Head Of Family Research Articles

Digital Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth ––Empirical evidence based on the China Household Panel Survey

As an innovation in traditional inclusive finance, digital inclusive finance is an important way to coordinate the income gap between urban and rural areas, popularize financial products and services, and promote the digitalization process. Therefore, this study matches the digital inclusive finance index with the Chinese household tracking survey, uses a panel data econometric model, a mediation effect model, and a moderation effect model to control for the characteristics of heads of households and families, and explores the impact mechanism of the development of digital inclusive finance on inclusive growth in urban and rural areas in China, with a view to providing a scientific basis and policy suggestions for promoting inclusive growth. The study finds that: First, digital inclusive finance has a significant income-increasing effect on both urban and rural households, among which it has a greater impact on rural households, which is conducive to narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas; Second, digital inclusive finance improves rural household income and narrows the income gap between urban and rural areas by promoting rural household entrepreneurship and business activities and alleviating the formal credit constraints of rural households; Third, digital inclusive finance can generally promote families with access to the Internet, a strong ability to use digital tools, and small information constraints to start businesses and obtain formal credit. This study innovatively incorporates entrepreneurial quality into the research of the transmission mechanism; three theories of the "digital divide" are put forward and tested. Research value: Clarifying the transmission mechanism of digital inclusive finance to promote inclusive growth, and providing policy suggestions for the development of digital inclusive finance.

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KEBERADAAN RUMAH WALET DI DESA WATUTAU KECAMATAN LORE PEORE KABUPATEN POSOSULAWESI TENGAH

This research aims to determine the public's perception of the existence of swallow houses in Watutau Village, Lore Peore District, Poso Regency, and the factors that influence people's perceptions of swallow houses. In this research, the population was taken from a community located at a radius of 250 meters, namely 31 heads of families, the number of samples taken was 31 respondents. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The research method used by the survey method is one of the information collection techniques carried out by compiling a list of questions asked to respondents at the research location. The data analysis used is descriptive statistics using grouping, simplification and presentation of data such as frequency distribution tables and measurements using the likert and chi- square scales. Based on the results of the study, the perception of the community in Watutau Village, Lore Peore District, Poso Regency, is in the category of Disturbed / Disagreed with the exis tence of swallow houses and the most influential factors in the perception of the community in Watutau Village, Lore Peore District, Poso Regency are the distance of houses on sound and socio-cultural indicators on community perceptions.

The Role of Women in Agricultural Activities in Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village

Agricultural activities are synonymous with the physical strength of men compared to women. However, over time, women also have a role in agricultural activities. Therefore, it is necessary to learn about gender studies. Learning about gender can be found in the role of women in agricultural activities. The role of women in agricultural activities in Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village can be used as an example of gender equality. This research aims to describe the role of women farmers in agricultural activities in Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village. The method applied by the author in this research is a qualitative approach with the use of descriptive methods. The research location is Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province with the subject of Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village women. The research instrument here is the researcher himself with the use of observation data collection techniques about the role of women in agriculture, interviews, and documentation used in the form of village profile data archives and moments during research related to the role of women in agricultural activities. The results of this study state that the role of women in agricultural activities in Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village is due to hereditary factors, namely because being a farmer in this village is used as the main livelihood because the village area is suitable for agriculture and business factors to improve the family economy, namely with the aim of helping to ease the burden on husbands or female farmers who act as heads of families caused by husbands who have died or have divorced.

Self-Owned or Outsourced? The Impact of Farm Machinery Adoption Decisions on Chinese Farm Households’ Operating Income

Using farm machinery plays a significant role in easing the issue of slowing growth of operating income among farm households in China. Drawing data from CFPS2018, this study adopts a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) to analyze the factors influencing farm households’ choices regarding self-owned farm machinery and outsourced machinery services, as well as their subsequent impact on operating income. The results of the study show that the characteristics of the head of household, family, village, and region have a significant impact on the farm households’ selection of whether to use self-owned machinery or outsourced services. Furthermore, the exclusive use of self-owned farm machinery and the combined use of both self-owned and outsourced machinery substantially enhance farm households’ operating income. An additional analysis indicates that these two types of machinery are complementary, and their combined use generates a superimposed effect that further boosts income. These findings suggest that the combined use of self-owned and outsourced machinery is optimal for farm households who wish to expand their operating income.

Routine Immunization Status and Factors Associated with Immunization Coverage among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Tanzania.

Immunization has saved millions of lives globally from vaccine-preventable diseases. Childhood immunization is an effective public health strategy for decreasing morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. Tanzania has one of the highest rates of coverage of routine child immunization among sub-Saharan African countries. However, obstacles to universal immunization still exist, particularly in rural areas of the country. Assessing routine immunization coverage is essential to inform vaccine policies and program implementation. This study aimed to assess routine immunization status and factors associated with its coverage among children aged 12-23 months. We conducted a cross-sectional, quantitative household survey in 31 regions with caretakers of children in Tanzania, where a total of 4,560 households were visited. Nationally, 85.5% of children aged 12-23 months had completed the full recommended course of vaccines. Overall, 14.5% of children aged 12-23 months did not complete routine immunization schedules in 2019. We found that factors associated with immunization coverage included having one to six family members, higher household wealth, the family's head engaging in subsistence farming, caretakers' age, children's age, educational level, children with clinic cards, and children receiving the diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus-3 vaccine. The country is about to reach the vaccination coverage target set by the WHO and the United Nations Children Fund. Improving existing vaccination coverage and optimizing the use of recommended interventions are required. We strongly advise using the periodic micro-planning tool and satellite image technology, particularly in areas where immunization coverage is less than 80%.

PEMBERDAYAAN IMAN KELUARGA KATOLIK MELALUI KEGIATAN LINGKUNGAN DI STASI SUMBER BENING DAN WIDODAREN PAROKI ST. YOSEF NGAWI

Many Catholic couples and families today prefer to choose the easy and shortcut way to solve the problems and challenges related to the family and marriage life. For example, problems of infidelity, economics, domestic violence are often resolved by divorce. This settlement proved to have many negative impacts on the family life. Recognizing these various family challenges and problems, the Surabaya Diocese's pastoral activities during 2023 focussing on the pastoral theme: Living Christ in the Family". During this period, families were guided through various Basic Christian Community's pastoral activities to explore the said pastoral theme. Those activities were part of empowering the faith of Catholic families. The research was conducted with the aim to identify the perception of Catholics at Sumber Bening and Widodaren Basic Christian Communities at Saint Yosef Parish, about the meaning of the Catholic family, discipleship in the family, and empowerment of the Catholic family's faith. The research used a quantitative approach, and the research model used was a survey. The research respondents were heads of Catholic families in the said two Basic Christian Communities. Data collection was carried out using questionnaire techniques, and the data was analyzed descriptively-statistically. The results of the study revealed that majority of respondents said that family is a community and living relationships between individuals who are imbued with the spirit of wholeness, love and gentleness. Families need to have a mature faith in Jesus Christ, and this mature faith requires better and more varied faith empowerment programs and strategies.

Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge of important local plants in Sudhnoti, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

This research purpose was focused to document the traditional ethnobotanical knowledge (TEK) associated with important wild plants and indigenous communities residing in mountainous zone of District Sudhnoti of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan and to determine their conservation status with suggestions and recommendations to protect and propagate the rare and endangered wild flora of the area for sustainable use. The data regarding traditional ethnomedicines (TEMs) and phytogeography with conservation analysis of wild plants were collected via structured and semi structured interviews of 150 participants belonging to various professions and of both genders. Prior consent and permission were obtained from family heads and from all the participants, and the data were shared with all the informants through the local female translator guide. To validate the collected data, various microstatistical tools, such as the informant consensus factor (ICF), fidelity level (FL) and data matrix ranking (DMR) were used. The relative frequency of citations (RFC) and rank order of popularity (ROP)were also calculated to determine and authenticate the relative importance of TEMs which may be further studied in future research and used for drug discovery. In the present study, 150 locally important plants belonging to 69 families were documented, and the Rosaceae was the most dominant and prevalent family. The results indicated that many locally important plants have multiple uses such as food, medicine, fodder, shelter, ornamental and fuel. The TEMs obtained from these plants have been known to be useful for curing various infirmities such as flu, renal disorders, fever, malaria, cough, migraine, whooping cough, influenza, skin rashes, allergies, stomach aches, wounds and bruises, diabetes, tumours and joint pains. The ICF analysis revealed that renal calculus, malaria, fever, whooping cough, rheumatoid arthritis and arthritis were prevalent infirmities of the mountainous area. The FL analysis indicated the popularity of these plants used in various TEMs and among these Artemisia maritima and Berberis lycium were the most common. The DMR indicated that Pinus roxburghii was the most common species being used for multipurpose by the indigenous communities. The highest use value index was found for Indigofera linifolia. The relative frequency of citations was calculated to determine the importance of plants in traditional ethnomedicine, highlighting Morus nigra, Pinus wallichiana, and Rosa indica as significant species. The Jaccard index indicated a high level of novelty in the research which can be exploited for neo-drug discovery and drug development. In conclusion, this study has successfully documented the ethnobotanically and ethnomedicinally important plants in District Sudhnoti, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The findings of this research contribute to the preservation and documentation of cultural heritage, as well as provide a foundation for further studies in ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and biodiversity conservation efforts for sustainable provision of wild flora to the indigenous communities which will also assist in combating drasting climatic changes.

Effective factors on Migration to Kerman City and Immigrants’ Problems Using Analytical Hierarchy Process Model and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

Introduction: Marginal immigrants cause many problems in economic, social and cultural, physical ,and environmental aspects of cities. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting migration to Kerman city and the problems of marginalized immigrants using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) models. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022, with a sample size of 147 households selected from Kerman suburban region. The data were collected by a standardized questionnaire measuring effective factors on the migration and the checklist of the immigrant problems. Results: The most important immigration factors were economic, social, geographical, political, educational and religious-cultural factors, respectively. Among 37 components studied, transferring the job of the family man as the family head, being on the main land, air and rail ways, having a special position at the international level, burying the family’s dead members in the desired city, and the education of the wife or one of the children of the family were the most important components. According to the results, more than 90% did not have access to public baths, sports facilities, government centers, private institutions, and parks, and recreational spaces. Conclusion: According to AHP model, economic factors ,and then social factors, were the most important reasons for migrating to the suburbs of Kerman. Therefore, it is suggested to create stable and long-term job opportunities , improve employment and business environment in the cities, and develop infrastructure to control migration to the city capitals.

Faktor - Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan STBM di Desa Lhok Makmur Kecamatan Simeulue Barat, Kabupaten Simeulue Tahun 2023

Lhok Makmur Village located in West Simeulue Sub-District, Simeulue Regency, most of the community has not accessed STBM eitherpillars 1-5 STBM, which was caused by a lack of community willingness to access the STBM program. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence STBM in Lhok Makmur Villager. The method used in this study was quantitative with an observational design through a cross sectional approach, the population in this study were 236 families, the sample in this study were 80 heads of families (KK) or housewives (IRT) the sampling technique was carried out by random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and then analyzed using Univariate and Bivariate Analysis with the help of the SPSS version 26 application. The results of the study based on the results of Bivariate Analysis on the variables of education (p value = 0.073), occupation (p value = 0.584), income (p value = 1.000), there was no statistically significant effect with the dependent variable, while on the awareness variable (p value = 0.019), and the participation variable (p value = 0.001) there was a significant effect with the dependent variable, in the community in Lhok Makmur Village, West Simeulue District, Simeulue Regency. The conclusion of the five independent variables studied was that there are two variables that have an impact, namely, (community awareness and community participation) while the variables (education, employment, income) do not have a statistically significant effect on the dependent variable (STBM). Suggestions for the Puskesmas Sanggiran to be able to collaborate with the Village Apparatus to involve active participation or community empowerment to increase more understanding of the importance of access to STBM programs.

Factors affecting households food security during pandemic Covid-19

Purpose. The importance of this study is underscored by the possibility of recurring pandemics in human history. In this context, efforts to overcome or adapt to such crises, particularly in maintaining food security at the household level, become essential for sustaining human life. The study was conducted to identify and analyse the relationship between food security and various dimensions, along with the coping strategies adopted by three different food security statuses in Banten province, Indonesia. Methodology / approach. Primary data were collected from a survey of 170 households selected by stratified random sampling based on three regions with different food security status. To address the research question, regression analysis was used to develop a logistic model illustrating the relationship between independent variables, including social, economic, and demographic factors, dimensions of food security, coping strategies, and the dependent variable of household food security, as assessed by the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) score. Results. The Coping Strategy Index (CSI) variable significantly affected food security with a 99 % confidence interval. Variables such as the age of the family head, the number of family members in the household, and the Food Consumption Score (FCS) were identified to have a significant effect with a 95 % confidence interval. Meanwhile, the education level of the family head was the only independent variable found to have a significant effect at the 90 % confidence interval. Originality / scientific novelty. This research is the first study conducted in Indonesia regarding the effect of household coping strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic, dimensions of food security, socio-demographic factors on household food security status for three different regional characteristics in Banten province, Indonesia, using a logistic regression model. This model has been tested and has shown high feasibility. Practical value / implications. This study provides evidence of a significant influence of household coping strategies, household consumption scores, age of the household head, and family size. This has implications for the role of households in improving adaptation during times of crisis, particularly in acquiring quality food and meeting daily food needs. The selection of the right and quality menu can enhance the resilience and nutrition of each household member in crisis situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of these findings will also have implications for government policies related to ensuring education for all citizens, setting a minimum age for marriage, and promoting the Family Planning program to control the number of children in households.

The d3GHR carrier epigenome in Druze clan longevity

The Druze are a distinct group known for their close community, traditions, and consanguineous marriages, dating back to the eleventh century. This practice has led to unique genetic variations, impacting both pathology and gene-associated phenotypes. Some Druze clans, particularly those with exceptional long-lived family heads (ELLI), attracted attention. Given that the bulk of these ELLI were men, the d3GHR polymorphism was the first obvious possibility. Among the 73 clan members, 8.2% carried the d3GHR isoform, with nearly 11% being males. There was a significant age-related increase (p = 0.04) in this isoform among males, leading to examination of potential environmental mediators affecting gene regulation among these carriers during life (namely epigenetic). We focused on DNA methylation due to its crucial role in gene regulation, development, and disease progression. We analyzed DNA samples from 14 clan members with different GHR genotypes, finding a significant (p < 0.05) negative correlation between DNA methylation levels and age. Employing a biological age clock, we observed a significant + 4.229 years favoring the d3GHR group over the WT and heterozygous groups. In conclusion, this study highlights the advantage of d3GHR carriers among this unique Druze clan and underscores the importance of genotype-environment interaction in epigenetic regulation and its impact on health.

Energy Recovery Potential and Environmental Impacts to Energy Recovery Options of Different Waste

This paper presents experimental models that predict the ages of biodegradable and non-biodegradable garbage by factoring in the residents' financial situation. However, while there are a number of models that can predict garbage age rates, none of them can independently predict biodegradable and non-biodegradable trash age rates for any given city using the readily available data related to economic factors. The financial factors utilized for the improvement of models in this study are family size, family pay, training, control of the head of families and fuel utilized in the kitchen. The exactness tests directed on the created biodegradable and non-biodegradable expectation models showed truly apparent outcomes with R 2 upsides of 0.782 and 0.676 separately.

The Social Practice of Community-Based Development of Curup Kereta Waterfall Ecotourism

Curup Kereta Waterfall Ecotourism in Rambang Jaya Village is a community-managed tourist destination and one of the favorite attractions in Way Kanan, Lampung. This research aims to analyze the social practices in the development of community-based ecotourism at Curup Kereta Waterfall from the perspectives of structure, agency, and interaction. The study employs a qualitative research method. The findings indicate that the social practices in developing Curup Kereta Waterfall ecotourism in Rambang Jaya Village are significantly influenced by domination, significance, and legitimacy within the local community dynamics. The village head's family's dominance is evident in their control over land management and major decision-making processes. This dominance is accepted by the community due to the sekelik system in Lampung culture, which strengthens family bonds as the community members consider each other as relatives. Decisions made by the village head's family are seen as being for the common good and are accepted without social envy. The sekelik system also provides social significance, ensuring continuous community involvement in ecotourism activities. The community feels a shared responsibility to support and promote ecotourism, thereby reinforcing social solidarity essential for the sustainability of ecotourism. The legitimacy stems from strong kinship ties and a sense of togetherness, with the community trusting that the village head's family will manage the ecotourism fairly and wisely.

The Effect of Clean and Healthy Lifestyle Education with Poster Media on the Level of Knowledge of Clean and Healthy Lifestyle and the Presence of Mosquito Flies in Geyer Village

&lt;div&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="left" valign="top"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Education on Clean and Healthy Living Behavior is considered important as an effort to prevent diseases transmitted through mosquito larvae, especially in areas with low levels of health awareness. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior education using poster media on the level of community knowledge and the presence of mosquito larvae in Geyer Village. This research method uses a quantitative approach with a pre-test-post-test design. The research location was in Geyer Village. The research was conducted in January-June 2024. The study population included all heads of families in Geyer Village, totaling 2,086 heads of families. The sampling technique was accidental sampling. The sample in this study was 95 family heads. Data collection can be done by using questionnaires in the form of interviews and observations. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, namely Dependent T-Test or Wilcoxon test. The results showed that there was an effect of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior education with poster media on the level of knowledge about Clean and Healthy Living Behavior and the presence of larvae in Geyer Village (p-value=0.000). Education on Clean and Healthy Living Behavior using poster media is effective in increasing community knowledge and reducing the presence of larvae, which in turn can contribute to efforts to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. In addition, education through posters also contributed to a decrease in the presence of larvae in the neighborhood. It is recommended that the Clean and Healthy Living Behavior education program be carried out in a sustainable manner by utilizing various media for optimal impact.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: Hygiene and healthy lifestyle, Knowledge, Mosquito larvae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;

Revised Prasad and Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scales for India in 2024: Methods and Updates

Socioeconomic scales are vital to public health research to measure associations and impacts on health. BG Prasad classification and the Kuppuswamy scales are two commonly used socio-economic scales for India as they are cost-effective and efficient. While BG Prasad classification is based on per capita family income, Kuppuswamy also measures education and occupation of the family head in addition to monthly family income. Since income is a dynamic entity affected by economic changes such as inflation and cost of consumption, there is a need to update the Prasad and Kuppuswamy classification. This research updates both the classifications as per the latest consumer price index values for January 2024. The research also discussed the steps to update the classifications for future use.

Impact of Socio Economic, Demographic and Psychological Factors on Risk Taking Behavior: A Case Study of Punjab

Recent studies have suggested that socioeconomic, psychological and demographic factors play an important role for risk taking behavior. These suggestions raise the question that whether all of these variables have positive or negative impact on risk taking behavior. So, this study aims to estimate the impact of these factors on risk taking behavior. Primary data is collected from 642 households of three cities in Punjab as these three cities are representative of Punjab, Pakistan. During economic decision-making, risk-taking behavior is affected by many variables. The results show that variables like Age, head of family, education level, committee system, trust and optimism have significant negative effect on risk taking behavior of households. While influence of others, financial literacy, and impulsivity, location, and stress have significant positive impact on risk taking behavior. Other variables such as gender, marital status, family system, and do not have significant effects on risk taking behavior. The results of this study may help in devising economic and social policies for the improvement of economic decision making. This study would pave ways for the policy makers as how to create strategies to grow economies by thinking and taking microeconomic factors into account like risk taking behavior.

Analisis Faktor Resiko yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Hipertensi pada Kepala Keluarga di Desa Waesala Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat Provinsi Maluku Tahun 2024

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease (ncd) which is a major problem in the health sector and continues to increase every year even though many preventive and promotive measures have been developed following advances in science and technology. to find out analysis of risk factors related to the incident of hypertension in heads of families in tatinang and tita mandiri village waesala regency seram bagin barat tahun 2024. This type of research uses quantitative methods with a cross sectional approach. sampling method used a total sample population of 133 people. data analysis was carried out using univariate, bivariate analysis with chi square and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Based on the results of the stress logistic regression test, p = 0.042; smoking p = 0.998; alcohol p = 0.996, and diet p = 0.000. diet is the dominant factor with a logistic regression value of p = 0.000 with an or or exp (b) = 12,722. There is a relationship between stress levels, smoking, alcohol and diet. these are the most dominant factors related to the incidence of hypertension in the tatitang and tita mandiri hamlets, while the age factor is not related to the incidence of hypertension.

Rethinking the Concept of Families: A Sociological Study of Single Parenting in India

Single parent families are considered as a taboo in most of the societies especially when a family is a single parent family. Single parent families face tremendous challenges to sustain a family. They come across social, economic, psychological and several other challenges. When the challenges become grave and surrounds from all directions the achievements are overshadowed, this is what happens to a single parent. The hard work, success and achievements diminish behind the challenges posed by society and situations on a single parent. In this paper focus is put on the reasons behind increasing number of single parent families in India especially single mother headed families. The author in the paper brings forward the development of a new form of parenting in Indian society, using secondary research method and descriptive research design.

ANALISIS KEBERLANJUTAN PROGRAM PRO-BEBAYA DI KOTA SAMARINDA PASCA PILKADA 2024

This study aims to describe and analyze the safety behavior of residents towards emergency disaster mitigation efforts around the Samarinda Fuel Terminal. This research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method. The population is all heads of families in the RT 27 area of Teluk Lerong Ulu Village as many as 44 people and all of them are used as research samples (total sampling). Data collection was carried out on June 1-20 2023 by direct interview method using a questionnaire with a closed list of questions. The results of the study obtained information that most residents stated the importance of installing evacuation routes in disaster-prone environments such as fire hazards, residents stated that evacuation route signs should be installed using materials that are not flammable and not easily damaged and are willing to take part in disaster simulation activities and maintain Evacuation sign facilities that have been installed at this time.

Hubungan Faktor Predisposisi dan Enabling Kepala Keluarga Dengan Perilaku Penggunaan Jamban Sehat di Dusun Aster Desa Piru Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat Provinsi Maluku

Healthy latrines are an important sanitation facility that aims to maintain environmental health and improve public health in general. However, in Aster Hamlet ownership of healthy latrines is still low. Of the 345 families in Aster Hamlet, only 73 have healthy toilets, leaving 272 other families who do not. The habit of defecating into the river is a common practice there, considering that most of the houses are located near the river The aim was to identify factors related to the behavior of using healthy toilets in Aster Hamlet. This research used a cross-sectional design. The research population was 345 heads of families. The research sample was taken from 73 heads of families who had healthy latrines using total sampling technique. The analysis carried out included univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence healthy latrine use behavior. The results showed that all the variables studied, namely knowledge (p = 0.003), attitudes (p = 0.000), facilities and infrastructure (p = 0.002), and water availability (p = 0.000), had a significant relationship with latrine use behavior. Healthy. In particular, the most related variable is water availability, with the highest Exp(B) value of 2.505. This shows the importance of the water availability factor in influencing the behavior of using healthy latrines in Aster Hamlet, Village