HDTV Systems Research Articles

ПОТЕНЦІЙНО ДОСЯЖИЙ РІВЕНЬ ЧІТКІСТЬ ЗОБРАЖЕННЯ В ВІДЕОДОДАТКАХ

The paper gives an estimate of the potentially achievable level of definition for light-to-light video transmission path, which can be considered as ideal, i.e. such that a decrease in definition in it occurs only due to the diffraction limitations of the camera lens and the finite dimensions of the transforming elements of the camera matrix sensor and of the reproducing display without additional image processing. Examples of MTF of end-to-end paths for SDTV, HDTV, UHDTV 4K and UNDTV 8K systems for the specified parameters of the lens and camera sensor, taking into account the distortions introduced by the reproducing display, are presented.

Video frame synthesizing method for HDR video capturing system with four image sensors

High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging has recently been applied to video systems, including the next-generation ultrahigh definition television (UHDTV) format. This format requires a camera with a dynamic range of over 15 f-stops and an S/N ratio that is the same as that of HDTV systems. Current UHDTV cameras cannot satisfy these conditions, as their small pixel size decreases the full-well capacity of UHDTV camera image sensors in comparison with that of HDTV sensors. We propose a four-chip capturing method combining threechip and single-chip systems. A prism divides incident light into two rays with intensities in the ratio m:1. Most of the incident light is directed to the three-chip capturing block; the remainder is directed to a single-chip capturing block, avoiding saturation in high-exposure videos. High quality HDR video can then be obtained by synthesizing the high-quality image obtained from the three-chip system with the low saturation image from the singlechip. Herein, we detail this image synthesis method, discuss the smooth matching method between spectrum characteristics of the two systems, and consider the modulation transfer function (MTF) response differences between the three- and single-chip capturing systems by means of analyzing using human visual models.

The SMPTE Century: Evolution in Cameras and Lenses From 1916 to 2016

The SMPTE Centennial opened in 1916 when motion picture film production was a flourishing new industry. International manufacturers have continued to develop related lenses and film cameras up to recent times. Color film systems emerged in the late 1930's. That same decade saw the birth of electronic motion imaging systems in the form of television. Ensuing decades were spent on the pursuit of refinements in related image sensors. Color television arrived in the 1950's. Embryonic HDTV systems appeared in the early 1980's followed by a surge in competitive developments in related lenses, cameras and recording systems. The past decade is witness to an escalation in developments in large format single-sensor digital motion imaging systems with ever increasing resolution, dynamic range, color gamuts, and frame rates. The SMPTE Centennial of 2016 is witness to a stunning renaissance in motion imaging.

Construction and Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Gamut for UHDTV Based on the Additive Color Mixing Principle

For UHDTV systems specified by ITU, the paper calculated gamut coverage of UHDTV systems. The paper also constructed a three-dimensional gamut model for UHDTV and computed the color solid volume in the L*a*b* color space. Then it was compared with HDTV systems and Pointer gamut. The result shows that UHDTV gamut completely contains HDTV gamut and Pointer gamut.

Aesthetic Convergences: Comparing Spectacular Key Audibles and Visuals of Athens and Beijing Olympic Opening Ceremonies

The aesthetics of the Beijing Olympic Games Opening Ceremony produced considerable and unexpected qualitative shifts of emphasis. Not only the production technological apparatus and the post-production and delivery of images and sounds innovative and the event the first in history to be recorded by HDTV systems, but also the aesthetic creative design and the audio-visual scene movement of thousands of volunteers surprised the huge worldwide audience. The spectacle of the Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony may be considered a paradigmatic innovative international media twist to the ‘giga-sports events’ and influential for future Olympic Games Opening Ceremonies. This article will analyse and compare the Opening Ceremonies of the Beijing Summer Olympic Games and the Athens Olympic Games and identify similarities and their impact that resulted from international communication aesthetic convergences and audio-visual strategies representative of both events.

A 1.25-inch 60-frames/s 8.3-M-pixel digital-output CMOS image sensor

The ultrahigh-definition television (UDTV) camera system requires an image sensor having four times higher resolution and two times higher frame rate than the conventional HDTV systems. Also, an image sensor with a small optical format and low power consumption is required for practical UDTV camera systems. To respond to these requirements, we have developed an 8.3-M-pixel digital-output CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) for the UDTV application. It features an optical format of 1.25inch, low power consumption of less than 600 mW at dark, while reproducing a low-noise, 60-frames/s progressive scan image. The image sensor is equipped with 1920 on-chip 10-bit analog-to-digital converters and outputs digital data stream through 16 parallel output ports. Design considerations to reproduce a low-noise, high-resolution image at high frame rate of 60 fps are described. Implementation and experimental results of the 8.3-M-pixel CMOS APS are presented.

64.3: A Single Panel LCOS Engine with a Rotating Drum and a Wide Color Gamut

A single panel LCoS projector with a wide color gamut and a rotating multi-primary drum intended for RPTV HDTV systems was developed by Philips and Genoa Color Technologies prior to termination of all LCoS development. Design of the drum engine and design trade-offs will be discussed. Measured colorimetry data from a preproduction system will be presented. This system was designed around a single 0.87″ diagonal 1280 × 720 pixel panel, which will also be described. While all work at Philips has ceased on LCoS engines and imagers, the system provides a promising approach for future multi-primary wide color gamut systems.

Digital Video and Digital TV: A Comparison and the Future Directions

This paper presents an overview of the recently emerged development and current work into all digital High Definition Television systems based on the MPEG-2 compression scheme. It explores the advantages and disadvantages of Japan's MUSE, European DVB, and U.S. all digital HDTV systems, examines the global HDTV standardization process, and provides a comprehensive and technical survey of HDTV in Asia, Europe and the U.S. It also analyzes the consumer acceptance and market potential of all digital High Definition Television, and predicts the future merge of broadcast video and computers.

Adaptive scan rate up-conversion system based on human visual characteristics

Current NTSC systems employ an interlaced scan scheme where visually annoying artifacts, such as line flickers, large area flickers, and edge flickers, are inevitably generated and more objectionable with a larger display. With the development of HDTV systems, how an NTSC signal can be displayed in an HDTV system has also become a problem. Accordingly in order to solve these problems, many adaptive scan rate up-conversion systems have been proposed. The proposed system consists of a modified edge directional line averaging (ELA) interpolation module and contrast enhancement module. The modified ELA interpolation module reduces the visually annoying artifacts induced by an interlaced scan scheme whereas the degradation in the contrast and details due to interpolation processing is compensated by the contrast enhancement module. Moreover, the proposed system is easy to implement and the VLSI architecture is very simple. This new system was mainly developed for doubling the scan rate in an NTSC system; however, it can also be used in the format conversion in an HDTV system.

MPEG-2 spatial scalable coding and transport stream error concealment for satellite TV broadcasting using Ka-band

In this paper, an effective MPEG-2 spatial scalable video codec is designed, and an error concealment technique for the associated transport stream is proposed. The spatial scalability can provide robust error resilience for Ka-band rain attenuation, as well as the co-existence of HDTV and SDTV systems. In MPEG-2, the spatial scalable encoder combines both spatial and temporal predictions. This paper proposes a near optimal spatial-temporal weighting analyzer to properly assign weights. Simulation shows that the proposed spatial scalable codec structure outperforms the performance of the other MPEG-2 codecs for TV broadcasting in Ka-band using satellites. We also propose a suitable error protection and concealment method for the MPEG-2 transport stream. With the combination of scalable coding and error protection systems, the proposed system will achieve high link availability.

MPEG-2 spatial scalable coding and transport stream error concealment for satellite TV broadcasting using Ka-band

In this paper, an effective MPEG-2 spatial scalable video codec is designed, and an error concealment technique for the associated transport stream is proposed. The spatial scalability can provide robust error resilience for Ka-band rain attenuation, as well as the co-existence of HDTV and SDTV systems. In MPEG-2, the spatial scalable encoder combines both spatial and temporal predictions. This paper proposes a near optimal spatial-temporal weighting analyzer to properly assign weights. Simulation shows that the proposed spatial scalable codec structure outperforms the performance of the other MPEG-2 codecs for TV broadcasting in Ka-band using satellites. We also propose a suitable error protection and concealment method for the MPEG-2 transport stream. With the combination of scalable coding and error protection systems, the proposed system will achieve high link availability.

Block sequential least squares decision feedback equalization algorithm with application to terrestrial HDTV transmission

Due to the very high symbol rate of terrestrial HDTV systems, up to now there exist no equalization solutions with sufficiently low hardware complexity and satisfactory performance for commercial applications. We present a block sequential least squares decision feedback equalization algorithm with application to over-the-air HDTV channels. The proposed adaptive algorithm is derived on the basis of minimization of the least squares criterion, thereby achieving faster convergent and tracking rate relative to the recommended LMS algorithm. Meanwhile, good numerical stability is guaranteed because it successfully eliminates time updates of the filtering coefficients, which is the main cause of instability of FTF-like algorithms. Also of great significance is its drastic reduction in computational complexity by means of block operation, taking advantage of the slowly time-varying nature of terrestrial broadcasting channels. Simulation results show that the equalizer achieves an almost 3.5 dB SNR improvement at a bit error rate of 3/spl times/10/sup -6/ without significant increase in computational complexity, as compared to the conventional LMS decision feedback equalizer (DFE) when applied to the equalization of over-the-air HDTV channels.

HDTV evolves for the digital era

HDTV was created in an era of analog TV, seeking higher performance through the enhancements feasible in such an environment, such as higher resolution. The digital era is now in place, bringing compression and other processing enhancements, along with a new order of requirements, possibilities, and constraints for TV systems. HDTV in this era has a new meaning, with very different criteria being established. The paper traces the development of HDTV and details current work to establish HDTV systems appropriate for evolving and future digital application.

Weighted median filters: a tutorial

Weighted Median (WM) filters have the robustness and edge preserving capability of the classical median filter and resemble linear FIR filters in certain properties. Furthermore, WM filters belong to the broad class of nonlinear filters called stack filters. This enables the use of the tools developed for the latter class in characterizing and analyzing the behavior and properties of WM filters, e.g. noise attenuation capability. The fact that WM filters are threshold functions allows the use of neural network training methods to obtain adaptive WM filters. In this tutorial paper we trace the development of the theory of WM filtering from its beginnings in the median filter to the recently developed theory of optimal weighted median filtering. Applications discussed include: idempotent weighted median filters for speech processing, adaptive weighted median and optimal weighted median filters for image and image sequence restoration, weighted medians as robust predictors in DPCM coding and Quincunx coding, and weighted median filters in scan rate conversion in normal TV and HDTV systems.

New systems concepts on future HDTV system

The paper investigates some new systems concepts for future HDTV systems, and proposes a powerful personal computer (or workstation)-based software-oriented information management system located between the receiver and display systems of the HDTV system in order to take advantages of the high-quality display system used in multimedia information services. From the systems integration viewpoint, and information manipulation and management considerations, the information management system has been proposed at a conceptual function level, which intends to integrate a variety of HDTV transmission systems and to receive high-speed BISDN-based multimedia information services. The systems architecture for this proposed information management system has been figured out at a very high level.

The HDTV Grand Alliance system

The Grand Alliance (GA) was formed to define and construct a system for the delivery of HDTV using terrestrial broadcast channels. This system is composed of the best components from previously competing systems considered by the FCC. MPEG-2 syntax is used with novel encoding techniques to deliver a set of video scanning formats for a variety of applications. The paper focuses on video compression technology and also describes the important features and concepts embodied in the GA system as compared to the previous digital HDTV systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

A VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INVERSE DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM

The Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT) is an important function in HDTV, digital TV and multimedia systems complying with JPEG or MPEG standards for video compression. However, the IDCT is computationally intensive and therefore very expensive to implement in VLSI using direct matrix multiplication. By properly arranging the input coefficient sequence and the output data, the rows and columns of the transform matrix can be reordered to build modular regularity suitable for custom implementation in VLSI. This regularity can be exploited, so that a single permutation can be used to derive each output column from the previous one using a circular shift of an accumulator’s input data multiplied in a special sequence. This technique, using only one 1-dimensional IDCT processor and seven constant multipliers, and its implementation are presented. Operation of 58 MHz under worst case conditions is easily achieved, thus making the design applicable to a wide range of video and real time image processing applications. Fabricated in 0.5 micron triple metal CMOS technology, the IDCT contains 70,000 transistors occupying 7 mm2 square silicon. The design has been used on an AT&amp;T MPEG video decoder chip.

Embedded parallel divide-and-conquer video decompression algorithm and architecture for HDTV applications

DCT/IDCT based source coding and decoding techniques are widely accepted in HDTV systems and other MPEG based applications. We propose a new direct 2-D IDCT algorithm based on the parallel divide-and-conquer approach. The algorithm distributes computation by considering one transformed coefficient at a time and doing partial computation and updating as every coefficient arrives. A novel parallel and fully pipelined architecture with an effective processing time of one cycle per pixel for an N/spl times/N size block is designed to implement the algorithm. An unique feature of the architecture is that it integrates inverse-shuffling, inverse-quantization, inverse-source-coding and motion-compensation into a single compact data-path. The entire block of pixel values are sampled in a single cycle for post processing after decompression. We use only (N/2(N/2+1))/2 multipliers and N/sup 2/ adders. The configuration of the adders is such that motion compensation is realized in a single cycle following decompression. >

The Grand Alliance system for US HDTV

The US HDTV process has fostered substantial research and development activity over the last several years. The Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service (ACATS) was formed to advise the FCC on the technology and systems suitable for delivery of high definition service over terrestrial broadcast channels. Four digital HDTV systems where tested at the Advanced Television Testing Center. All the systems gave excellent performance, but the results were inconclusive and a plan for a second round of tests was prepared. As each of the four systems where being readied for retest. The proponents of the four individual digital HDTV proposals worked together to define a single HDTV system which incorporated the best technology from the individual systems. The consortium of companies, called the Grand Alliance (GA), announced a combined system and submitted it to ACATS for consideration. After ACATS certification, the GA began construction of a prototype system to submit for laboratory testing at the end of 1994. This paper describes the video compression subsystem and the hardware prototype. The preprocessing, motion estimation, quantization, and rate control subsystems are described. The system uses bidirectional motion compensation, discrete cosine transform, quantization and Huffman coding. The resulting bitstream is input into a transport system which uses fixed length packets. The multiplex transport stream is input into the 8-VSB transmission system. Finally, the specifics of the hardware implementation are described and some simulation results are presented. >

Multighost cancellation technique for HDTV systems, using a derivation of the OLS learning algorithm

Very successful multiple video ghost cancellation simulations have been obtained with the application of a designed learning algorithm, based on the orthogonal least square method [OLS], to a channel identification process based on a FIR system model. The algorithm can be visualized by assuming the existence of a data matrix, at the input of the equalizer, which is created with a time shifting process, in order to generate "M" column vectors. The designed algorithm processes these vectors and, with the aid of an orthogonalization method, calculates a set of the most representative one, with respect to a desired output signal. The delays and amplitudes of the ghosts were obtained with the aid of a forward regressor method. The process has shown to be very effective for the accurate calculation of the ghost parameters, even in the presence of considerable noise levels, and is also used to train RBF approximation networks for the systematic selection of its centroids. In all the tests performed in the paper, the proposed technique has given much better results than using conventional algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>