HCM Method Research Articles

Kajian Ulang Perencanaan Geometrik Simpang Simpang Tak Bersinyal Berdasarkan Highway Capacity Manual

Simpang Empat Jeuram Nagan Raya is often mentioned by local people as “Simpang Peut” is the main route of the city's arterial road serving traffic movement between districts or between provinces, which is located in Kuala District, Nagan Raya Regency. The intersection has four arms, serving the flow of 4 lanes of the main road with a median and 2 lanes of minor roads connecting the route for offices, residential residents, trade and as a route to the city center. The problem that is raised and also the purpose of research is how the performance of the intersection to traffic volume occurs in the four arms and distinguishes the difference between the current calculation and previous research. The limitations of the discussion are the research location at Simpang Empat Jeuram, the performance of the intersection based on the 1993 HCM method, side barriers and not predicting previous research. Based on the results, the current volume is 3,310 pcu/hour with a composition of 2,789 pcu/hour. The capacity of 4,009 pcu/hour is above the existing volume which is categorized as not jammed or not saturated. Side barriers 1,328 events are categorized as commercial areas and roadside market activity is very high. The degree of saturation is 0.70 < DS (DS < 0.80 - 0.90) with an average delay of 7.95 seconds/pcu and a queue length of 40% - 20% with a service level D where the current is unstable and sometimes has to slow down the speed of 43 km/hour. Previous research has shown significant results, because the increase in vehicles has continued to increase by 75% in the last 3 years.

Modified HCM Method for Delay Estimation at Unsignalized T- Intersections: A Case Study from Delta Region, Egypt

Modified HCM Method for Delay Estimation at Unsignalized T- Intersections: A Case Study from Delta Region, Egypt

A Comparison of Traffic Flow Performance of Roundabouts and Signalized Intersections: A Case Study in Nigde

Background: Intersections affect the safety and capacity of urban traffic. Therefore, the design and selection of the type of intersection need to be made very carefully. According to the demand level, a different intersection can be designed. Signalized intersections are one of the intersection types in which the sequence and duration of the flow at the intersection are provided by the lights. Generally, this type of intersection is used on roads with high traffic volume. Modern roundabouts are one of the types of circular intersections that provide advantages over other types of intersection in terms of smooth operation and safety. Modern roundabouts exist in several types today worldwide. In practice, the distinction about the kinds of roundabouts would not be fully clarified; as a result, queuing and delay can be seen as negative effects. Methods: In this study, to make a distinction and clarify the kinds of roundabouts, first, the roundabouts types are introduced according to geometric and operational aspects. A signalized intersection, where a circular island is placed and also signalized, was investigated in terms of capacity, delay, and emissions located in Niğde. The traffic flow performance of the current state (nested signalized roundabout) was calculated with HCM Method (for signalized intersection) using SIDRA and compared with roundabout solutions of the intersection with HCM6 (for roundabout) method using SIDRA Intersection analysis software. Results: From the results of the intersection capacity analysis study based on HCM6, it was seen that the application of a roundabout scenario (intersection considered as a modern roundabout) showed higher performance at the intersections than the intersection having a secondary signal. Capacity increased to 67.8%, the average delay decreased to 72.8% and 95th percentile queue dropped to 82.2%. Conclusion: Roundabout controlling instead of a nested signal system can be an example of the increase in the performance of traffic flow. This highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate roundabout design.

Accounting for attitudes and perceptions influencing users’ willingness to purchase Electric Vehicles through a Hybrid Choice Modeling approach based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

Depending on the context, several factors may affect users’ choices. In this paper, the main focus refers to modeling users’ willingness to purchase a new/innovative technology. This is a crucial task in order to increase the attractiveness of strategies that may be employed to achieve sustainable transportation. In particular this paper aims to investigate the different attributes/determinants that may influence the decision on choosing an Electric Vehicle. As a matter of fact, psychological factors, may play a significant role which should be modeled. Indeed, it is widely recognized that traditional approaches used to interpret and model users’ choice behavior may lead to neglect the numerous non-quantitative factors that may affect users’ behaviors. In particular, the role of attitudes and perception towards EVs advantages/barriers were investigated through the specification of a Hybrid Choice Model where the utility function was specified in accordance with the consolidated Random utility modeling but an alternative approach, based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, was adopted for attitudes and perceptions representation. The purposes of the paper rely on (i) the survey data collection, (ii) data analysis, (iii) purchase behavior modeling. In particular, the main contribution of the paper is in the preliminary investigation of the combination between HCM and AHP method.

Classification of roads according to the HCM6 method and its application in Polish conditions

Abstract The development of the road network and the increasing volume of traffic causes more problems with capacity and deteriorating traffic conditions. This may be a direct cause of making wrong decisions and actions to improve the road traffic flow on road sections. In order to eliminate the traffic congestion and improve the traffic flow, it is necessary to determine the traffic parameters, and based on them to indicate the capacity and a level of service. One of the most commonly used methods for estimating capacity and traffic conditions is the Highway Capacity Manual method. This methodology was developed in the United States and is based on the conditions and parameters of traffic occurring in this country. Authors in the paper indicate problems related to the use of this methodology in Polish conditions, based on the tests results obtained for the section of the national road. Differences between conditions in Poland and in the USA occur already at the stage of division of roads into groups. The proposition of the classification of all national roads to transit routes may cause significant analysis errors. The authors of the HCM method assume the occurrence of high speeds on transit roads and this parameter determines the level of service. In the case of some national roads in Poland, their route runs through built-up areas where administrative speed restrictions and additional restrictions are arranged to improve safety. Such a situation may cause an error at the beginning of the analysis, in determining the level of service. This may be a direct cause of making wrong decisions and actions to improve the road traffic flow on road sections. The lack of proper interpretation of the HCM method may cause significant errors in the analysis results. The authors in the article pay attention to the characteristic parameters of the road infrastructure, which may have a significant impact on these errors.

Traffic Analysis of Srinagar City

The present study in Srinagar city is to ascertain Volume to Capacity (V/C) ratio as Roadway Congestion Index (RCI) for 22 road links and determining their Level of Service (LOS). The results indicate that conventional evaluation practice by V/C are biased that does not take into account the flow of non-motorised vehicles (pedestrians) in determining LOS on the urban roads which accounts for 22% of total number of trips and have no access to footpath in study area. Moreover V/C does not take into account both space and time parameters simultaneously in determining LOS. Without taking speed into consideration while estimating LOS on urban roads turn out to be a “naive approach”. LOS defined in IRC 106:1994 in urban road scenario is faulty in many ways after achieving LOS F in speed flow-curve as it emphasizes that below a vehicle speed of 20 kmph (i.e. 33% FFS in present study) as per speed-volume curve, LOS approaches F irrespective of flow. The unacceptable LOS ranges has been compared with HCM method to give difference in LOS ranges with two methods. The study also found IRC 106:1994 and HCM method is not applicable in urban road scenario in calculating LOS. The study recommended that code needs a revision in speed parameter, pedestrian flow in defining LOS on urban roads.

Effect of an Upstream Traffic Signal on the Capacity of a Downstream Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersection

This paper investigates the platoon dispersion model that is part of the Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010) and is used to forecast downstream traffic flows for analyzing both signalized and two-way stop-controlled (TWSC) intersections. The paper focuses on the effect of platoon dispersion on proportion of time blocked, conflicting flow rate, and capacity flow rate for the major street left-turn movement at a TWSC intersection. Existing HCM 2010 methodology shows little effect on conflicting flow or capacity for various distances downstream from the signalized intersection. Two methods are suggested for computing the conflicting flow and capacity of minor stream movements at a TWSC intersection that have more desirable properties than the existing HCM method. Further, if the existing HCM 2010 method is retained, results suggest that the upstream signals model be dropped from the HCM method for TWSC intersections.

Automated Classification of Asteroids into Families at Work

AbstractWe have recently proposed a new approach to the asteroid family classification by combining the classical HCM method with an automated procedure to add newly discovered members to existing families. This approach is specifically intended to cope with ever increasing asteroid data sets, and consists of several steps to segment the problem and handle the very large amount of data in an efficient and accurate manner. We briefly present all these steps and show the results from three subsequent updates making use of only the automated step of attributing the newly numbered asteroids to the known families. We describe the changes of the individual families membership, as well as the evolution of the classification due to the newly added intersections between the families, resolved candidate family mergers, and emergence of the new candidates for the mergers. We thus demonstrate how by the new approach the asteroid family classification becomes stable in general terms (converging towards a permanent list of confirmed families), and in the same time evolving in details (to account for the newly discovered asteroids) at each update.

An anisotropic distribution of spin vectors in asteroid families

Current amount of ~500 asteroid models derived from the disk-integrated photometry by the lightcurve inversion method allows us to study not only the spin-vector properties of the whole population of MBAs, but also of several individual collisional families. We create a data set of 152 asteroids that were identified by the HCM method as members of ten collisional families, among them are 31 newly derived unique models and 24 new models with well-constrained pole-ecliptic latitudes of the spin axes. The remaining models are adopted from the DAMIT database or the literature. We revise the preliminary family membership identification by the HCM method according to several additional criteria - taxonomic type, color, albedo, maximum Yarkovsky semi-major axis drift and the consistency with the size-frequency distribution of each family, and consequently we remove interlopers. We then present the spin-vector distributions for eight asteroidal families. We use a combined orbital- and spin-evolution model to explain the observed spin-vector properties of objects among collisional families. In general, we observe for studied families similar trends in the (a_p, \beta) space: (i) larger asteroids are situated in the proximity of the center of the family; (ii) asteroids with \beta>0{\deg} are usually found to the right from the family center; (iii) on the other hand, asteroids with \beta<0{\deg} to the left from the center; (iv) majority of asteroids have large pole-ecliptic latitudes (|\beta|\gtrsim 30{\deg}); and finally (v) some families have a statistically significant excess of asteroids with \beta>0{\deg} or \beta<0{\deg}. Our numerical simulation of the long-term evolution of a collisional family is capable of reproducing well the observed spin-vector properties. Using this simulation, we also independently constrain the age of families Flora (1.0\pm0.5 Gyr) and Koronis (2.5-4 Gyr).

Application of Hard C-Means and Fuzzy C-Means in Data Fusion

This article describes two kinds of Fuzzy clustering algorithm based on partition,Fuzzy C-means algorithm is on the basis of the hard C-means algorithm, and get a big improvement, making large data similarity as far as possible together. As a result of Simulation, FCM algorithm has more reasonable than HCM method on convergence, data fusion, and so on.

A frequency approach to identifying asteroid families

Context. Secular resonances usually have a complicated three-dimensional structure in a - e - i (or a - e - sin(i)) space, which is not easily represented in a two-dimensional projection. As a consequence, the classic approach to identifying asteroid families fails in some cases to identify objects that have migrated in such resonances because of the Yarkovsky effect. Aims. We propose an alternative approach by identifying asteroid families in the proper frequency domain (n, g, g+ s) rather than in the proper element domain (a, e, sin(i)). Methods. We applied the HCM method in the proper frequency domain (n, g, g + s) to identify four of the largest asteroid families: Vesta, Eunomia, Eos, and Koronis. We compared our results with those obtained with the classical method. In addition, we applied the extended metrics in the domain of asteroid colors in both proper element and frequency domains. Results. The frequency approach to determining families is an excellent tool for (i) more easily identifying the effect of nonlinear secular resonances on families and (ii) connecting to the family of origin objects that have migrated via the interplay of the Yarkovsky effect and nonlinear secular resonances.

IG-based genetically optimized fuzzy polynomial neural networks with fuzzy set-based polynomial neurons

In this study, we introduce and investigate a new topology of fuzzy-neural networks—fuzzy polynomial neural networks (FPNN) that is based on a genetically optimized multiplayer perceptron with fuzzy set-based polynomial neurons (FSPNs). We also develop a comprehensive design methodology involving mechanisms of genetic optimization and information granulation. In the sequel, the genetically optimized FPNN (gFPNN) is formed with the use of fuzzy set-based polynomial neurons (FSPNs) composed of fuzzy set-based rules through the process of information granulation. This granulation is realized with the aid of the C-means clustering (C-Means). The design procedure applied in the construction of each layer of an FPNN deals with its structural optimization involving the selection of the most suitable nodes (or FSPNs) with specific local characteristics (such as the number of input variable, the order of the polynomial, the number of membership functions, and a collection of specific subset of input variables) and address main aspects of parametric optimization. Along this line, two general optimization mechanisms are explored. The structural optimization is realized via genetic algorithms (GAs) and HCM method whereas in case of the parametric optimization we proceed with a standard least square estimation (learning). Through the consecutive process of structural and parametric optimization, a flexible neural network is generated in a dynamic fashion. The performance of the designed networks is quantified through experimentation where we use two modeling benchmarks already commonly utilized within the area of fuzzy or neurofuzzy modeling.

Influence of Bicycle Traffic on Capacity of Typical Signalized Intersection

Bicycle traffic has a significant effect on the capacity of signalized intersections. This paper divides the influence of bicyclists on vehicular flow into four types with the time durations estimated based on probability, shock wave, and gap acceptance theory. Vehicular saturation flow rate is predicted for various conditions on the basis of the speed-flow curve for the capacity of typical intersections influenced by bicycle traffic. The model overcomes the limitations of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM, 2000) method for left-turns due to data collection, and takes into account the effect of trapped bicycles on the through vehicular traffic. The numerical results show that the left-turn and through capacities predicted by the model are lower than those of the HCM method. The right-turn capacity is close to that of the HCM method at low bicycle volumes and higher than that of the HCM method at high bicycle volumes.