Health Assistance Research Articles

Training of Health Cadres in strengthening Assistance Program for Pregnant Women in the Region Arjowinangun Malang Community Health Center

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is an indicator of the impact of health development. The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) causes of are direct and indirect factors. These two factors can be prevented through prevention efforts based on community empowerment. One effort that can be made to empower the community is through empowering health cadres. This activity can be carried out through training to carry out pregnancy assistance by cadres. The aim of this training activity is to increase health cadres' knowledge about mentoring programs for pregnant women and skills in providing communication, information and education (KIE) related to the health of pregnant women and early detection of risky pregnancies. The method used is cadre group-based training in the Arjowinangun Malang Community Health Center area. The activity takes the form of cadre training regarding health assistance for pregnant women by health cadres. The results of this research showed that there was an increase in pre and posttest scores (74.6% in the sufficient category, to 91.15% in the good category). Meanwhile, the skills evaluation was in the good category (85.42%). The conclusion is that refreshing the material for cadres is necessary for optimal assistance for pregnant women. This pregnancy assistance program by cadres should become a Community Health Center program whose implementation also receives full support from the village government, and there are ongoing monitoring and evaluation efforts.

THE IMPORTANCE OF HAND WASHING IN THE HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT

Knowing that hospitals are institutions to promote healing and care for citizens who need assistance to restore their health. It is essential that the Health Institution promotes humanized, safe and correct care in accordance with duly standardized procedures and standards to obtain an effective result. However, we know that this is not the reality we experience. We still have high rates of hospital infections, which leads us to reflect on the basic rules of care necessary for the essential contribution to combating hospital infections. It was between 1818/1865 that the Hungarian doctor Ignes Philip Semmelweis came across a high increase in the rate of puerperal fever, he highlighted and postulated the obligation of hand hygiene with chlorinated solution between care for each patient, he noted the enormous reduction in the rate of maternal mortality. Thus beginning an essential procedure for health care and assistance. Despite the greater focus on the transmission of diseases in hospital environments and in our society in general, the practice of hand hygiene still acts precariously. It was in 1975 that guides and guidelines began to emerge regarding the practice of correct hand hygiene. Techniques were developed and standardized through COREN. These being: simple, antiseptic, surgical and pre-operative hygiene. Hand hygiene was one of the globally effective ways to prevent the spread of the recent Pandemic we have suffered. COVID 19. And much of this spread was due to a lack of information/awareness among the large population, where the practice of this procedure (which must be carried out daily among homes) was not completely understood. Practice is essential for everyday life, and can be replaced by the use of alcohol gel in the absence of water and soap (as long as there is no dirt on the hands. In a hospital environment, hand hygiene procedures are defined for each care procedure, depending on the The nursing team continuously observes them, making the team aware that correct hygiene ensures the health of professionals, patients and the Hospital Environment, reducing contagion. (promoted in the institution occupies a bed, he is administered medicines that could treat another patient). And mainly and not death. Basic, cheap and effective practice as long as it is correctly carried out. In this way, it is highlighted that Continuous Education campaigns for Awareness of the entire population is required to discuss the topic “hand hygiene”, not only as a rule and mandatory in the Hospital Environment, essential to promote health in the units. But also in society in general.

Understanding the China-Tanzania Malaria Control Project: lessons learned from a multi-stakeholder qualitative study.

Tanzania is among the countries with the highest malaria cases and deaths worldwide, where vulnerable populations have been severely affected due to poverty and weakness in health system and infrastructure. The China-Tanzania Malaria Control Project (the Project) was a two-phase global health intervention project implemented between 2015 and 2021 that aimed to transfer project-designated intervention experience in malaria elimination to the Tanzanian health system. This study aims to identify the barriers and facilitators encountered during the Project and to improve our understanding of the emerging phenomenon of South-South global health collaboration. We conducted thematic analysis of qualitative data collected from a purposive sample of 14 participants from multiple stakeholders including project management office, project implementation agency, funding partners and external evaluators of the Project. A conceptual framework was developed to construct the interviews guides. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, crossover checked, translated into English, and analyzed with NVivo 12.0. We conducted the open coding followed by the axial coding based on the Grounded Theory to generate themes and subthemes, and identified key influencing factors that aided or hindered the malaria control in Tanzania. The findings suggested that malaria control strategies should largely be tailored due to varied socioeconomic contexts. The perceived enablers in practice include project-designated intervention experiences and technologies, professional and self-learning capabilities of the implementation team, sustainable financial assistance, and support from the international partners. The barriers include the shortage of global health talents, existing gaps to meet international standards, defects in internal communication mechanisms, inadequacy of intergovernmental dialogue, and limitations in logistical arrangements. A checklist and policy implications for China's future engagement in malaria control in resource-limited settings have been proposed. The initiative of Health Silk Road has generated strong global interest in promoting development assistance in health. In the hope of generalizing the evidence-based interventions to high malaria-endemic countries in Africa, the need for China to carefully face the challenges of funding gaps and the lack of support from recipient governments remains ongoing. It is recommended that China should form an institutionalized scheme and sustainable funding pool to ensure the steady progress of development assistance in health.

Interdisciplinary experiences between speech therapy and dentistry in the pre and postoperative period for bariatric surgery

The aim of this study was to report the experiences of interdisciplinary care between speech therapy and dentistry, for adult patient’s pre and postoperatively of gastroplasty, in Reference Service for Bariatric Surgery at the Clinics Hospital at the Federal University of Pernambuco, in the city of Recife, northeastern Brazil. This service has a multiprofessional team of health and social assistance professionals, who monitor individuals with obesity and associated comorbidities, mainly Diabetes and Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), with a view to a comprehensive and humanized treatment, aiming at a better quality of life for this target population. After the beginning of the monitoring by Speech Therapy, there was the request for the opinion and intervention of Dentistry, particularly in the context of the performance of the masticatory function. As of the year 2022, 27 adult patients, aged between 18 and 59 years old received the evaluation, orientations and interventions together, particularly regarding orofacial motricity and oral rehabilitation. In this context, the biggest challenges are related to periodontal disease, with tooth mobility and the loss of many teeth due to caries lesions and to tooth fractures due to clenching and generalized sensitivity

A current affair: worker perceptions of noise exposure and occupational hearing loss in Australian coal mines.

The objective of the online survey was to determine worker attitudes towards, perceptions on hearing loss, and management of workplace noise; and to identify barriers within current strategies that prevent effective management of hearing health in Australian mines. This cross-sectional study utilized a modified survey design, initially designed for use by Safe Work Australia for a broader study published in 2010. The survey questionnaire was made available online to volunteer participants, recruited with the assistance of State and National Health and Safety, and mining organizations. Volunteer participants were required to be proficient in English, be employed by an Australian underground or open cut mine, including coal processing plants; or work as a contractor on one of the specified mine sites. All mining employees, regardless of occupation, job title, and occupational hearing loss classification or status, were invited to complete the questionnaire. Almost 60% of respondents indicated that they had high noise exposure for than 10 yr or more, and have some trouble hearing, mostly associated with infrequent tinnitus. Nearly 71% of these workers believe that the noise control strategies in their workplaces are effective, but this mostly refers to the use of hearing protection devices. The results indicate that general knowledge on the cause and effect of noise exposure in the workplace is well understood. However, due to the long latency associated with the development of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), there is an issue urgency in terms of risk management. It is surprising that most of the respondents recommended more inspections and administrative controls, especially since most respondents were health, safety, and environment (HSE) professionals. HSE professionals should be advocating for higher order, more permanent solutions, and not purely administrative controls and personal protective equipment. These findings raise the question of whether there is a multifaceted working-culture issue that needs to be addressed, in combination with higher order control implementation.

Anxiety and depression in patients with uveitis: a comprehensive review of observational studies.

The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of observational studies evaluating anxiety and depression in patients with uveitis. A higher prevalence of depression was reported in patients with uveitis compared to healthy controls in most observational studies. Symptoms of anxiety were often, but not always, significantly worse in patients with uveitis compared to controls. Most studies found that patients with uveitis had reduced vision-related quality of life that was associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Patients with uveitis have a higher risk of experiencing symptoms of depression and could benefit from screening and treatment. Preliminary screening for vision-related quality of life could also help determine if the patient requires assistance in mental health or other aspects of daily living.

Postdisaster mental health assistance provision and utilization among employees of companies affected by the 9/11 attacks on New York City.

Postdisaster mental health assistance provision and utilization among employees of companies affected by the 9/11 attacks on New York City.

The impact of an effective 3-step hand hygiene technique in reducing potentially pathogenic microorganisms found on nursing professionals' hands.

Healthcare-associated infections are concerning adverse events and hand hygiene is considered an essential preventive measure. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of a correct 3-step hand hygiene technique on reducing of potentially pathogenic microorganisms on hands related to the WHO five moments for hand hygiene. A cross-sectional study was performed by means of direct observation involving 60 Intensive Care Units (ICU) and clinical nursing professionals in a Brazilian hospital. Observations were performed in order to ascertain the adherence rate and the correct technique during health assistance. Additionally, microbiological analysis of material collected from the nursing professional's hands was carried out. Exploratory and inferential analyses were performed on R software and binomial analysis was carried out by using the Z-test. The study was approved by the research ethics committee and covered all the legal principles for the protection of human subjects. Hand hygiene adherence rate was 63.3%. However, only 13.3% of the professionals performed the correct 3-step hand hygiene technique regarding steps and time. Sixty-five microorganisms were isolated, among which 56.9% were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 26.2% were Gram-negative bacilli, 7.7% were Enterococcus faecalis, and 6.2% were Candida parapsilosis. There was no presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms on the nursing professional's hands who performed the correct three-step technique. Overall correct hand hygiene technique was poor. The results indicated the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms at moments in which hand hygiene was mandatory but was not executed or was executed incorrectly. The 3-step hand hygiene technique proved to be effective when correctly performed since there were no microorganism growth. Larger studies are needed to test if these results can be replicated at a larger scale, since streamlining hand hygiene technique yielded encouraging results.

Surviving the Immediate Aftermath of a Disaster: A Preliminary Investigation of Adolescents' Acute Stress Reactions and Mental Health Needs after the 2023 Turkey Earthquakes.

On 6 February, southeastern Turkey and parts of Syria were struck by two powerful earthquakes, one measuring a magnitude of 7.8 and the other, nine hours later, at a magnitude of 7.5. These earthquakes have been recorded as some of the deadliest natural disasters worldwide since the 2010 Haiti earthquake, impacting around 14 million people in Turkey. For trauma survivors, the stressors associated with an event can lead to the development of acute stress disorder (ASD) or other psychiatric disorders. Trauma experiences during adolescence can impact development and affect adolescents differently than adults. Although ASD in adults has been addressed in several studies, there is much less information available about how younger populations respond to acute stress. The aim of our study was to assess the occurrence of ASD among individuals seeking help at the Şanlıurfa Mehmet Akif İnan Research and Training Hospital Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic following the 2023 Turkey Earthquakes and the factors associated with acute stress reactions. A child and adolescent psychiatry specialist conducted psychiatric interviews with the adolescents, and the individuals were also asked to complete 'The National Stressful Events Survey Acute Stress Disorder Short Scale' (NSESSS) to evaluate acute stress symptoms. ASD diagnoses were established according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. Results showed that 81.6% of the participants (n = 49) were diagnosed with ASD, and drug treatment was initiated in 61.7% of the cases (n = 37). It was determined that ASD rates did not differ according to gender, and patients without physical injury had higher acute stress symptom scores (p > 0.05). According to the logistic regression models, paternal educational levels and adolescents' own requests for psychiatric assistance were predictors of acute stress disorder (OR 10.1, β = 2.31, p = 0.006 and OR 16.9, 95 β = 2.83, p = 0.001, respectively). Our findings revealed striking results in demonstrating the need for careful evaluation of adolescents without physical injury in terms of acute stress disorder and the need to pay close attention to the psychiatric complaints of adolescents willing to seek mental health assistance. Moreover, our study suggests that the proportion of adolescents experiencing acute stress symptoms after earthquakes might be higher than previously reported. Estimation of the incidence rate and symptoms of psychiatric distress in the short-term period following a disaster is important for establishing disaster epidemiology and implementing efficient relief efforts in the early stages. The outcomes of this study have the potential to yield novel insights into the realms of disaster mental health and emergency response policies, as well as their pragmatic implementations.

Postwar Health Assistance of Korea Civil Assistance Command (KCAC) and the "Rehabilitation" of Public Health in Korea

Postwar Health Assistance of Korea Civil Assistance Command (KCAC) and the "Rehabilitation" of Public Health in Korea

Urgensi Pemenuhan Hak Biologis Narapidana Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pemasyarakatan dan Hak Asasi Manusia

This study aims to examine the urgency of fulfilling the right to search biology in the context of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections and Human Rights. The research method used is a normative juridical research method, by conducting a literature study and analysis of related documents. Based on the research results, the fulfillment of the right to fulfill biological needs is a very important need and must be a priority in the correctional system in Indonesia. Protection of debilitating biological rights not only impacts health and daily life, but also impacts the health and safety of society as a whole. Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections and Human Rights has regulated the protection of rehabilitation rights, including biological rights. However, the implementation of the law still needs more attention and improvement. Concrete actions are needed from those responsible for ensuring that biological rights are fulfilled, such as increasing access to health services, improving environmental conditions in prisons, improving the quality of food provided, ensuring protection against acts of violence, and providing sufficient attention to mental health assistance. . In addition, there is also a need for cooperation between various related parties to increase the fulfillment of the biological rights of the request.

A Tale of Two Programs for Parents of Young Children: Independently-Conducted Case Studies of Workforce Contributions to Scale in Bhutan and Rwanda.

Two case studies of parenting programs, aiming to improve parenting practices and child development outcomes, and implemented by Save the Children/Ministry of Health/Khesar Gyalpo University in Bhutan and Boston College/University of Rwanda/FXB in Rwanda, respectively called Prescription to Play and Sugira Muryango, were conducted by an independent research and learning group. Implementation research focused on the workforce, a crucial but little-studied element determining the success of programs going to scale. Mixed methods were used to examine their training, workload, challenges, and quality of delivery. Health assistants in Bhutan and volunteers in Rwanda were trained for 10-11 days using demonstrations, role plays, and manuals outlining activities to deliver to groups of parents (Bhutan) or during home visits (Rwanda). Workers' own assessments of their delivery quality, their confidence, and their motivations revealed that duty, confidence, and community respect were strong motivators. According to independent observations, the quality of their delivery was generally good, with an overall mean rating on 10 items of 2.36 (Bhutan) and 2.44 (Rwanda) out of 3. The facilitators of scaling for Bhutan included institutionalizing training and a knowledgeable workforce; the barrier was an overworked workforce. The facilitators of scaling for Rwanda included strong follow-up supervision; the barriers included high attrition among a volunteer workforce.

Artificial Intelligence used in Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Industry: A Review

The pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors have transformed thanks to AI, which has sped up innovation and efficiency in many areas. By anticipating prospective medication candidates and modeling their interactions with biological systems, AI quickens the procedure for finding and creating novel medications. Through tailored treatment, early illness diagnosis, and increased diagnostic precision, AI-driven data analysis improves patient care. Robotic surgery technologies driven by AI increase operation accuracy. Predictive analytics reduces medicine shortages and waste in the pharmaceutical supply chain. AI is essential in medication safety monitoring because it can spot possible problems. Virtual health assistants powered by AI offer round-the-clock assistance and information, while chatbots simplify arranging appointments and making medical questions. However, data privacy, legal compliance, and ethical issues still need to be addressed. The increasing convergence of AI and these industries has enormous potential to transform healthcare delivery and pharmaceutical innovation

EMPOWERMENT OF THE COMMUNITIES OF BULAKAN, CIBEBER DISTRICT THROUGH WORK COLLEGE ACTIVITIES OF BINA BANGSA UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Community empowerment in the Student Work Lecture activities carried out by group 75 students is the Bulakan sub-district community, Cibeber sub-district by providing community assistance in social, economic, health, educational, legal and religious aspects as well as appropriate technology. Student Work Lectures are field activities carried out by students for a certain period of time and are the implementation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education. The current implementation method for Student Work Class activities is to focus more on implementing Work Programs that have been systematically arranged and empower the community. Carried out by Group 75 Students and Field Supervisors and Field Assistant Lecturers by going directly to the field to visit the community and data sources needed for questioning through direct interviews both personally and organizationally or data sources obtained through the sub-district office or office subdistrict. Results and Discussion; forming work programs, implementing work programs, implementing work programs and the role of Field Advisors and Field Assistant Lecturers. In conclusion; there is an understanding related to digital marketing specifically for entrepreneurship, there is awareness about healthy living, there is legal awareness and understands the importance of education. The creation of output as a result of Community Service

Evaluating Country Performance After Transitioning From Gavi Assistance: An Applied Synthetic Control Analysis.

Over the past decade, international development assistance for health has slowed. As donors seek to increase domestic cofinancing and ultimately transition countries from donor aid dependence, COVID-19 has severely constrained public budgets. The evaluation of sustainability and longer-term impacts of donor withdrawal is increasingly important. We assess vaccination coverage and post-neonatal mortality to estimate country performance of these outcomes among countries that no longer received assistance from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (Gavi) between 2000 and 2018. Using data from all countries receiving Gavi support between 2000 and 2020, we employed a synthetic control method to generate a pre-transition counterfactual with the same characteristics as the observation of interest to predict a future that empirically never existed. The synthetic unit is constructed from the weighted average of other units with good fit to the unit of interest before transition but did not transition. We found substantial heterogeneity after transitioning from Gavi assistance. China, Guyana, and Turkmenistan overperformed their expected coverage rates; Albania, Bhutan, China, Guyana, and Turkmenistan maintained coverage over 90%; and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine reported precipitous drop-offs that fell well below their synthetic controls. We also observed a vaccination coverage decline in 2020 for several countries after transitioning and most synthetic controls, which we attribute to COVID-19-related service disruptions. We recommend that Gavi adjust its transition model to systematically assess contextual externalities and risk. In addition, countries that no longer receive Gavi assistance can leverage technical assistance and communities of practice to mutually assist each other and other countries advancing toward transition. This could also foster intracountry accountability after transition. We also recommend that Gavi systematize post-transition assessments and evaluations that leverage the expertise and experience of graduated countries to encourage cross-learning.

Community engagement to inform development of strategies to improve referral for hypertension: perspectives of patients, providers and local community members in western Kenya

BackgroundHypertension is the leading cause of death and disability. Clinical care for patients with hypertension in Kenya leverages referral networks to provide basic and specialized healthcare services. However, referrals are characterized by non-adherence and delays in completion. An integrated health information technology (HIT) and peer-based support strategy to improve adherence to referrals and blood pressure control was proposed. A formative assessment gathered perspectives on barriers to referral completion and garnered thoughts on the proposed intervention.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study in Kitale, Webuye, Kocholya, Turbo, Mosoriot and Burnt Forest areas of Western Kenya. We utilized the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework to understand the behavioral, environmental and ecological factors that would influence uptake and success of our intervention. We conducted four mabaraza (customary heterogenous community assemblies), eighteen key informant interviews, and twelve focus group discussions among clinicians, patients and community members. The data obtained was audio recorded alongside field note taking. Audio recordings were transcribed and translated for onward coding and thematic analysis using NVivo 12.ResultsSpecific supply-side and demand-side barriers influenced completion of referral for hypertension. Key demand-side barriers included lack of money for care and inadequate referral knowledge. On the supply-side, long distance to health facilities, low availability of services, unaffordable services, and poor referral management were reported. All participants felt that the proposed strategies could improve delivery of care and expressed much enthusiasm for them. Participants appreciated benefits of the peer component, saying it would motivate positive patient behavior, and provide health education, psychosocial support, and assistance in navigating care. The HIT component was seen as reducing paper work, easing communication between providers, and facilitating tracking of patient information. Participants also shared concerns that could influence implementation of the two strategies including consent, confidentiality, and reduction in patient-provider interaction.ConclusionsAppreciation of local realities and patients’ experiences is critical to development and implementation of sustainable strategies to improve effectiveness of hypertension referral networks. Incorporating concerns from patients, health care workers, and local leaders facilitates adaptation of interventions to respond to real needs. This approach is ethical and also allows research teams to harness benefits of participatory community-involved research.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, NCT03543787, Registered June 1, 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03543787

Does armed conflict lead to lower prevalence of maternal health-seeking behaviours: theoretical and empirical research based on 55 683 women in armed conflict settings

BackgroundWomen and children bear a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality due to armed conflict. Life-saving maternal and child health (MCH) services are low-quality in most conflict-affected regions. Previous studies...

Procurement of Health Equipment Facilities and Assistance in Efforts to Improve the Quality of Posyandu Aster Wanujoyo Lor Services

Posyandu is an Indonesian term that refers to integrated healthcare centres in the community. It is a form of Community-Based Health Efforts managed and organized by, for, and with the community in implementing health development to empower the community and provide convenience to the community in obtaining essential health services, primarily to accelerate the reduction of mortality: mother and baby. The problem faced by Posyandu Aster Wanujoyo Lor is the lack of adequate weight and height measurement tools to carry out the main task. In addition, there is no SOP for the use of medical devices, and knowledge about when these tools should be calibrated is also very minimal. Hence, the potential for making measurement errors is still immense. The solution offered is to assist with health measuring instruments to Posyandu Aster and assistance programs in using and maintaining excellent and correct health equipment for Posyandu cadres. The method used begins with coordinating with the Posyandu Aster Wanujoyo Lor cadres, identifying the problems encountered, socializing community service activities and the Posyandu participants, preparing tools and materials, implementing community service activities, and the last is evaluation and monitoring. The Posyandu cadres and participants welcomed this service activity, and it was carried out successfully. Posyandu Aster Wanujoyo has complete equipment to check the nutritional status of the Posyandu participants

Peran Tenaga Kesehatan dalam Penanggulangan Banjir di Pasuruan pada Bulan Februari Tahun 2023

Disaster preparation is a step towards disaster risk reduction. Disaster risk reduction can be in the form of disaster management plans, early warning systems, evacuation sites and provision of essential goods. According to PERMENKES No. 66 of 2016, which is a guideline for health HR management in disaster management, the crisis response team includes the Rapid Reaction Team (TRC), Rapid Assessment Team (TPC/RHA team) and Health Assistance Team. The purpose of this research is to evaluate material in terms of preparedness policies and human resources when facing disasters. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative. Pasuruan Regency and Pasuruan City experienced floods 7 times during the month of February. A total of 2,520 residents were affected by the flood disaster. The need for health human resources for TRC among residents/refugees between 10,000-20,000 such as general practitioners and specialists, nurses, epidemiological surveillance, pharmacists, nutritionists, midwives communication officers, ambulance drivers, and DVI personnel. With the existence of regulations/policies that have been set, it really helps to facilitate the performance of health human resources in handling disaster-affected residents to the fullest. The role of health workers and disaster preparedness is very important. It is suggested that with this research, health human resources are expected to always increase their competence and increase their role so that when they go down to help residents affected by a disaster, they already have strong enough potential to be implemented to residents.

Occupational stress of primary level health workers in COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

The study aimed to explore the level of stress of the primary-level health workers who are staying close-to-the community at Upazila-level in Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study with applications of both – qualitative and quantitative methods. Two upazilas were purposively selected and then stratified sampling technique was used to determine the sample size. A total of 172 health workers were selected covering a total of 11 occupational categories (doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, medical assistants (SACMOs), medical technologists, health assistants, assistant health inspectors, family welfare assistants, family welfare visitor (FWV), and CHCPs. Regarding serving the COVID-19 probable cases, 57% said yes and regarding treatment to COVID-19 infected cases, 30% said yes. Regarding time spent on washing hand, about 52% said that they spent less than 30 seconds. During serving the patients, about 22% reported that they do not use PPE and 50% said that there is no arrangement of wearing PPE in their workplaces and 38% said that they do not follow standard procedures to wear. Regarding receiving COVID-19 related training, about 70% said ‘No’ and 73% said that they did not receive training on wearing PPE. Midwives and CHCPs were found to experience the highest level of stress at their workplaces. The most common stressors mentioned by the health workers were such as – dealing with difficult situation, sensitive to criticism, hunch for accuracy at work and inadequate resources. This study indicates that there is high prevalence (%) of stress among the primary level health workers in Bangladesh. Finally, the study recommends adopting an appropriate occupational stress management strategy at national level specific to the health workers working at the primary level as their nature of work is different to the secondary and tertiary level of care. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.14(2) July 2023: 72-83