Health Budget Research Articles

EFFECT OF WHITE SUGAR, BROWN SUGAR AND JAGGERY POWDER SYRUP ON BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL MARKERS OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS

Hypertension accounts for 10% of the total annual health budget in developed countries.1 By 2025, the number of people living with hypertension is expected to reach 1.56 billion people.2Dietary factors that increase blood pressure (BP) are of interest to public health authorities.3,4Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were taken. All groups received standard chow ad libitum. Controls (A), received plain drinking water, and the Sucrose treatment rats received 10% sucrose solution prepared daily for 12 weeks. Non-invasive blood pressure was recorded using computer based data recording system power lab model: M-ML 856, Australia with rat tail cuff attachment.Blood samples were collected. Serum aliquots were frozen at ?80°C for: ALT, AST, TG, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined using commercial enzymatic methods (CELM diagnosis, São Paulo, Brazil). The concentration of VLDL and low-density lipoprotein was measured. ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey tests were applied to determine statistical difference among the study groups. The results showed variable effects on biochemical and histopathological findings in rat liver, kidney and pancreas. The pancreas and kidneys of the rats showed adverse inflammatory histopathological changes maximally in rats taking jaggery syrup (Shakkar) flowed by white sugar and minimal in Shakkar. The adverse effects on liver cells were maximally seen on rats given brown sugar. This study enabled us to better understand the biochemical and histopathological effects of various types of sugars available in Pakistani market in order to create awareness regarding their effects on health.

Impact, Implications, Challenges of Accelerating Maternal Mortality Rates in Indonesia

This article discusses the impacts, implications and challenges of accelerating maternal mortality rates in Indonesia. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Indonesia is still a serious public health problem. MMR in Indonesia shows a downward trend throughout the 1991-2015 period. However, in 2012 the infant mortality rate increased again and then fell in 2018. Even though it shows a decline, the MMR in Indonesia is still relatively high and still above the MDGS target of 102 per 100,000 live births. MMR in Indonesia in 2021 compared to 2020. The impact of a high MMR is a decline in the productive and competitive workforce, a decline in social welfare and poverty, a decline in life expectancy and quality of life in society, a decline in fertility rates and population growth, which can affect the demographic structure and demographic bonus. and declining reproductive and nutritional health status of women and children. Meanwhile, the implications arising from a high MMR are implications in terms of health, social, economic and development status. The challenges faced by Indonesia in reducing MMR are the low health budget allocation, the lack of health facilities and personnel, low access to PONED (Basic Emergency Neonatal Obstetric Services) and PONEK (Comprehensive Emergency Neonatal Obstetric Services) facilities, high disparities in socio-economic levels, and low awareness and healthy living behavior in the community. The conclusion of this short article about the maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is that the maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is still high and has not yet reached the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target set by the UN, namely 70 per 100,000 live births in 2030. This article recommends Reducing MMR requires comprehensive and collaborative efforts from all parties, including central and regional governments, health institutions, civil society organizations, academics, media and society.

THE BURGEONING BURDEN OF PERINATAL MENTAL HEALTH IN LOWER MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES

THE BURGEONING BURDEN OF PERINATAL MENTAL HEALTH IN LOWER MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES

Estimated Sustainable Cost-Based Prices for Diabetes Medicines

The burden of diabetes is growing worldwide. The costs associated with diabetes put substantial pressure on patients and health budgets, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The prices of diabetes medicines are a key determinant for access, yet little is known about the association between manufacturing costs and current market prices. To estimate the cost of manufacturing insulins, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is), and glucagonlike peptide 1 agonists (GLP1As), derive sustainable cost-based prices (CBPs), and compare these with current market prices. In this economic evaluation, the cost of manufacturing insulins, SGLT2Is, and GLP1As was modeled. Active pharmaceutical ingredient cost per unit (weighted least-squares regression model using data from a commercial database of trade shipments, data from January 1, 2016, to March 31, 2023) was combined with costs of formulation and other operating expenses, plus a profit margin with an allowance for tax, to estimate CBPs. Cost-based prices were compared with current prices in 13 countries, collected in January 2023 from public databases. Countries were selected to provide representation of different income levels and geographic regions based on the availability of public databases. Estimated CBPs; lowest current market prices (2023 US dollars). In this economic evaluation of manufacturing costs, estimated CBPs for treatment with insulin in a reusable pen device could be as low as $96 (human insulin) or $111 (insulin analogues) per year for a basal-bolus regimen, $61 per year using twice-daily injections of mixed human insulin, and $50 (human insulin) or $72 (insulin analogues) per year for a once-daily basal insulin injection (for type 2 diabetes), including the cost of injection devices and needles. Cost-based prices ranged from $1.30 to $3.45 per month for SGLT2Is (except canagliflozin: $25.00-$46.79) and from $0.75 to $72.49 per month for GLP1As. These CBPs were substantially lower than current prices in the 13 countries surveyed. High prices limit access to newer diabetes medicines in many countries. The findings of this study suggest that robust generic and biosimilar competition could reduce prices to more affordable levels and enable expansion of diabetes treatment globally.

Ayurveda & Bioactives as Adjuvant for Dna Modulation in Cancer Treatment & Adverse Drug Reaction [ADR] – A Glimpse of Traditional Indian Nanotechnology

Bioactives such as Curcumin and Quercetin and herbs such as “Tulsi”/ Holy basil [_Occimum sanctum_ L.] can provide relief from Adverse drug reaction [ADR] caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients. About 50% patients face moderate ADR issues such as nausea, vomiting, headache, and fewer [20-30%] serious ones [hair loss, loss of fertility and immunity]. The growing recurrence or resistance of cancers to chemotherapy and antimicrobial resistance [AMR] are other emerging challenges in addressing the global cancer burden, among the top causes of death. Two targets of herbal/ bioactive actions include topoisomerase that affects cell replication and telomere length and it may reduce resistance/ recurrence also. Patients with special conditions the old, children and less developed countries with low health budgets can especially develop from it.

Progress towards health equity in Vietnam: evidence from nationwide official health statistics, 2010-2020

IntroductionOne of the ultimate goals of strengthening the health system is to achieve health equity. Vietnam is considered one of the ‘fast-track countries’ to achieve the health-related Millennium Development Goals,...

Mother and Child Health Services in North Central Timor District Through the Mother and Child Love Movement Program (Border Area Studies Republik Indonesia-Republica Democratica De Timor Leste)

The maternal, infant and toddler mortality rates in North Central Timor Regency as the Indonesia-Timor Leste border area have fluctuated in the last 5 years (2013-2017). The Mother and Child Love Movement program has not been able to reduce the maternal, infant and toddler mortality rates so that the level of health mothers and children at TTU do not yet comply with national health standards. The elements analyzed include elements of structure/input, environment, process and output. specialists, general practitioners, nurse midwives and other health workers, the quality and quantity of health facilities and equipment, limited health budgets and the culture of the TTU community which is contrary to medical regulations. So that maternal and child health services in TTU Regency through the Mother and Child Love Movement program can be To reduce the mortality rate of mothers, babies and toddlers, the efforts that must be made by the government are the addition of specialist doctors at the Kefamenanu Regional Hospital, there must be a permanent doctor at every community health center in TTU, the addition of permanent midwives at the Regional Hospital and Community Health Centers, increasing the number and quality of health facilities and equipment such as community health centers, pustu, polindes, laboratories and pharmacies, health budget allocation according to community needs, improving the quality of antenatal, delivery and neonatal/postpartum care, slowly eliminating the culture/tradition of se'i, tattoos and slow decision making in referring patients to community health centers and hospital. The recommended model for maternal and child health services at TTU is the model of empowering women through safe motherhood (family planning, antenatal care, clean delivery and obstetrical services) and empowering posyandu, poskesdes, posbindu and standby villages as community-based health efforts by community health centers

Health budget cuts will be paid for by the most vulnerable

No abstract available.

Efficiency of Public Expenditure in Sumatera before Covid-19 Pandemic Era

This study will analyze the efficiency of local government expenditure towards the Human Development Index (HDI) indicators achievement. To see the realization, this study will conduct an efficiency analysis of local government expenditures in Indonesian’s 34 provinces at 2015-2018 periods. Furthermore, this study tries to find out which sectors are affect efficiency, and conducts a descriptive analysis of the effect of the covid 19 pandemic on these sectors. Based on the study result, it can be suggested to the local government as follows; Provinces that have reached maximum efficiency levels must be able to maintain government performance by maintaining a large portion of inputs, and continue to work to increase output. So that the level of community welfare can be maintained, or even increased in the following year. In general, its necessary to optimize in terms of the effectiveness of the budget for education, health and public services on the input side for all provinces. Meanwhile, from the output side, the target Life expectancy and Expected Years of Schooling need to be improved.

Pengaruh Anggaran Pendidikan, Anggaran Kesehatan, dan PDRB Terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2015 - 2019

This study aims to determine the effect of the education budget, health budget, and GRDP on the Human Development Index in Central Java province in 2015 - 2019. The dependent variable used in this study is the Human Development Index in Central Java Province 2015 - 2019. The independent variable used in this study is the education budget, health budget, and GRDP. This study uses panel data which is a combination of time series data and cross-section data with secondary data obtained from reports published by BPS and the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The analysis model used in this research is a log model that is completed with the help of Eviews 11. To see the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, the best estimation model is selected from the three types of models and the best estimation model is the fixed effect model (FEM). Partially, the education budget variable has a negative and not significant effect on the Human Development Index. The health budget variable has a positive but not significant effect on the Human Development Index. The GRDP variable has a positive and significant effect on the Human Development Index. The results showed that the education budget, health budget, and GRDP simultaneously had a significant effect on the Human Development Index in Central Java Province in 2015 – 2019.

Economic Hardships in Managing COVID-19 Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Observational Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India.

The information on healthcare expenditure is crucial to know the impact of the pandemic on public health budgets, thereby correctly managing the ongoing crisis and preparing for subsequent waves. To estimate the length of stay and cost incurred on COVID-19 patients who died in the ICU. It is a record-based descriptive study conducted on 76 deceased COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU of a dedicated COVID-19 hospital (DCH) between April and October 2020. Central Government Health Services (CGHS) package rate list, Delhi-NCR, was used as a reference for the cost of the ICU bed, ventilator, investigations, and procedures. The median duration of stay in the hospital was 12 days, and in the ICU, it was eight days. The median total cost of managing the patient was 91,235.6 INR; of this, the median total cost for ICU stay per patient was 6,904 INR. The major proportion of total expenses was contributed by personal protective equipment (PPE) kits, an average of 11,091.33 INR per month. The median cost of stay in the ICU, on the ventilator, in the ward, and mean cost of investigations were higher among those with associated co-morbidities. Most elderly male with co-morbidities lost their battle after ventilator support in the ICU. Patients with co-morbidities and severe disease not only have a long duration of hospitalization and poor survival rate but also fetch an economic burden close to one lakh on the institute.

ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL SATISFACTION INDEPENDENT PARTICIPANTS AND MANAGEMENT OF BPJS KESEHATAN CONTRIBUTION COLLECTABILITY

Background: The problem that is most often heard in both mass and electronic media is related to the BPJS Health budget deficit. One of the causes is arrears from participants. 
 Objective: This study aims to examine the satisfaction of independent participants and the level of collectibility of BPJS Health contributions with a focus on service quality, the amount of contributions, life satisfaction, satisfaction with the level of collectibility and the amount of premiums, life satisfaction, perceptions of service quality on participant satisfaction. 
 Method: This type of research is associative using quantitative research methods with a sample of 21 people, taken using accidental sampling 
 Result: The research results show that regarding the perception of quality of service access, the results of the T Test on the PLS output show a t-count value (1.059) < t-table (1.725), the amount of contributions from the T Test results on the PLS output shows a t-count value (0.072) < t-table (1.725), participant life satisfaction. T-test results on PLS output show t-count value (0.128) < t-table (1.725), perception of Access Quality. T-test results on PLS output show t-count value (0.061) < t- table (1.725), the premium amount. The T Test results on the PLS output show the t-count value (0.128) < t-table (1.725), the life satisfaction of participants from the T Test results on the PLS output shows the t-count value (1.630) < t-table (1.725), participant satisfaction with the T Test results on the PLS output shows the t-count value (0.103) < t-table (1.725) meaning that all hypotheses are accepted. 
 Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is that the perception of the quality of service access, the amount of contributions, participant life satisfaction and participant satisfaction have a positive influence on the level of collectibility. Perceived quality of service access, premium amount, participant life satisfaction have a positive influence on participant satisfaction.

Villages SDG's response to mental health: Better late than never

Purpose: This article presents village-based mental health policies in response to sustainable development goals. Research methodology: A qualitative research approach was used in conjunction with library research. Results: According to the findings of this study, the focus of development goals, namely living a healthy and affluent life, has not been on mental health. Furthermore, there are findings on advocacy, research and innovation, partnership, and integration of mental health and other SDGs. Contribution: Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations were made, including developing wise mental health policies in rural areas, increasing mental health commitments and budgets, mobilizing communities to respond to rural mental health policies, and improving treatment facilities and mental health response services. Novelty: Although the goals of sustainable development place a special emphasis on healthy and prosperous lives, insufficient data on mental health have been collected, and mental health policies based on village wisdom have not become a theme that many central and regional governments have implemented.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (K3) BUDGET FOR CONSTRUCTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE OMNIBUS LAW

This paper is prepared as one of the requirements for completing studies in the field of Civil Engineering. The topic we discuss in this paper is the Occupational Safety and Health (K3) Budget for Construction in accordance with the Omnibus Law. Our objective is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the Construction K3 Budget that aligns with the Omnibus Law in Indonesia and to analyze its impact on the construction industry in the country. The background of this topic is crucial considering the importance of understanding and implementing Occupational Safety and Health (K3) in the construction industry in Indonesia. With the changing times and technological advancements, K3 has become a critical aspect of carrying out construction activities. Therefore, we find it essential to explore and deepen our understanding of the K3 Budget to provide a comprehensive understanding to the readers. In this paper, we will delve into the K3 Budget and the laws regulating it. We will elaborate on the concepts, theories, and principles related to Construction K3. Additionally, we will involve analysis and a review of relevant literature to support our understanding and arguments. We hope that this paper can be beneficial and make a meaningful contribution to both the professional and academic realms. We also aspire for this paper to serve as a useful reference for readers interested in further studying the Construction K3 Budget. In conclusion, we express our gratitude to all those who have assisted and supported us in preparing this paper. Without their help and support, this paper would not have come to fruition. We hope that this paper proves to be useful and provides valuable insights to the readers.

Sustaining essential health services inLao PDR inthe context ofdonor transition andCOVID-19.

Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) aims at graduating from least developed country status by 2026 and must increase the level of domestic financing for health. This paper examines how the government has prepared for the decline of external assistance and how donors have applied their transition approaches. Adapting a World Health Organization (WHO) framework, reflections and lessons were generated based on literature review, informal and formal consultations and focus group discussions with the Lao PDR government and development partners including budget impact discussion. The government has taken three approaches to transition from external to domestic funding: mobilizing domestic resources, increasing efficiency across programs and prioritization with a focus on strengthening primary health care (PHC). The government has increased gradually domestic government health expenditures as a share of the government expenditure from 2.6% in 2013 to 4.9% in 2019. The Ministry of Health has made efforts to design and roll out integrated service delivery of maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health services, immunization and nutrition; integrated 13 information systems of key health programs into one single District Health Information Software 2; and prioritized PHC, which has led to shifting donors towards supporting PHC. Donors have revisited their aid policies designed to improve sustainability and ownership of the government. However, the government faces challenges in improving cross-programmatic efficiency at the operational level and in further increasing the health budget due to the economic crisis aggravated during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Working to implement donor transition strategies under the current economic situation and country challenges, calls into question the criteria used to evaluate transition. This criterion needs to include more appropriate indicators other than gross national income per capita, which does not reflect a country's readiness and capacity of the health system. There should be a more country-tailored strategy and support for considering the context and system-wide readiness during donor transition.

Predicting the Pharmaceutical Needs of Hospitals

People’s lives are always threatened by various diseases. The role of health and medical services, in particular medicine, is undeniable in protecting their lives. Timely preparation and providing medicine for patients is vital since medicine shortage can endanger their lives while excessive accumulation of medicine can put them at expiration risk and waste health budgets. In this paper, we introduce a model for the prediction of commonly used medicine (type and amount) in hospitals. We have used a dataset of Govt. Hospital in Jos collected for three years consisting of 283 features, which included over 12293431 medicine and 9531 patients. Nine features were selected using experts’ feedback and were fed into the random forest and neural network algorithms. For the prediction task, medicine types and their amounts were predicted for everyone using different training sets. In addition, the right prediction time was also found, which is when predictions have promising accuracy while the executive team of a hospital has enough time to provide the right amounts of the most used medicine. The performance of algorithms was evaluated using a confusion matrix. Our results showed that the random forest had a promising performance in predicting the amounts of the most used medicine for a month using two years of data (accuracy 83.3%) while its accuracy in predicting medicine was 35.9%. Although our results are promising for predicting the amounts of medicine, these results could be enhanced and more reliable using other metadata like” patient underlying disease” and” medical tests result”.

A Prospective Observational Study in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital on the Trends and Outcomes of Poisoning Cases

Developing countries suffer from significant morbidity and mortality making poisoning the global health problem with thousands of deaths occurring every year. In India, 70% of the land is occupied by Agriculture making farmers the worst affected which accounts for one-third of pesticide poisoning. Organophosphorus chemicals as well as purposeful self-ingestion of poison in an effort at suicide account for the majority of the significant burden of poisoning associated with morbidity and mortality. Enforcing the law correctly when it comes to the distribution and sale of addictive medications, establishing boundaries for electronic media when it comes to exposing people to harsh facts and raising societal awareness of the importance of education are essential objectives. Not only will it save countless lives, but it will also lower health budget costs by fighting and managing diseases in line with WHO targets in poor nations.

The response of regional general hospitals in Indonesia to COVID-19

PurposeThis study aims to determine the influence of the role of hospital leaders, the COVID-19 budget and health service facilities at regional general hospitals (RSUDs) to Indonesia on hospital responses in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic, moderated by hospital class level.Design/methodology/approachThis research was designed as quantitative research using partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test hypotheses.FindingsUsing a sample of 185 RSUDs, it was found that the role of hospital leaders, the COVID-19 budget and health service facilities in RSUDs had a positive and significant effect on the hospital's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show that the role of hospital leaders, in this case, the RSUD director, is essential in improving health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 budget and health service facilities at RSUD can run effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic if the RSUD director issues appropriate policies during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.Originality/valueThis study is the first to determine the influence of hospital leaders, the health budget for COVID-19 and hospital health service facilities simultaneously on the hospital's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study also provides empirical evidence regarding the idea of stewardship theory, which suggests the role of leaders in supervising organizations to achieve organizational goals effectively in times of crisis.

Is health expenditure on immunisation associated with immunisation coverage in sub-Saharan Africa? A multicountry analysis, 2013–2017

ObjectivesThe designing of contextually tailored sustainable plans to finance the procurement of vaccines and the running of appropriate immunisation programmes are necessary to address the high burden of vaccine-preventable diseases...

Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate in Victoria, Australia; unintended consequences of changing Medicare Benefits Schedule access.

ObjectiveTo assess whether prostate biopsy rates have altered with the July 2018 change in Australian Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) rebates supporting multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for diagnosing prostate cancer.MethodsBiopsy data (both trans-rectal and trans-perineal) were obtained from the Victorian Agency for Health Information from July 2016 to June 2022. The data were stratified by financial year, age group and hospital type (public vs private). Comparison was made between rates pre and post the mpMRI MBS code change.ResultsThere was an 11.9% increase in the number of biopsies performed per year compared to the pre-MBS change period. There is a significant decreasing trend (P<0.001-4) in number of biopsies in the 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69-year-old age groups with a significant increasing trend (P<0.001) in the 70-79 and 80-89-year-old age groups. There was a 32.9% reduction in the mean number of biopsies performed per year in public hospitals, compared with an 18.3% increase in private.ConclusionContrary to expectations, and proposed funding, there has been an increase in the number of prostate biopsies since MRI became more easily available. This change will put increased pressure on the health budget and the large increase in biopsies in elderly patients was not anticipated when the changes were proposed. A review of the criteria is suggested.