Head Length Research Articles

Study of body measurements and components of variance for various body measurements of goats found in Southern Punjab

Variance components are estimated to further compute genetic parameters, and these components reflect variation of traits as well as their transferability to the next generation. This study was conducted to estimate variance components for different body measurements in Teddy goats in the southern Punjab. Data were subjected to mixed model analysis using ASReml software where restricted maximum likely hood procedure was adopted. These body measurements included diagonal body length, withers height, head length, neck length, ear length, ear width, tail length, distance between ears, and canon circumference. Body measurements were recorded using tailor tape and live weight will be measured by spring balance. The following form of animal model was applied; Yijklm= YOBi+ SOBj + Sexk + TOBl + A +Ԑijklm.. The estimates for variance components were used to compute genetic parameters.

Study of Relationships among head, neck and ear measurements in young lambs

The present research work was conducted in order to explore association among various head, neck and ear measurements of local sheep found in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Data on 97 lambs were recorded including identity of the animal where lambs have ages in the range of 1-6 months. Data on both sexes (males and females) were recorded. The body measurements included Head length, Head width, Ear length, Ear width, Neck length and Neck width. After collecting, data were edited and tested for normality. Data were analyzed to determine the association among them using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. From this study we can explain relationships among various body measurements and predict them from other measurements.

Investigation of the potential teratogenic effects of fructose on the embryo using the rat whole embryo culture model

Excessive consumption of fructose-sweetened foods and beverages is a growing concern worldwide. Studies have demonstrated that fructose consumption before and during pregnancy can result in adverse outcomes such as decreased decidualization, increased fetal losses, and low birth weight. The study investigated the teratogenic effects of fructose on rat embryos during organogenesis using whole embryo culture. Within the scope of the study, 4 groups were formed as control, low, medium, and high-dose fructose (HDF) with 10 embryos in each group. The 9.5-day-old rat embryos were cultured with different concentrations of fructose (1, 5 and 10 mM) for 48 h and the possible effects of fructose were examined using morphological scoring, histochemistry, immunofluorescence, and TUNEL methods. According to the analyses, protein synthesis and proliferation were decreased, vascular formation was suppressed, and apoptosis was increased in embryos exposed to fructose, especially at concentrations of 5 mM and above. According to the morphological scoring results, it was determined that heart, hind limb, and somite development were retarded in all experimental groups compared to the control group, developmental retardation increased in direct proportion to fructose concentration, and also significant malformations were observed in all parameters examined in the HDF group. In addition, analysis of yolk sac diameter, head length, crown rump length and somite numbers showed that these parameters were significantly decreased in all experimental groups. End of the study, it was concluded that fructose at concentrations of 1 mM and above may induce embryonic development retardation and other anomalies by decreasing protein synthesis and cell proliferation, suppressing vascular formation, and increasing apoptosis in embryonic tissues.

Embryonic Leucine Promotes Early Postnatal Growth via mTOR Signalling in Japanese Quails.

Nutritional cues during embryonic development can alter developmental trajectories and affect postnatal growth. However, the specific mechanisms by which nutrients influence avian growth remain largely unknown. Amino acids can directly interact with the nutrient-sensing pathways, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, which are known to regulate growth. We examined the effects of embryonic leucine on gene expression and phenotypic growth in Japanese quails by injecting 2.5 mg leucine or saline (control) into Japanese quail eggs on the tenth day of incubation and incubating them under standard conditions. The treatment groups had similar hatching success and size at hatching. However, between 3 and 7 days post-hatching, quails treated with embryonic leucine showed increased growth in body mass and wing, tarsus, head, and intestinal lengths, lasting up to 21 days. The hepatic expression of IGF1, IGF1R, mTOR, and RPS6K1 was upregulated in leucine-treated quails, while the expression of FOXO1 remained unaffected. In conclusion, a subtle increase in embryonic leucine may induce developmental programming effects in Japanese quail by interacting with the IGF-1/mTOR nutrient-sensing pathway to promote growth. This study highlights the role of embryonic amino acids as crucial nutrients for enhancing growth. It provides valuable insight into nutrient intervention strategies during embryonic development to potentially improve poultry growth performance.

Sex difference, growth pattern, and cephalic index of Turi ducks at different ages based on head morphometry

This study aims to determine the morphometric differences in the head of male and female Turi ducks. Ten male and ten female day-old ducks (DOD) were randomly selected by a lottery system from the population, raised, and had their head morphology measured using a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm on the first day, and at the age of 2, 4, 6, and 8weeks. The result showed that male Turi duck had wider (p <0.05) head at the ages of 1 day, 2 and 6 weeks, head length and head height at the ages of 1 day, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, rostrum width at the ages of 1 day, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, and rostrum length at the age of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. There were no significant differences (p >0.05) in the head width at the ages of 4 and 8 weeks, rostrum width at 2 weeks, and rostrum length at 1day old male and female Turi ducks. Morphometric growth pattern showed that older Turi ducks (at a range of 1 day to 8 weeks) had larger (p <0.05) head morphometry. However, the cephalic index in male and female Turi ducks was not significantly different (p > 0.05) at all ages. It could be concluded that in general head morphometry was useful for determining male and female Turi ducks at the ages of 1 day, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks

Determining the Effect of Potassium and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

The field experiment was conducted in Crop Research Farm (CRF) in Department of Agronomy during Zaid season 2023-24 on Pearl millet crop. The treatment consisted of Potassium (30, 40 and 50 Kg/ha) and Zinc (15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) and a control. The experiment was laid out with a Randomize Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments which are replicated thrice as T1 Potassium 30 kg/ha + Zinc 15 kg/ha, T2 Potassium 30 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha, T3 Potassium 30 kg/ha + Zinc 25 kg/ha T4 Potassium 40 kg/ha + Zinc 15 kg/ha, T5 Potassium 40 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha, T6 Potassium 40 kg/ha + Zinc 25 kg/ha, T7 Potassium 50 kg/ha + Zinc 15 kg/ha, T8 Potassium 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha, T9 Potassium 50 kg/ha + Zinc 25 kg/ha and a T10 Control. The soil of experiment plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 6.8), low in organic carbon (0.46%), available N (225.42 kg/ha), available P2O5 (38.2 kg/ha) and available K2O (240.7 kg/ha). Application of Potassium 50 kg/ha + Zinc 25 kg/ha was recorded with the results which revealed that significantly highest growth attributes of Pearl millet at 80 DAS viz., Plant height (203.24 cm), dry weight (144.17 g), Ear head length (30.23 cm), grains/head (1848.78) and yield attributes such as Grain yield (4530.43 kg/ha), Stover yield (7246.59 kg/ha).

Morphological and morphometric sperm analysis of dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima)

Nowadays, an increase in the number of marine species at risk of extinction has been observed. Therefore, studies on the reproductive characteristics of these animals are essential. This animal is considered relatively rare, and there is scarce information regarding its reproductive biology and physiology. Thus, this study aims to describe the morphology and morphometry of sperm obtained from dwarf sperm whale. The material used in this work was collected during the necropsy of a dwarf sperm whale specimen. Thus, seminal samples were fixed and stained with panoptic stain. In morphometric analysis, the results obtained were: acrosome length of 0.83±0.01 μm, head length of 1.5±0.02 μm, intermediate part of 0.4±0.00 μm and total length of 27.3±0.51 μm. In terms of morphology, the defects observed were double head, heavily curled tail, abnormal small head, simply bent tail, piriform head, heavily bent tail and specimens within the normal range. In this context, the morphometric and morphological sperm analysis of Kogia sima described in this study can assist future studies regarding the reproductive physiology of these animals.

Sexually divergent selection, allometric constraints, and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in cichlids from Lake Tanganyika.

The evolution of sexual dimorphism is widely acknowledged as manifestation of sex-specific genetic architecture. Although empirical studies suggested that sexual dimorphism evolves as a joint consequence of constraints arising from the genetic architecture and sexually divergent selection, it remains unclear whether and how these established microevolutionary processes scale up to the macroevolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism among taxa. Here, we studied how sexual selection and parental care drive sexual dimorphism in cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika. We found that male-male competition, female choice, and maternal mouthbrooding are associated with sexual dimorphism in body length, body color, and head length, respectively, despite strong allometric relationships between body length and head length. Within-species (static) allometry of head length on body length evolved as sex-specific responses to mouthbrooding where females evolved higher intercepts while males evolved steeper slopes. Thus, selection to increase mouth size in mouthbrooders may have broken down and reorganized the pattern of allometric constraints that are inherently strong and concordant between sexes. Furthermore, sex-specific responses to mouthbrooding left a remarkably clear signature on the macroevolutionary pattern, resulting in a decoupling of co-evolution in parameters of static allometries observed exclusively within maternal mouthbrooders. Our study provides multiple lines of evidence that are consistent with the idea that macroevolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism in Lake Tanganyika cichlids result from sexually divergent selection. Our approach illustrates that an examination of within-population phenotypic variance in the phylogenetic comparative framework may facilitate nuanced understandings of how macroevolutionary patterns are generated by underlying microevolutionary processes.

Cerebral Vascular Toxicity after Developmental Exposure to Arsenic (As) and Lead (Pb) Mixtures.

Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are environmental pollutants found in common sites linked to similar adverse health effects. This study determined driving factors of neurotoxicity on the developing cerebral vasculature with As and Pb mixture exposures. Cerebral vascular toxicity was evaluated at mixture concentrations of As and Pb representing human exposures levels (10 or 100 parts per billion; ppb; µg/L) in developing zebrafish by assessing behavior, morphology, and gene expression. In the visual motor response assay, hyperactivity was observed in all three outcomes in dark phases in larvae with exposure (1-120 h post fertilization, hpf) to 10 ppb As, 10 ppb Pb, or 10 ppb mix treatment. Time spent moving exhibited hyperactivity in dark phases for 100 ppb As and 100 ppb mix treatment groups only. A decreased brain length and ratio of brain length to total length in the 10 ppb mix group was measured with no alterations in other treatment groups or other endpoints (i.e., total larval length, head length, or head width). Alternatively, measurements of cerebral vasculature in the midbrain and cerebellum uncovered decreased total vascularization at 72 hpf in all treatment groups in the mesencephalon and in all treatment groups, except the 100 ppb Pb and 10 ppb As groups, in the cerebellum. In addition, decreased sprouting and branching occurred in the mesencephalon, while only decreased branching was measured in the cerebellum. The 10 ppb Pb group showed several cerebral vasculature modifications that were aligned with a specific gene expression alteration pattern different from other treatment groups. Additionally, the 100 ppb As group drove gene alterations, along with several other endpoints, for changes observed in the 100 ppb mix treatment group. Perturbations assessed in this study displayed non-linear concentration-responses, which are important to consider in environmental health outcomes for As and Pb neurotoxicity.

Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in BMP-2 gene and their associations with productive traits in Rainbow Trout

Relevance. Aquaculture is occupying an increasingly important place in fish farming, as it allows obtaining more products per unit area. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the development of new breeds of Rainbow Trout in order to obtain fish forms adapted to aquaculture conditions. One of the significant breeding achievements is the Ropshinsky golden trout, characterized by attractive scale coloration. Taking into account the emergence of such forms of fish, research to identify genetic characteristics is of particular relevance. The BMP-2 gene is an important determinant of fish growth and development, so a comprehensive study of its structure will allow us to identify the most favorable genotypes in producers for their use in further selection and breeding.Results. The aim of the work is to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the studied gene and link their presence in parental forms with their productive traits. In particular, after sequencing, several SNPs were identified in different positions both in the intron and exon regions of the gene. The frequencies of occurrence of genotypes in parents were calculated and a number of quantitative traits were measured in the offspring numbered of 50 individuals from each crossing pair. In some cases, it was possible to establish statistically significant associations between the identified SNPs and productive traits in females and males — the parents of the resulting offspring. In females, an association was established between head length and SNP in one gene region, and in males, an association of another polymorphism with ejaculate volume has been demonstrated.

Seasonal variation in non-volatile flavor substances of fresh tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) by integrated lipidomics and metabolomics using UHPLC-Q-Exactive mass spectrometry

Harvest season exerts great influence on tea quality. Herein, the variations in non-volatile flavor substances in spring and summer fresh tea leaves of four varieties were comprehensively investigated by integrating UHPLC-Q-Exactive based lipidomics and metabolomics. A total of 327 lipids and 99 metabolites were detected, among which, 221 and 58 molecules were significantly differential. The molecular species of phospholipids, glycolipids and acylglycerolipids showed most prominent and structure-dependent seasonal changes, relating to polar head, unsaturation and total acyl length. Particularly, spring tea contained higher amount in aroma precursors of highly unsaturated glycolipids and phosphatidic acids. The contents of umami-enhancing amino acids and phenolic acids, e.g., theanine, theogallin and gallotannins, were increased in spring. Besides, catechins, theaflavins, theasinensins and flavone/flavonol glycosides showed diverse changes. These phytochemical differences covered key aroma precursors, tastants and colorants, and may confer superior flavor of black tea processed using spring leaves, which was verified by sensory evaluation.

Multivariate analysis of morphometric traits of the horse ecotypes reared in highlands of Bale Zone, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to evaluate morphometric traits of horse ecotypes reared in four districts of the Bale highlands, southeastern Ethiopia. Twenty-seven morphometric traits were measured from 500 horses (294 males and 206 females) of both sexes. Data were analyzed using SAS 2012. This study revealed that certain traits, such as head length, loin length, bi-ischial width, and sternum height of horses were similar. However, significant differences (p < 0.0001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05) were observed in other traits across the districts. All traits were affected by age (p < 0.05) except rump width and canon perimeter. All 27 morphometric traits were subjected to STEPDISC analysis, of which 21 had the best discriminating power. The uppermost distances of 32.2 and, 28.8 were reported between the Agarfa and Dinsho and, Agarfa and Sinana horse populations, respectively. Mean separation distance among districts ranges from -1.75 to 3.57, -2.42 to 2.43, and -1.61 to 0.92 for CAN1, CAN2 and CAN3, respectively. The quadratic discriminate function classified 95.2, 94.4, 96.0, and 96.8 % of the sampled horses into source populations of the Dinsho, Agarfa, Sinana, and Goba districts, respectively. In addition, the cross-validation summary revealed reduced consistency of membership among each districts with 5 % average success rates and 4, 8, 4, and 4 % for the Dinsho, Agarfa, Sinana, and Goba districts, respectively. Therefore, the presence of variation in morphometric traits within the Bale Highland horse ecotypes has the potential for selection and further genetic interventions.

Morphometric Characterization and Principal Component Analysis of Different Goats Breeds

Goats play a very vital role in the livestock industry and are the only livestock not forbidden by any religion. Morphometric characterization is very important for the improvement of goat breeds and the proper classification of these animals. A linear measurement was carried out on sixty goats consisting of 20 each Red Sokoto (RS), West African Long logged (WLL), and West African Dwarf WAD) goat. Parameters measures were Withers height (WH), Rump height (RH), Body length (BL), Sternum height (SH), Body depth (BD), Bicostal diameter (BC), Ear length (EL), Rump width (RW), Head width (HW), Rump length (RL), Head length (HL) Heart girth (HG), Cannon bone Circumference (CB), Muzzle diameter (MD). The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using R. version 4.0.2. It was observed that WH, RH, BL, SH, BD, BC, EL, RW, HW, RL, HL, HG, CB, and MD, exhibit variations across different age groups. For example, WH increases from 36.89 cm (at 1.00 years) to 63.98 cm (at 4.00 years), indicating a growth in wither height as goats increase in age. A significant difference (p&amp;lt;0.05) in the morphometric parameters across different age groups was observed. The lowest mean weight (11.50±1.1) was recorded in WAD while the highest (24.40±1.24) was recorded in WLL). These variations in weight were significant (p&amp;lt;0.05) across the breeds. Principal Component Analysis shows that four components contributed to 74% of the variation in the goat. The estimation classified the goats as heavy meat type while the Dactyl thorax index classified the WAD and RS as brevigline and the WLL as medigline. This study therefore contributes to a better understanding of goat morphology which has practical implications for livestock breeding and management programs. Informed decisions can also be made about breeding strategies, selecting animals specifically, and improving the overall goat population using the information provided in this study.

Gaidropsarus mauritanicus (Gadiformes, Gaidropsaridae) a new three-bearded rockling from a deep-water coral ecosystem with a genetically verified biogeographical distribution of the genus and notes to its ecology and behavior.

Gaidropsarus mauritanicus sp. nov. is described from one specimen collected using a grab sample from the Tanoûdêrt Canyon (ca. 20° N) off Mauritania at a depth of 595 m. The new species was further observed during eight remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives along the Mauritanian slope southwards down to the Tiguent Coral Mound Complex (~17° N) in a bathymetric range between 613 and 416 m. It can be distinguished from congeners by a combination of characteristics, including large eyes (38.1% head length [HL]), large head (25.8% standard length [SL]), elongated pelvic fins (35.7% SL), low number of vertebrae (44), and coloration (pinkish with a dorsal darker brownish hue and bright blotches along the dorsal-fin base). A species-delimitation analysis performed with available cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences affiliated to the genus Gaidropsarus additionally supported the validity of the new species. Video analyses showed a deep-water coral-associated and protection-seeking behavior, which may explain why the species has remained undescribed until now. Additional ROV footage from separate deep-water coral sites in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea further highlights the ecological behavior and hidden diversity of bathyal three-bearded rocklings. Here, we additionally discuss the biogeographical distribution of all genetically verified Gaidropsarus spp. in combination with genetic data and morphological characters. G. mauritanicus sp. nov. is closely related to a species from Tasmania (43° S), a geographical point furthest among the studied samples, which may hint to an important influence of (paleo-) oceanography on the distributions of Gaidropsarus species.

Research on Children’s Body Proportions: Determining the Canon of Head Length to Total Body Height on the Example of Children Aged 2 to 15 Years

Research on Children’s Body Proportions: Determining the Canon of Head Length to Total Body Height on the Example of Children Aged 2 to 15 Years

The effect of prenatal education on health anxiety of primigravid women

Background and aimHealth anxiety is a mental disorder that characterized by an excessive fear about health and physical symptoms. High anxiety in pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prenatal education on health anxiety of primigravid women.MethodsThe present study was quasi-experimental study. 122 primiparous pregnant women referred to comprehensive health services Shahrekord (A city in the southwest of Iran) clinics in 2019, after receiving consent to participate in the study, randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in 8 sessions (1.5-h), once every 2 weeks, from 20 to 37th weeks of gestation. The health anxiety questionnaire was completed on 20th (before the beginning of the courses), 28th and 37th weeks by two groups. Consequences of pregnancy included weight, Apgar score, delivery type, labor time and first breastfeeding time. SPSS version 16 software was used for data analysis.ResultsNo significant difference was found type of delivery, gestational age, height, weight, head length, Apgar score, duration of hospitalization and first breastfeeding time. The duration of the active and latent phase of labor was significantly lower and the weight of newborn was significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group (P < 0.05). At 37th week, the scores of illness concern, negative consequence and total health anxiety in the intervention group decreased by 3.42, 0.93 and 4.36 respectively and in control group increased by 2.82, 0.03 and 2.86.ConclusionPregnancy educational courses has positive effects on health anxiety, decrease duration of labor time and increased newborn weight. In order to improve the outcome of pregnancy, educational classes during pregnancy should be considered.

Morphometric Characters and Meristic Counts of Mastacembelus armatus (Lacebede, 1800) from Maruthur Anicut, Tirunelveli District, India

The present study highlights about morphometric measurement and meristic count of Mastacembelus armatus (Lacebede, 1800) collected from the Maruthur wetland ecosystem have been investigated with 23 specimens to observe the relationship between morphometric characters. Identification of species is an initial step in any research work and plays a vital role in the behavioural study. Morphometric character analysis and meristic counts are considered as simplest and authentic methods for fish species identification which is termed as morphological systematics. Fourteen different morphometric characters in percentage of total fish length (9 characters), head length (5 characters), and five different meristic counts (branched and unbranched rays) have been studied. The obtained result reveals that morphometric characters vary depending on the growth and size of the fish. However, the meristic counts were comparatively similar. All the characters show a positive correlation both in the percentage of total length and head length. The different morphometric and meristic counts of M. armatus have been analyzed for the population dynamics which includes taxonomy study and proper identification of fishes. The fin formula was calculated for some hard rays and soft rays. Therefore, this study supplement additional data for the identification of the fish species.

The reference curves of percentile for the length and head circumference of infants aged 0–1 year in Hainan Province, China

We first established percentile reference curves for infant length and head circumference in Hainan Province based on gender and age in months and compared them with the 2022 national standards and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. This cross-sectional survey involved 2736 infants (1471 boys and 1265 girls) in 18 cities and counties in Hainan Province. Standardized instruments were used to measure head circumference and length. Reference values for Hainan infants' length and head circumference were determined using the LMS method. Curves were generated using the LMS Chart Maker software. According to the newly established reference curves, the length and head circumference of Hainan infants exhibited a consistent trend of steady growth. However, the average head circumference was below the 2022 national reference values and WHO standards. The mean length was lower than the new national reference values but roughly consistent with the WHO standards. Differences exist in infant length and head circumference in Hainan compared to national and global averages. To enhance infant length and head circumference growth, the health department should encourage exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, ensure infants' sleep needs at night, and promote the regularity of vitamin D supplementation during the perinatal period.

From hatching to juvenile: Larval development of Vieja fenestrata (Teleostei: Cichlidae).

This study delves into the early development of Vieja fenestrata (Cichlidae), with a specific focus on the description of external morphological and morphometric changes, and growth patterns from hatching to the loss of larval characters under controlled laboratory conditions at a temperature of 28°C. Asynchronous hatching was observed between 58 and 60 h postfertilization, with the posterior body emerging first. Over 14 days, significant morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes were observed, revealing a complex developmental trajectory. The initial developmental phases were characterized by rapid vascularization, fin differentiation, and heightened activity, and the subsequent days witnessed the flexion of the notochord, emergence of swim bladder functionality, and transition to exogenous feeding. Maturation progressed with the absorption of the yolk sac, regression of cement glands, and fin ray development, culminating in metamorphosis by 14 days post-hatching. Throughout this period, evolving pigmentation patterns and structural adaptations highlight the species' adaptive strategies. During the larval period of V. fenestrata, substantial changes in morphological proportions were observed. Before the inflection, tail length, trunk length, and body depth had negative allometric growth, and head length, eye diameter, and snout length had positive allometric growth. After the inflection, body depth and snout length showed positive allometric growth; head length and trunk length exhibited isometric growth, whereas tail length and eye diameter demonstrated negative allometric growth. These findings contribute insights into the intricate developmental dynamics of V. fenestrata. Moreover, further research may explore these developmental dynamics' ecological and evolutionary implications.

Otolith morphometry and its role in determining the growth of Periophthalmus chrysospilos distributed in some coastal provinces in the Mekong Delta

This article first provided information on otolith shapes, the variation of otolith weight by sex, fish size, season, and sampling site, and the linear relationship between otolith weight and fish size. A total of 815 Periophthalmus chrysospilos specimens from Duyen Hai, Tra Vinh; Tran De, Soc Trang; Dong Hai, Bac Lieu; and Dam Doi, Ca Mau in the Mekong Delta ranged from 4.20 to 12.50 cm total length and from 1.26 to 16.88 g weight were analysed. The analysis results revealed that Ps. chrysospilos had a square otolith, deeply notched at the anterior apex and flat at the posterior apex. The weight of the left otolith showed a statistical difference according to survey factors, including gender, fish size, season, and sampling site. The otolith weight had a proportional relationship with to the total length, body weight, and head length of mudskippers (r2 =0.7~0.9), which meant that fish size could be predicted from the otolith weight and about 70-90% of the otolith weight of Ps. chrysospilos varied corresponded the growth of the fish.