Health Organization Technical Report Series Research Articles

Osteoporosis and Vertebral Column.

Osteoporosis is an age-related metabolic disease which has a significant impact on bone health and overall quality of life. It is gaining importance as a major medical consideration with the rapid increase in geriatric population globally. It increases the risk of vertebral fractures, progressive spinal deformities and neurological complications, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Increase in life expectancy and advancement of medical technology has led to an increase in the proportion of geriatric patients undergoing orthopaedic procedures. It is becoming vital to adequately evaluate, investigate and treat osteoporosis before planning spinal surgery, especially spinal fusions and instrumentation. Historically, osteoporosis was considered a contraindication to spine surgery adding to the burden of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and mortality. Conversely, osteoporotic patients who underwent spine surgery were not adequately optimized, leading to an increase in failure and complication rates. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and the biomechanics of an osteoporotic spine with knowledge of current standards of treatment of osteoporosis facilitate the timely and adequate management of this disease. Advances in surgical and anaesthetic techniques facilitate successful surgeries on high-risk elderly and osteoporotic patients with multiple comorbidities allowing for a significantly high predictability for long-term positive outcomes.This article discusses the biomechanics of the osteoporotic spine, the diagnosis and management of osteoporotic patients with spinal disease, and the new treatments, recommendations, surgical indications, strategies and advances in instrumentation in patients with osteoporosis who require spinal surgery. In this article, the authors aim to provide a generalized overview for better understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying osteoporosis in the vertebral column. This review provides a comprehensive set of guidelines for overall health and management of spine patients with pathologies, either caused by or compounded with osteoporosis. An overview of current techniques, strategies and technologies designed to address the challenges associated with spine surgery in osteoporotic patients is also outlined. Content for this article has been sourced from routinely cited articles available via PubMed, from National Institute of Health consensus development conference, from the recommendations by World Health Organization technical report series, from previous articles by the authors and from the protocols established by the authors in their clinical practice based on experience and detailed case reviews.

Establishing the Genotyping Method for NAT2 Polymorphism in Vietnamese Tuberculoma Patients

The metabolism of Isoniazid, one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs for TB treatment and prophylaxis, depends on the acetyltransferase 2 acetylation (NAT2) phenotype. Different phenotypes of NAT2 will lead to differences in drug concentration and the risk of uncontrolled side effects, such as hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain). These risks are related to the presence of mutant NAT2 alleles such as NAT2*5 (c.341T> C), *6 (c.590G> A) and *7 (c.857G> A), that reduce the N- acetyltransferase activity. Therefore, the genotyping method for NAT2 polymorphism using RFLP and Sanger sequencing was established. The method was successfully applied to determine the polymorphism of 84 TB patients. This study provides a better tool for analyzing NAT2 gene to assist clinicians in treating isoniazid.
 Keywords
 Enzyme NAT2, isoniazid, single nucleotide polymorphism, RFLP, Sanger sequencing.
 References
 [1] U.A. Boelsterli, K.K. Lee, Mechanisms of isoniazid-induced idiosyncratic liver injury: emerging role of mitochondrial stress, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 29 (2014) 678–687.[2] A. Zabost, S. Brzezinska, M. Kozinska, M. Blachnio, J. Jagodzinski, Z. Zwolska, E. Augustynowicz-Kopec, Correlation of N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype with isoniazid acetylation in Polish tuberculosis patients, Biomed Res Int. 2013 (2013) 1-5.[3] M. Kinzig-Schippers, D. Tomalik-Scharte, A. Jetter, B. Scheidel, V. Jakob, M. Rodamer, I. Cascorbi, O. Doroshyenko, F. Sorgel, U. Fuhr, Should we use N-acetyltransferase type 2 genotyping to personalize isoniazid doses? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49 (2005) 1733-8[4] K. Walker, G. Ginsberg, D. Hattis, D.O. Johns, K.Z. Guyton, B. Sonawane, Genetic polymorphism in N-Acetyltransferase (NAT): Population distribution of NAT1 and NAT2 activity, J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 12 (2009) 440-472. [5] G. Ramachandran, S. Swaminathan, Role of pharmacogenomics in the treatment of tuberculosis: a review, Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 5 (2012) 89-98.[6] J. Azuma, M. Ohno, R. Kubota, S. Yokota, T. Nagai, K. Tsuyuguchi, Y. Okuda, T. Takashima, S. Kamimura, Y. Fujio, I. Kawase, Pharmacogenetics-based tuberculosis therapy research group, NAT2 genotype guided regimen reduces isoniazid-induced liver injury and early treatment failure in the 6-month four-drug standard treatment of tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial for pharmacogenetics-based therapy, Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 69 (2013) 1091-1101.[7] P.S. Adole, P.S. Kharbanda, S. Sharma, N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene polymorphism as a predisposing factor for phenytoin intoxication in tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma patients having seizures - A pilot study, Indian J Med Res. 143 (2016) 581-590.[8] WHO Scientific Group on Pharmacogenetics and World Health Organization, Pharmacogenetics: report of a WHO scientific group,World Health Organization Technical Report Series. (1973)[9] T.D. Da Silva, A.V. Felipe, J.M. De Lima, C.T. Oshima, N.M. Forones, N-Acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms and risk of colorectal cancer, World J Gastroenterol. 17 (2011) 760-765. [10] E.Y. Lau, J.S. Felton, F.C. Lightstone, Insights into the o-acetylation reaction of hydroxylated heterocyclic amines by human arylamine N-acetyltransferases: a computational study, Chem Res Toxicol. 19 (2006) 182-1190.[11] Ensembl - EBI, http://asia.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=8:18399844-18400844;v=rs1801280;vdb=variation;vf=1243314,2019 (Ensembl release 96 - April 2019).[12] I.B. Kuznetsov, M. McDuffie, R. Moslehi, A web server for inferring the human N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) enzymatic phenotype from NAT2 genotype, Bioinformatics. 25 (2009) 1185-1186. [13] P. Wang, K. Pradhan, X.B. Zhong, X. Ma, Isoniazid metabolism and hepatotoxicity, Acta Pharm Sin B. 6 (2016) 384-392.[14] M. Ohno, I. Yamaguchi, I. Yamamoto, T. Fukuda, S. Yokota, Slow N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype affects the incidence of isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 4 (2000) 256-261. [15] G.M. Lower, T. Nilsson, C.E. Nelson, H. Wolf, T.E. Gamsky, G.T. Bryan, N-acetyltransferase phenotype and risk in urinary bladder cancer: approaches in molecular epidemiology. Preliminary results in Sweden and Denmark, Int J Epidemiol. 36 (2007) 11-18.
 
 

EFSA's assistance for the 2015 Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food (CCRVDF) in relation to rBST

EFSA's assistance for the 2015 Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food (CCRVDF) in relation to rBST

Amorfrutins: A promising class of natural products that are beneficial to health.

The incidence of complex noncommunicable diseases has strongly increased over the last several decades in the US, Europe and other parts of the world that have adopted a western lifestyle (M. Ezzati, E. Riboli, Science- 2012, 337, 1482-1487; S. Smyth, A. Heron, Nat. Med.- 2006, 12, 75). Despite considerable investment in the development of new types of drugs, options for the treatment of many common diseases remain inadequate. If current trends prevail, the rising incidence of disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) will soon result in an unsustainable burden on society (World Health Organization Technical Report Series- 2000, 894, i-xii, 1-253). Given the difficulty of treating fully developed complex disorders, new strategies for early intervention and prevention of common diseases are of great interest. Dietary natural products with beneficial effects, such as the recently described antidiabetic and lipid-lowering amorfrutins, could pave the way for efficiently treating and preventing metabolic and other complex diseases (C. Weidner, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA- 2012, 109, 7257-7262).

Effect of Preoperative Nutritional Deficiency on Mortality After Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer

Poor preoperative nutritional status is a risk factor for adverse outcomes after major surgery. We evaluated the effect of preoperative nutritional deficiency on perioperative mortality and overall survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. A total of 538 patients underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma between January 2000 and June 2008, and had nutritional parameters documented. Patients with preoperative albumin less than 3.5 gm/dl, body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m(2) or preoperative weight loss greater than 5% of body weight were considered to have nutritional deficiency. Primary outcomes were 90-day mortality and overall survival. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared using the log rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used for multivariate survival analysis. Of 538 patients 103 (19%) met the criteria for nutritional deficiency. The 90-day mortality rate was 7.3% overall (39 deaths), with 16.5% in patients with nutritional deficiency and 5.1% in the others (p < 0.01). Nutritional deficiency was a strong predictor of death within 90 days on multivariate analysis (HR 2.91; 95% CI 1.36, 6.23; p < 0.01). Overall survival at 3 years was 44.5% (33.5, 54.9) for nutritionally deficient patients and 67.6% (62.4, 72.2) for those who were nutritionally normal (p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis nutritional deficiency cases had a significantly higher risk of all cause mortality (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.25, 2.65; p < 0.01). Nutritional deficiency, as measured by preoperative weight loss, body mass index and serum albumin, is a strong predictor of 90-day mortality and poor overall survival. Prospective studies are needed to demonstrate the best indices of preoperative nutritional status and whether nutritional intervention can alter the poor prognosis for patients treated with radical cystectomy who have nutritional deficiencies.

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Obesity and Morbid Obesity are Associated With a Greater Conversion Rate to Open Surgery for Standard but Not Hand Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy

We noted that the impact of obesity on renal laparoscopy may vary with the specific surgical approach. Patients who underwent standard and hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy at our institution were categorized by body mass index as nonobese--body mass index less than 30, obese--30 to 39.9 and morbidly obese--40 kg/m(2) or greater. We assessed the association of intraoperative and postoperative outcomes with body mass index for standard and hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Of 350 patients who underwent standard (196) or hand assisted (154) laparoscopic radical nephrectomy 36% were obese and 12% were morbidly obese. Patients who underwent hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy had a greater body mass index, more frequent assignment of American Society of Anesthesiologists score 3 or 4 and larger masses than those who underwent standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Despite this fact conversion to open surgery from hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy did not occur, while such conversion occurred in the standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy group in 0.8% of nonobese, 3.0% of obese and 17% of morbidly obese patients (association with body mass index p = 0.003). Operative time, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and hospitalization duration did not vary with body mass index. On multivariate analysis only body mass index and not age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, prior abdominal surgery or tumor size was associated with an increasing likelihood of conversion to open surgery (p = 0.04), and only in the standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy group. Although obesity and morbid obesity are associated with more frequent conversion to open surgery during standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, such conversion did not occur during hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. This advantage of hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy should be considered when planning laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in obese and morbidly obese patients.

Book reviews

Economics of Food Processing in the United States. Edited by C. O. McCorklePlenty and Want. By J. BurnettBiscuits, Cookies and Crackers, vol. 2. The biscuit making process. By N. Almond Process Engineering in the Food Industry: Developments and Opportunities. Edited by R. W. Field &amp; J. A. HowellPrinciples and Practice of Chromatography. Ellis Horwood series in Analytical Chemistry. By B. RavindranathWheat: Chemistry and Technology, vols. 1 and 2. Edited by Y. PomeranzPostharvest: An Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruit and Vegetables. By R. B. H. Wills, W. B. McGlasson, D. GrahamMicronutrients in milk and milk based food products. Edited by E. RennarInternational Food Regulation Handbook—Policy, Science and Law. Edited by R. D. Middlekauff &amp; P. ShubikDevelopments in Food Preservation, vol. 5. Edited by S. ThorneEssential Food Hygiene. By R. J. Donaldson Dichlorvos: The WHO Environmental Health Criteria Series No. 79 Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 776 Cypermethrin: The WHO Environmental Health Criteria Series No. 82. DDT and its Derivatives: The WHO Environmental Health Criteria Series No. 83. 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4‐D): The WHO Environmental Health Criteria Series No. 84 Lead: The WHO Environmental Health Criteria Series No. 85 Mercury: The WHO Environmental Health Criteria Series No. 85.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: A Manual of LABOUR WARD PRACTICE. J. Malcolm Pearce and Shirley A. Steel. The Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 758. The Pregnancy Book The Doctors and Staff of the Royal Hospital For Women, Sydney. Obstetric Ultrasound: How, Why and When. The Chance of a lifetime — Infertility and IVF. Obstetric Fistula. Robert F. Zacharin

Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets in a Sunny Country: Pathogenesis, Clinical Picture and Management

ABSTRACT Vitamin D deficiency rickets occurs in sunny countries, mainly due to man-made environmental factors associated with avoidance of sunshine. This situation can be prevented by more health e...

A Rational Approach to Radiodiagnostic Investigations. No. 689 in the World Health Organization Technical Report Series

HomeRadiologyVol. 152, No. 1 PreviousNext ReviewsA Rational Approach to Radiodiagnostic Investigations. No. 689 in the World Health Organization Technical Report SeriesHarry J. GriffithsHarry J. GriffithsHarry J. GriffithsPublished Online:Jul 1 1984https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.152.1.44MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In Article HistoryPublished in print: July 1984 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRecommended Articles RSNA Education Exhibits RSNA Case Collection Vol. 152, No. 1 Metrics Altmetric Score PDF download

Neuronal Aging and Its Implications in Human Neurological Pathology. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 665

Neuronal Aging and Its Implications in Human Neurological Pathology. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 665

BOOK REVIEWS

BOOK REVIEWS Get access Recommended Health-based Limits in Occupational Exposure to Heavy Metals . Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, No. 647, 1980 ( ISBN 92 4 120647 0 ). 116 pp. Price: Sw. fr. 8.-. French and Spanish editions in preparation. RONALD E. LANE RONALD E. LANE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 24, Issue 1, 1981, Page 163, https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/24.1.163 Published: 01 January 1981

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Beyond the Best Interests of the Child By Joseph Goldstein, Anna Freud and Albert J. SolnitDiagnostic Approaches to the Malformed Fetus, Abortus, Stillborn and Deceased NewbornNational Foundation‐March of Dimes Birth Defects: Original Article Series, XV, SA Edited by Mitchell S. Golbus and Bryan D. HallViral Respiratory Diseases World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 642The Development of the Infant and Young Child, Abnormal and Normal, 7th Edn. By Ronald S. IllingworthIndividualised Assessment and Treatment for Autistic and Developmentally Disabled Children Vol. By Eric Schopler, Robert Jay Reichler and Margaret LansingInduced Abortion: Guidelines for the Provision of Care and Services Offset Publications No. 49

Book Reviews

Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Controlling the Smoking Epidemic, World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 636 World Health Organization, Geneva, 1979. 87 pp, Sw. Fr. 9.- Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, Volume 9, Issue 2, December 1979, Pages 302–303, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jjco.a039978 Published: 01 December 1979

ANTIBIOTIC‐RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIA*

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 55, Issue 11 p. 536-536 ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIA* H. McL Gordon, H. McL GordonSearch for more papers by this author H. McL Gordon, H. McL GordonSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1979 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb07024.x † *Surveillance for the prevention and control of health hazards due to antibioticresistant enterobacteria. Reprt of a WHO meetin. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 1978, No. 624. WHO Publications, Australian Government Publishing Service, P.O. Box 84, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume55, Issue11November 1979Pages 536-536 RelatedInformation

Book Reviews

Book Reviews Research in Human Reproductive: Strengthening of Resources in Developing Countries. Report of a WHO Study Group World Health Organition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1978. (World Health Organization Technical Report Series, no. 627.) 16 pages. 20 × 14 cm. Paper covers. £1.40 Pramilla Senanayake Pramilla Senanayake Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 35, Issue 2, May 1979, Page 208, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071575 Published: 01 May 1979

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Amniotic Fluid, 2nd edition, completely revised by D. V.I. Fairweather and T.K.A.B. Eskes. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1978. (ISBN 90 219 2111 I). 455 pages. US dollars 78.25.Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology by Lothar Popp and Russel J. Thornsen, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, McGraw‐Hill Book Company, New York 1978. (ISBN 0‐07‐050507‐1). DM. 40.70.Surveillance for the prevention and control of health hazards due to antibiotic‐resistant enterobacteria. Report of a WHO Meeting. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 1978. No. 624 (ISBN 92 4 120624 1). 55 pages. Sw. Fr. 6.Clinics in obstetrics and gynecology, volume 5, no. 3, December 1978, Gynaecological Surgery, 747 p. Guest editors: David H. Lees and Albert Singer. W.B. Saunders Comp. Ltd, London 1978. Pound sterling 8,25.Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology by R. W. Taylor and M. G. Brush. Bailliere Tindall, London, 1978. (ISBN 0 7020 0664 0).Research in human reproduction: Strengthening in resources in developing countries. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 1978, No. 627 (ISBN 92 4 120627 6). 16 pages. Sw. Fr. 4.

Requirements of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavine and niacin (FAO Food and Nutrition Series No. 8, FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 41, World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 362). 86 Seiten, 7 Abb., 9 Tab., 6 Anhänge. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 1967

Food / NahrungVolume 23, Issue 6 p. 664-664 Buchbesprechung Requirements of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavine and niacin (FAO Food and Nutrition Series No. 8, FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 41, World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 362). 86 Seiten, 7 Abb., 9 Tab., 6 Anhänge. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 1967 B. Gassmann, B. GassmannSearch for more papers by this author B. Gassmann, B. GassmannSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1979 https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19790230628Citations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume23, Issue61979Pages 664-664 RelatedInformation

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Fundamentals of Oncology, by Henry C. Pitot. Diagnosis of Diseases of the Mouth and Jaws, 2nd edition, by Edward V. Zegarelli, Austin H. Kutscher and George Hyman. Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Periodontal Diseases. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. World Health Organization Technical Report Series The Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease, By Gerald Shklar and Philip L. McCarthy.