The second volume of C. Pierce Salguero’s Buddhism and Medicine takes the books’ editor and contributors’ exploration of this complex topic into the modern and contemporary period from the sixteenth century to the twenty-first century. It documents a variety of Buddhist and Buddhist-related practices, history, politics and culture from South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, the USA and the UK to paint a picture of diverse Buddhist influences on health and healing. The book presents examples of how Buddhism’s identity as a medicine for human suffering, with the Buddha, posited as a physician, and its teachings and practices as remedies, has influenced its practitioners’ approaches to and views of health, healing and medicine, concerning the body, mind and spirituality. The work is divided into six sections. The first section presents examples from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Translated texts from Japan, China and Mongolia, demonstrate how Buddhism shapes ideas regarding health and healing as well as interacts with and influences systems of traditional Asian medicine. It includes descriptions of how in Japan, Thailand and Sri Lanka, European traders and missionaries saw traditional Asian medical practices and ritual healing in contrast to their biomedical approaches. These accounts unfortunately mirror much of the tension, misunderstanding, ignorance and cultural hegemony that too often still occurs in interactions between systems of traditional Asian medicine and biomedicine.