Promoting Health Literacy Research Articles

Promoting health literacy through the teach back method among Iranian health ambassadors: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective.Describe the effect the teach back method on promoting the health literacy of health ambassadors in Urmia County in 2020.Methods.In the present quasi-experiment, 200 persons over 14 years old participated. They were divided into two research groups, a control (n=100) and an intervention (n=100). The sampling method was simple randomization and the data collection instrument was a questionnaire comprised of demographic information and health literacy (HELIA). The educational intervention took 4 sessions each 45 minutes in length following the teach back method. The questionnaire-based data were collected once before the intervention and once again three months after the intervention.Results.The present findings showed that 54% of the control group and 50% of the intervention group had a good or very good level of health literacy before the intervention(p>0.05). However, after the intervention, 52% of the control and 78% of the intervention group had a good or very good level of health literacy. The present findings revealed that the mean scores of health literacy dimensions (access to information, reading, understanding, appraisal, decision-making) and the overall health literacy score were significantly higher in the intervention group than the control (after the intervention). Wilcoxon’s test results showed that the mean difference of the overall health literacy scores and the dimensions before and after the intervention were statistically significant (p<0.001).Conclusion.In the light of the present findings, we can conclude that participatory methods and the teach back method can improve health literacy, acquire reliable information and adopt healthy behaviors.

Coronavirus-Related Health Literacy: A Cross-Sectional Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an overabundance of valid and invalid information to spread rapidly via traditional media as well as by internet and digital communication. Health literacy (HL) is the ability to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information, making it fundamental for finding, interpreting, and correctly using COVID-19 information. A cross-sectional study of a sample of 3500 participants representative of the Italian adult population aged 18+ years was conducted in Italy in 2021. A validated HL questionnaire was employed, including sections on coronavirus-related HL, general HL, sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors, and respondents’ lifestyle. Of our sample, 49.3% had “excellent” levels of coronavirus-related HL and 50.7% had “sufficient” (20.7%) or “limited” (30.0%) levels. Although the overall HL-COVID level was high, many participants reported difficulties dealing with COVID-19 information; in particular, participants older than 65 years, with a low education level, living in southern regions of Italy, and with high financial deprivation. Targeted public information campaigns and the promotion of HL are required for better navigation of health information environments. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to improve HL and to prepare the general population for future emergency and non-emergency situations, confirming that HL can be considered a social vaccine.

Health literacy and health promoting behaviors among inpatient women during COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundOne of the leading health indicators during the COVID-19 crisis is health literacy and health-promoting behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate health literacy and health-promoting behaviors among women hospitalized during the COVID-19 pandemic in the southern part of Iran in 2020.MethodsThis descriptive-analytical study encompassed 465 women hospitalized and treated in none teaching hospitals affiliated with the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tools were the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.ResultsThe mean scores of the participants’ "health literacy" and "health-promoting behaviors" were 64.41 ± 11.31 and 112.23 ± 16.09, respectively, indicating the poor level of health literacy and the average level of health-promoting behaviors. Moreover, there was a significant direct correlation between health literacy and health-promoting behaviors (P < 0.001, r = 0.471). Furthermore, all health literacy dimensions of comprehension (P < 0.001), accessibility (P < 0.001), reading skills (P < 0.001), evaluation (P = 0.002), and decision making and behavior (P = 0.003) were detected as the predictors of health-promoting behaviors. Further, statistically significant relationships were noticed between the mean score of health literacy with age (r = − 0.327, P = 0.007), level of education (F = 3.119, P = 0.002), and place of residence (t = 2.416, P = 0.004) and between health-promoting behaviors with level of education (F = 3.341, P = 0.001) and marital status (F = 2.868, P = 0.02).ConclusionAccording to the findings, health policymakers should adopt national measures for educational planning to promote health literacy and support health-promoting behaviors to encourage women to adopt a healthy lifestyle.

How Social Support Impact Teachers' Mental Health Literacy: A Chain Mediation Model.

Teachers have an important social role, and their mental health literacy is very important to their own abilities as educators and to the growth and development of those they educate. This study explored the mechanism underlying the influence of social support on teachers’ mental health literacy by conducting a questionnaire survey of 573 teachers. The results showed that social support can influence teachers’ mental health literacy not only through the separate effects of life satisfaction and coping tendency but also through the chain mediation effect of life satisfaction and coping tendency; however, the direct effect of social support on the teachers’ mental health literacy is not significant. This study is conducive to understanding the internal mechanism underlying the relationship between social support and mental health literacy. It reminded us that when formulating mental health literacy promotion programs for teachers, we should not only provide adequate social support to improve but also should pay attention to improvements in their coping tendencies and life satisfaction.

Health Literacy, Numeracy, and Health Promotion: A Secondary Analysis of the Choosewell 365 Workplace Trial

Health literacy and numeracy are linked to obesity and dietary behaviors. This study investigates whether the effect of a workplace behavioral intervention to prevent weight gain and improve diet differed by employee health literacy and numeracy. ChooseWell 365 was an RCT of hospital employees testing a 12-month intervention using nudges and feedback to promote healthier choices, building on existing cafeteria traffic light labels (e.g., green=healthy, red=unhealthy). Health literacy and numeracy were measured with the Newest Vital Sign (range=0-6) and General Numeracy Scale (range=0-3). Mixed-effects linear models examined if intervention effects on cafeteria purchases, diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2015, range=0-100), and weight change over 24 months differed by higher versus lower health literacy or numeracy. Data were collected in 2016-2020 and analyzed in 2020-2021. In 12 months, 510 participants completed the Newest Vital Sign and General Numerancy Scale; 36.7% had Newest Vital Sign<6 (lower health literacy) and 31.6% had General Numerancy Scale<2 (lower numeracy). Intervention participants increased healthy purchases over 24 months compared with controls in both higher and lower health literacy and numeracy groups. At 12 months, Healthy Eating Index 2015 scores increased in intervention versus control participants with lower health literacy (5.5 points, 95% CI=1.51, 9.54) but not in those with higher health literacy (p-interaction=0.040). BMI did not differ by health literacy or numeracy. A behavioral intervention improved cafeteria food choices of hospital employees of varying health literacy and numeracy levels and improved diet quality among employees with lower health literacy, suggesting this group also improved food choices outside of work.

Limited health literacy increases the risk of frailty among community-dwelling older adults: Longitudinal findings from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study.

Despite the growing recognition of the importance of health literacy, there is a lack of knowledge on the longitudinal association between health literacy and frailty. The present study explored whether limited health literacy increases the risk of developing pre-frailty and frailty among older adults. Data were drawn from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study, a nationwide, population-based prospective cohort study of community-dwelling older Koreans. A baseline sample of 2808 adults aged 70-84 years was analyzed for the cross-sectional models, and 2278 participants in the 2-year follow-up assessment were included for the longitudinal analyses. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relative risk ratios of pre-frailty or frailty, where a robust group served as the reference category. The findings showed that baseline limited health literacy was associated with an approximately 1.4-fold increased risk of developing pre-frailty after 2 years, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors and health status. However, the longitudinal association between health literacy and frailty was not significant after adjusting for health-related factors. Our findings point to the importance of promoting health literacy among older adults, and provide preliminary evidence that can inform the development of tailored public health strategies. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 325-331.

About the communication of health research: generating trust through information and education.

Public communication strategies of scientific findings can be placed at various levels on a scale that originates from purely informative methods and, through increasingly persuasive methods, goes up to coercion. Institutional communication of science during the covid-19 pandemic is affected by the tension between the pursuit of the ethics of transparency and the need to achieve public health goals: a communication focused on information, that neutrally highlights both the risks and the advantages of an intervention, could reduce the acceptance of this intervention in the short term, but consolidate people's trust in institutions in the long term. On the other hand, a more persuasive communication could lead to a greater adherence to the proposed intervention in the short term, but weaken the trust of the communication's recipients towards the institutions. Whenever there is robust evidence in favor of the net benefit of an intervention, informative and persuasive communication tend to overlap, while interventions with an uncertain relation between pros and cons should orient communication towards more informative strategies: even when this is not possible, as in the case of health emergencies, transparency in communication remains decisive. In this regard, transparency is configured as the common denominator of a type of science communication that can generate trust in its recipients. But transparency alone is not enough. In fact, its effectiveness is lost if the communicated contents are not useful and if the recipients of the messages are not able to receive them adequately. Based on Italo Calvino's Six Memos, we define six requirements for transparent communication of scientific research and emphasize the importance of interventions aimed at promoting health literacy since primary school, such as the international Informed Health Choices project.

Nurses' perspective about the Mental Health First Aid Training Programmes for adolescents in upper secondary schools: Afocus group study.

Accessible SummaryWhat is known on the subject? Mental Health First Aid Training Programmes with a pathogenic perspective are implemented worldwide for different participants and contexts. These interventions can promote the medicalization and psychiatrization movement of human suffering.Training programmes should teach about mental health nursing problems rather than disorders. However, there seem to be no studies describing these healthier interventions targeting adolescents in upper secondary schools. Nurses can explore these interventions and target them towards these participants and contexts. What the paper adds to existing knowledge? The perspective of nurses on the characteristics of Mental Health First Aid Training Programmes for adolescents in Portuguese upper secondary schools is reported.Experts recognize that the nurses who perform these interventions must have personal, pedagogical and mental health competencies. Therefore, mental health nurses may be considered. The components of mental health literacy, mental health nursing problems and a dynamic first aid plan can be taught using different classroom training strategies. What are the implications for practice? The role of mental health nurses in promoting health literacy is highlighted. They have the opportunity to lead multidisciplinary teams in using these healthier training programmes.These expert opinions can shape the planning, implementation and evaluation of these interventions. In turn, training programmes can promote the identification, assistance and/or adequate and timely referral of people with mental health nursing problems. IntroductionMental Health First Aid Training Programmes performed by nurses can empower adolescents to aid people with mental health problems. There do not appear to be any studies that describe these healthier interventions aimed at adolescents in upper secondary schools. The development of these educational interventions benefits from the input of their participants and facilitators.AimTo explore the perspective of nurses about Mental Health First Aid Training Programmes for adolescents in upper secondary schools.MethodA qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study was conducted. Data were collected from seven mental health nurses during two focus group sessions. Data were analysed using content analysis.ResultsTwelve themes were identified around nine main areas: facilitators, intervention foci, outcomes assessment methods, process assessment methods, participants, implementation context, duration and frequency, intervention methods and strategies, and contents.DiscussionMental health nurses can regularly perform these classroom interventions to improve the mental health competencies of adolescents. Various educational methods can facilitate learning related to mental health literacy components, mental health nursing problems and the first aid plan. Valid and appropriate assessment methods enhance a good representation of these interventions.Implications for PracticeThis evidence can guide the creation and modelling of these first aid training programmes.

In the Midst of Madness: Mental Health Literacy as Null to Explicit Curriculum in Public Spaces

In the wake of school closings due to COVID-19, public agencies and media have been increasingly relegated to the role of educator across publics. The promotion of mental health literacy has moved from null curriculum to explicit, as public agencies have pushed the narrative of an unprecedented mental health crisis, despite the crisis having been evident pre-pandemic. This text questions the motivations of increased mental health literacy campaigns across agencies and publics, recognizing that those with vested interests in keeping the neoliberal system intact lend little help to the most vulnerable populations.

Challenges and Facilitators of Health Literacy in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: a Qualitative Study.

Low health literacy is associated with high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify challenges of health literacy and strategies for its promotion in patients with acute coronary syndrome, using the patients҆ and nurses' experiences. Data gathering was done through applying semi-structured interviews with participation of 29 patients and nurses. The informants were selected using purposive sampling method with the maximum variation. Data analysis was done through conventional content analysis and using MAXQDA software. Obstacles and challenges of health literacy in participants were categorized in four themes inclu-ding irresponsibility, social apathy, perceptual and cognitive problems, and inappropriate distribution of the resources. In addition, possible strategies to promote health literacy were presented in the form of 68 strategies. Given that successful management of many acute or chronic diseases is influenced by patients' perceptions of health information, providing strategies to people who have difficulty in understanding this information can have a positive effect on health outcomes. Increasing health literacy abilities of patients should be a priority of health system.

The Effects of the “I see right sodium” Program for promoting health literacy regarding sodium consumption among university students in the lower northern region of Thailand

Low health literacy regarding sodium consumption has been associated with high sodium consumption behaviors among university students. This study aimed to determine and compare the effectiveness of the “I see right sodium” programs that promote health literacy concerning sodium consumption amongst first-year students. A quasi-experimental study using pre-test, post-test, and follow-up was designed to study two experimental groups and one control group. The program implementation period was September to December, 2020. Experimental group 1 (n=35) was involved in a multiple-activity program that involved both in-class workshop activities and a virtual component via the online application ‘LINE’; experimental group 2 (n=34) participated in the program virtually via online applications, whereas the control group (n=34) did not participate in any of the aforementioned programs. The research instrument was a self-administered pre-test, post-test, and follow-up questionnaire. Repeated Measures ANOVA and One-way ANOVA tests were used to analyze the program’s effectiveness. Results of the study revealed that the mean difference in health literacy regarding sodium consumption among the three study groups was significantly different (p-value &lt; 0.001). The mean difference in sodium consumption behavior between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 was significantly different (p-value = 0.005). Health literacy regarding sodium and sodium consumption behavior at the collection time (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up) was significantly different between the three different groups (p-value &lt; 0.001, and p-value = 0.015, respectively). The researchers have concluded that the mean difference in health literacy regarding sodium consumption and its effects on sodium consumption behavior at the designated measurement points were influenced by the programs. These findings indicated that the program with multiple platforms was the most effective in promoting health literacy regarding sodium and encouraging appropriate sodium consumption behavior amongst first-year students.

Literacia em Saúde e Autocuidados

Nowadays, we often hear the term Health Literacy (HL). We are of the opinion that this term is used interchangeably, sometimes referring to knowledge, information, sometimes referring to attitudes, sometimes referring to training. Therefore, this theme has attracted our attention over the last decade and, as a result of this reflection, resulted in the work Literacy in Health and Self-Care: evidence that project clinical practice (Galvão et al., 2021). The concept of HL is multidimensional, we find a range of definitions which add specific aspects of HL. In this opinion scientific article, we selected definitions and concepts about HL and self-care, we identified the dimensions of HL and assessment methods. We also identify documents available in Portugal that aim to promote it. Based on the evidence, we found that the promotion of HL in the Portuguese population is effectively a priority throughout the various stages of life's trajectory, both in terms of health promotion and self-care in any age group, and consequently in terms of disease prevention. : obesity; cerebrovascular diseases; type II diabetes; mental disorders; dementias; cancer diseases; etc. HL training is based on behavioral changes, so the strategies will have to be focused on tools that enhance human functioning, achieved through the improvement of cognitive, emotional and/or behavioral self-regulation. The European agenda for health highlights HL as a priority, considering the need for the joint involvement of citizens, communities, organizations and health policies.

Health Literacy and Migrant Communities in Primary Health Care.

IntroductionThe promotion of health literacy of the population in a situation of migration, in the community, is a fundamental field of intervention in health promotion, for the reduction of inequalities in access to health care services. It is increasingly necessary to make health care services more equitable for migrant populations. The aim of the study was to characterize the level of health literacy of the population in a migrant situation, attending a primary health care unit in the Lisbon region, to identify priority areas for community intervention that will become the focus of intervention and contribute to the increase in the health literacy levels in this population.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out by applying the Health Literacy Survey (ILS-PT) to a sample of the population in a situation of migration, found by 27 participants.ResultsThe general health literacy index of the sample is inadequate (21.23 points). An analysis of the sub-indexes revealed that 75% of the participants had difficulties related to information about health care and 80% had difficulties in the field of health promotion.ConclusionsProblematic and inadequate levels of health literacy was significantly frequent among migrant population. So that enhancing health literacy among migrant is essential to reduce health inequalities to achieve better health outcomes and contribute to defense of human rights of this vulnerable population.

How Can Cardiac Rehabilitation Promote Health Literacy? Results from a Qualitative Study in Cardiac Inpatients.

After acute care of a cardiac event, cardiac rehabilitation helps future disease management. Patients with low health literacy have been shown to have fewer knowledge gains from rehabilitation and higher all-cause mortality after acute cardiac events. Cardiac rehabilitation may be the best channel to target population with low health literacy, yet research on this topic is limited. Consequently, the main aim of the current study was to identify patient perceptions about the health literacy domains that are needed for successful rehabilitation of patients attending German cardiac rehabilitation clinics after an acute cardiac event. Five focus group interviews with 25 inpatients (80% male, 20% female) were conducted at a cardiac rehabilitation clinic in Germany. Patients were eligible to participate if they had sufficient understanding of the German language and had no other debilitating diseases. Patients identified five domains of health literacy for rehabilitation success: knowledge about their health condition; being able to find and evaluate health-related information, being able to make plans and sticking to them, assumption of responsibility over one’s health and the ability to ask for and receive support. The results give an important insight into what patients perceive as important components of their cardiac rehabilitation, which can provide the basis for developing the health literacy of patients and how cardiac rehabilitation clinics respond to the recovery needs of their patients.

&lt;br/&gt; CONHECIMENTO DO UTENTE COM DOENÇA PULMONAR OBSTRUTIVA CRÓNICA SOBRE A DOENÇA E O AUTOCUIDADO &lt;br/&gt;

Introduction : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic respiratory disease, progressively incapacitating, which requires the user to undergo a complex therapeutic regimen. Given the implications, it is essential that the user acquire knowledge about the disease that enhances self-care and self-management, which instills significance in the promotion of health literacy, as a health-promoting strategy. This study aimed to analyze the user's knowledge about the disease, self-care and disease management. Method : This is a simple descriptive study, the target population was six users with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the area covered by a Community Care Unit in the municipality of Beja. A convenience sample was constituted, with inclusion and exclusion criteria and the data collection instrument used was the semi-structured interview, carried out in April 2021. Data collection began after a favorable opinion from the Ethics Committee of the Local Health Unit of Baixo Alentejo. Results : Data were analyzed using Bardin's content analysis technique, using an inductive categorization strategy. The following categories emerged from the analysis: lack of knowledge about the disease; deficit of knowledge about self-care; lack of knowledge about disease management. Conclusion : It was concluded that users, in addition to presenting a deficit of knowledge about the disease, self-care and disease management, also present compromised leisure activities. Keywords : Health Literacy; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Self Care; Self-Management.

Differing determinants of disability trends among men and women aged 50\u2009years and older

BackgroundResearchers have emphasized the importance of examining how different factors affect men’s and women’s functional status over time. To date, the literature is unclear about whether sex affects the rate of change in disability in middle to older age. Researchers have further emphasized the importance of examining how different factors affect men’s and women’s functional status over time. We examined (a) sex differences in disability trends and (b) the determinants of the rate of change in disability for men and women 50 years and older.MethodsThis study utilized the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging Survey, a nationally representative database (four waves of survey data 1996–2007, N = 3429). We modeled and compared the differences in disability trends and the influences of determinants on trends among men and women using multiple-indicator and multiple-group latent growth curves modeling (LGCM). Equality constraints were imposed on 10 determinants across groups.ResultsOnce disability began, women progressed toward greater disability 18% faster than men. Greater age added about 1.2 times the burden to the rate of change in disability for women than men (p < 0.001). More comorbidities also added significantly more burden to baseline disability and rate of change in disability among women than men (p < 0.001), but women benefited more from higher education levels in lower baseline disability and slower rate of change. Having a better social network was associated with lower baseline disability among women only (p < 0.05). For both men and women, physically active leisure-time activities were beneficial in lower baseline disability (pmen and women < 0.001) and rate of change in disability (pmen < 0.01; pwomen < 0.05), with no significant differences between groups.ConclusionsAge may widen the sex gap in the rate of change in disability. However, both sexes benefit from participating in leisure-time activities. Promoting health literacy improves health outcomes and physical function among women.

Promoting Health Literacy About Cancer Screening Among Muslim Immigrants in Canada: Perspectives of Imams on the Role They Can Play in Community.

Purpose: Immigrants tend to have lower rates of cancer screening than non-immigrants in Canada. Inequity in screening rates may stem from religious factors, which religious leaders can influence. This study aimed to explore the knowledge and attitudes held by Muslim religious leaders about cancer screening, as well as the role religious leaders perceive they can play in improving cancer screening health literacy among South Asian Muslim immigrant women. Methods: We conducted interviews with 8 Muslim religious leaders in Calgary, Canada. Participants’ knowledge and attitudes were inductively summarized using descriptive analysis, while practices were deductively thematically analyzed using the Socioecological Model and the Communication for Development approaches. Results: We found participants mostly had some knowledge of cancer, but lesser knowledge of different screening tests and of low screening rates among immigrants. Participants proposed that their role as a speaker, access to facilities and community networks, and collaboration with universities and healthcare professionals could help overcome religious misinterpretations and promote cancer screening among South Asian Muslim immigrant women. Conclusion: Religious leaders were highly supportive of incorporating health messaging into faith-based messaging. Future work should focus on implementing the practices recommended in this study with South Asian Muslim immigrant women’s voices at their center.

Supporting children's health literacy development: A systematised review of the literature

Despite international recognition that developing health literacy in childhood is critically important, little is known about how best to do so. This paper reports a systematised review of research literature in which six electronic databases were searched for articles that considered how children develop health literacy. Results were screened and sorted, and full-text screening was carried out by independent reviewers. Findings suggest that childhood is an optimal time to promote health literacy, that primary schools are ideal settings in which to support health literacy development, and that six core characteristics of health literacy education promote health literacy development: collaboration, contextualisation, accessibility, autonomy, reflectiveness, and continuity. Consideration of these characteristics could inform the development and implementation of future health literacy interventions.

A modified Delphi study to identify strategies to promote health literacy in parents of children with cancer

Parents play a key role in the care, monitoring, management of symptoms experienced in children with cancer, the support, and follow-up of treatment. However, there is a paucity of research as how to improve the health literacy of parents with cancer. The aim of this study was to identify the best and most important strategies to promote health literacy in parents of children with cancer. A two-step modified Delphi method was used to establish consensus in Iran in 2021. Fourteen experts representing oncology, clinical nursing, and faculty members of nursing were selected by purposive sampling. In round one, 90 strategies to promote health literacy obtained in the qualitative study were distributed to the experts, which were scored from 1 to 5. In order to discuss statements without consensus in the first round, round two was held in a face-to-face meeting. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and percentage of response frequency were used to calculate agreement levels between experts. In round one, 57 statements reached a consensus. In round two, 21 statements reached a consensus. Finally, 78 statements reached consensus representing four domains including functional health literacy, interactive health literacy, critical health literacy, and care health literacy. Delphi method helps to identify the best and most important strategies to use in health literacy promotion programs for parents of children with cancer. Identifying these strategies will help health officials, planners, and policymakers.

Health Literacy Promotion and Its Institutional Arrangements: Rethinking collaborative health promotion in Thailand

This research explores institutional arrangements that govern health literacy promotion policies in Thailand since 2014. This study sets the main questions as what are the main institutional arrangements that governed health literacy promotion policies in Thailand since 2014 and can these arrangements be viewed as collaborative health governance? This paper argues that the military coup in 2014 transformed institutional-governing arrangements on health system management and health promotion greatly as many legal-political institutions and various social-political agencies were involved and brought together to promote health and health literacy. A so-called principle of ‘collaborative governance’ has been employed and implemented to promote health in Thailand recently, however, this study argues that the institutional constraints under authoritarian regime offer a ‘fictitious-collaborative health governance’ instead. Furthermore, deliberative processes on health literacy promotion regulated by many legal - institutional constraints had characteristics of ‘pseudo-deliberation’. This work is qualitative research, and it analyzes and explains research results by looking through theoretical concepts of institutionalism and collaborative governance. This study argues that to reach the goal of health literate community and society, Thai health agencies and authorities should re-approach health and health literacy promotion from the bottom-up perspective. Also, overcoming fictitious collaborative health promotion and pseudo-deliberation are necessary. To do that, we need a long-term project of building up a ‘critical health regime’ based on critical education and anti-authoritarianism as major principles. (*The paper was presented at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University’s College of Professional and Continuing Education (CPCE) Conference “Post-pandemic health and long-term care: A new paradigm”. September 2021)