system will be thoroughly tested by processing the first round of applicants from health promotion practice and education and training in autumn 2013. Findings: The governance structures and operating procedures for the System have been established building on the frameworks developed by the CompHP Project. The findings of the CompHP Project showed support for the development of a pan-European accreditation system and this has been translated into action with the establishment of the Board and Committees of the IUHPE European Health Promotion Accreditation System. Conclusions: The IUHPE European Health Promotion Accreditation System comprises a devolved model within which National Accreditation Organisations interact with a European Accreditation Organisation to ensure quality in health promotion practice, edcuation and training in Europe. While the focus of the System is currently on the European context, there is evidence that it, and the competency frameworks which underpin it, will be useful resources for capacity building for health promotion globally.

Exploring the nexus between health promotion and occupational therapy: synergies and similarities.

The similarities between health promotion and occupational therapy have been recognized. Both are based on perspectives that share a goal of enabling individuals and populations to improve control over their health. Consequently, it is logical that the principles of health promotion complement the practice of occupational therapy. This paper highlights the affinity between occupational therapy and health promotion, and discusses ways in which health promotion principles can be incorporated into occupational therapy practice. Some Canadian occupational therapists may be unaware of the current discourse in health promotion and, thus, may not be incorporating its principles into practice. Steps are warranted to expand the current knowledge and practice of therapists to include health promotion, with specific attention to providing services for the population. Incorporating health promotion principles into occupational therapy perspectives will facilitate the implementation of the domains of practice within the occupational therapy profile. This paper highlights how the principles of health promotion can impact practice at the individual and community level.

Evaluation of correlation between lifestyle

AbstractObjectives: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of 17’000’000 worldwide deaths annually. If the current trends continue, the number of deaths will increase to 25’000’000 by the year 2020. Lifestyle contributes to many chronic diseases such as coronary heart diseas. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between lifestyle and ischemic heart disease.Methods: This case-control study was carried out in Damavand sevvom sha’ban hospital. The sample of the study consisted of 65 cases (patients suffering from coronary artery disease) and 65 healthy controls. Data were collected by three questionnaires: General Health Questionnaire(GHQ), FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire) and physical activity questionnaire . These questionnaires were completed by interviewing the participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: There was a significant correlation between Age, Marital status, Smoking, Physical activity, diet and Mental health and ischemic heart disease.Conclusion: Insufficient physical activity, high fat and low fiber diet, inappropriate mental status were risk factors and major causes of in heart ischemia incidence.Key words: Heart Ischemia, Life Style, Physical Activity, Diet, Mental Heath. REFERENCES Ahmadvand AR. Jamshidi AR. and et al (2002). [Translation of Health World Report of 2002]. Tehran: Avicenna Institute. (Persian) American Heart Association (AHA) (2001). Heart and Stroke Facts. New York: American Heart Publication.. Aminbashi M. (1999). [Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease Patients Under 50 Hospitalized in Zahedan Khatamolanbia Heart Hospital]. MS Tehsis. Zahedan Medical Sciences University in 1373-77 year. (Persian) Azizi F. (2001). (Sugar & Lipid in People of Tehran). 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United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of Trichomonas vaginalis 2014

The main objective is to assist practitioners in managing men and women diagnosed withTrichomonas vaginalis(TV) infection. This guideline offers recommendations on the diagnostic tests, treatment regimens and health promotion principles needed for the effective management of TV, covering the management of the initial presentation, as well as how to prevent transmission and future infection.