Head Process Stage Research Articles

Organ-Forming Areas in the Early Chick Blastoderm

In attempting to locate the various organ-forming areas of the early blastoderm, a series of transverse and longitudinal cuts has been made at certain measured distances from the primitive pit in such a manner as to divide a single blastoderm of the head-process stage of development into a definite number (either 11 or 18) of median and lateral pieces. The developmental potency of each piece was tested in the chorio-allantoic membrane. Each part of the blastodisc is found thereby to have a certain capacity for development or specific organization, which becomes expressed in the form of specific tissues. Nearly 400 grafts have been examined histologically, a generalized analysis of which follows.1. Differences in developmental capacity along the antero-posterior axis.1 The portion of the area pellucida anterior to the head-process and that part of the area containing the posterior half of the primitive streak yield grafts much less frequently and invariably smaller ones than do those portions including eit...

The Differentiation of Hepatic and Pancreatic Tissues of the Chick Embryo in Chorio-Allantoic Grafts

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Differentiation of Hepatic and Pancreatic Tissues of the Chick Embryo in Chorio-Allantoic GraftsRuth Holton SandstromRuth Holton Sandstrom Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 7, Number 2Apr., 1934 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.7.2.30151223 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Antoine L. Carre, Barrett J. Larson, Joseph A. Knowles, Kenichiro Kawai, Michael T. Longaker, H. Peter Lorenz Fetal Mouse Skin Heals Scarlessly in a Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model System, Annals of Plastic Surgery 69, no.11 (Jul 2012): 85–90.https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e31822128a9Anne Grapin-Botton, Daniel Constam Evolution of the mechanisms and molecular control of endoderm formation, Mechanisms of Development 124, no.44 (Apr 2007): 253–278.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2007.01.001Camillo A. Benzo, Susan B. Stearns Functional differentiation of the chick endocrine pancreas. II. The alpha cells and glucagon, American Journal of Anatomy 147, no.33 (Nov 1976): 273–279.https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001470303Ann Andrew Pancreatic APUD cells in older chick embryos, with special reference to their identity, Histochemistry 49, no.33 (Jan 1976): 213–219.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00492376Camillo A. Benzo, Susan B. Stearns Radioimmunological evidence for early functional activity in chick embryonic alpha cells, American Journal of Anatomy 142, no.44 (Apr 1975): 515–518.https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001420408Glenn C. Rosenquist The location of the pregut endoderm in the chick embryo at the primitive streak stage as determined by radioautographic mapping, Developmental Biology 26, no.22 (Oct 1971): 323–335.https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(71)90131-XRobert S. Redman, Leo M. Sreebny Morphologic and biochemical observations on the development of the rat parotid gland, Developmental Biology 25, no.22 (Jun 1971): 248–279.https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(71)90030-3Ronald J. Przybylski Cytodifferentiation of the chick pancreas. II. Ultrastructure of the acinar cells, Journal of Morphology 123, no.11 (Sep 1967): 85–108.https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230108Norman K. Wessells, Julia H. Cohen Early pancreas organogenesis: Morphogenesis, tissue interactions, and mass effects, Developmental Biology 15, no.33 (Mar 1967): 237–270.https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(67)90042-5Ronald J. Przybylski Cytodifferentiation of the chick pancreas, General and Comparative Endocrinology 8, no.11 (Feb 1967): 115–128.https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(67)90120-7Cornelius F. Strittmatter Differentiation of electron transport systems in mitochondria and microsomes during embryonic development, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 102, no.22 (Aug 1963): 293–305.https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(63)90183-8Dorothea Rudnick DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE TUBE AND ITS DERIVATIVES, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 55, no.22 (Aug 1952): 109–116.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1952.tb26526.xB. I. Balinsky Korrelationen in der Entwicklung der Mund- und Kiemenregion und des Darmkanals bei Amphibien, Wilhelm Roux' Archiv f�r Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 143, no.5-65-6 (Jan 1949): 365–395.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00576920Gordon E. Swartz Heteroplastic transplantation of variously aged intact and macerated kidney tissue of the rat to the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick, Journal of Experimental Zoology 103, no.22 (Nov 1946): 335–363.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401030207 John J. Milford Jr. Studies on Homoplastic and Heteroplastic Transplantation of Metanephric Primordia to the Coelom of the Chick Embryo, Physiological Zoology 14, no.33 (Sep 2015): 344–354.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.14.3.30151611C. L. Oakley Chorio-allantoic grafts of liver, The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 46, no.11 (Jan 1938): 109–120.https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1700460111A. J. Dalton The functional differentiation of the hepatic cells of the chick embryo, The Anatomical Record 68, no.44 (Jul 1937): 393–409.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090680402A. J. Dalton Cholesterol storage and bile secretion in chorio-allantoic grafts of liver, The Anatomical Record 67, no.44 (Mar 1937): 431–439.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090670406A. J. Waterman Developmental capacities of transplanted hepatic, pancreatic and lung tissues of the rabbit embryo, American Journal of Anatomy 58, no.11 (Jan 1936): 27–57.https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1000580103Dorothea Rudnick Regional restriction of potencies in the chick during embryogenesis, Journal of Experimental Zoology 71, no.11 (Jul 1935): 83–99.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400710105Carl J. Sandstrom The storage of trypan blue in heteroplastic chorio-allantoic grafts of embryonic duck kidney tissue, The Anatomical Record 62, no.11 (Apr 1935): 7–23.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090620103 Carl J. Sandstrom Additional Observations on Heteroplastic Chorio-Allantoic Grafts of Embryonic Duck Kidney Tissue, Physiological Zoology 7, no.33 (Sep 2015): 279–303.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.7.3.30152873

Bilateral Localization of Prospective Thyroid in the Early Chick Blastoderm, Studied in Chorio-Allantoic Grafts.

The vascularized chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick is considered a practically neutral medium in which potencies of embryonic areas may be tested. This technique of chick embryology has been described by Willier.1Histological examination of grafts of the whole pellucid area of blastoderms of the head-process stage, allowed to remain 8 or 9 days on the host membrane, shows normal or almost normal differentiation of a great many tissues: among these thyroid.2 Embryonic organization at this stage is better revealed in grafts of definite isolated parts of the blastoderm. The study∗ to be reported has been made on such transplants with regard to the thyroid.Two types of graft from the head-process stage have been analyzed with reference to differentiation of the thyroid. In the first series, the area pellucida anterior to the level of the primitive node was divided by a median cut into right and left halves: these pieces were grafted separately. In the second series, the same area was divided longitudinal...

An Experimental Study of Hensen's Node in the Chick Embryo.

In making chorio-allantoic transplantations of the entire area pellucida of chick blastoderms in the head-process stage, Willier found that only head structures and heart developed in the grafts and the more posterior trunk structures failed to appear.1 Since the only differentiation was of parts lying anterior to Hensen's node, the suggestion was made that the node may normally have a role in the formation of trunk structures at this stage but for some unknown reason did not realize its capacities in the grafts.It was then suggested by Dr. B. H. Willier that I make an experimental analysis of the role which Hensen's node has in the development of the embryo. The problem was attacked by isolating and transplanting to the chorio-allantoic membrane transverse levels of the area pellucida at different stages of development as follows: (1) the node and other levels of the area pellucida of blastoderms in a stage prior to the appearance of the head-process, (2) the node and other levels of blastoderms in the a...

THE METABOLIC GRADIENTS OF VERTEBRATE EMBRYOS. III. THE CHICK

1. Differences in the time of death of different regions of chick embryos dying in toxic solutions are described. Chick embryos of various stages from the primitive streak through the third day of development were studied. In primitive streak and head process stages, there is a simple death gradient from the anterior to the posterior end of the embryonic axis. From the medullary plate stage on there are two regions of high susceptibility—the anterior end of the axis and the growing point of the primitive streak; from these two regions death progresses towards the middle of the embryo. Other structures showing high susceptibility at certain times are: the special sense organs, the limb buds, and all places where unions, folds, bendings, etc., are about to occur. A more detailed summary is given on p. 11.2. Application of the results to normal development leads to the following suggestions, susceptibility or time of death being regarded as roughly proportional to metabolic rate:a. There is a gradation in rate of metabolic activity along the primitive streak in an antero-posterior direction. This probably determines the cephalo-caudal progress of development.b. The head process is probably merely a further development of the anterior end of the primitive streak.c. The primitive streak (excluding the head process) forms all of the embryo from the first somite posteriorly.d. Such developmental processes as the union of paired primordia, formation of bends and flexures, occurrence and closure of folds, etc., result primarily from cell activity and not from mechanical causes.e. Intense metabolism is a necessary condition for active development.f. The chordate embryo in general develops through the formation of two centers of activity, one of which is situated at the anterior end of the embryonic axis and develops into the head, and the other of which, more posteriorly located, is a growing point which progressively shifts posteriorly, depositing the trunk of the embryo anterior to it. This posterior center of activity is the dorsal lip of the blastopore in amphibian embryos, that portion of the teleost embryo which is situated in the germ ring, and the differentiating region of the primitive streak in the chick.g. Whether or not the chordate embryo develops with a primitive streak appears to depend on the relative time of appearance of the posterior center of activity with respect to the time of gastrulation. If the posterior center is established at the time of gastrulation, development occurs without the formation of a primitive streak; if later, a primitive streak arises.3. A review of the literature on induced teratological development in the chick is given and an explanation of such development is suggested on the basis of the present results. It is pointed out that those portions of the embryo shown in this paper to be most susceptible to lethal solutions also most frequently exhibit abnormal development under the action of agents of a general depressing nature. Such agents or conditions in proper concentration and duration affect the course of development in rough proportion to metabolic rate, those parts of the embryo requiring the highest metabolic rate for their normal development or having the highest rate at the time of application of the condition being more affected than parts developing at lower metabolic levels.