HCl Acid Solution Research Articles

Corrosion behavior of Ni and Ni-base alloy in acidic solutions

The corrosion behavior of pure Ni and 65Ni-24Cr-10Mo alloy in HCl and H2SO4 solutions were investigated using weight-loss and electrochemical methods. The effects of temperature and acidic media were studied to define the main differences in the corrosion behavior of these materials. The results of both techniques revealed lower values of corrosion rates for the 65Ni-24Cr-10Mo alloy compared to pure Ni. Generally, the corrosion rates for both materials increase with increasing temperature in both acids with higher rates in HCl compared to H2SO4 at all conditions. Results of weight-loss and potentiodynamic tests were in a good agreement and indicated that the alloy 65Ni-24Cr-10Mo is a high resistance to corrosion in HCl and H2SO4 acidic solutions than pure Ni. The activation energies (𝐸𝑎) of the dissolution process of Ni and alloy have calculated. The activation energy of Ni in HCl is 18 kJ/mole and in H2SO4 is 20 kJ/mole where for the alloy in HCl is 18 kJ/mole and in H2SO4 is 32 kJ/mole.

Natural contents of metals in soils from basaltic origins in western Paraná, Brazil

This study aimed to determine the natural content of environmentally available metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in soils from basaltic origin (Oxisols, Ultisols, Entisols and Alfisols) in western Paraná. The metal ions were extracted with a 0.1 mol L-1 HCl acid solution and quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The highest Cu concentration (0.68 mg dm-3) was found in Oxisol, while the Ultisol had the highest Zn content (16.4 mg dm-3). The highest Fe and Mn contents were found in Oxisol (5.04 mg dm-3). The highest Mn content, in turn, was in the Ultisol (463.4 mg dm-3). Principal component analysis showed an association between Zn and Mn, and between Cu and clay. The data presented in this study can be used as a content reference for the environmentally available metal for similar soils and for environmental monitoring programs, since they are soils from preserved areas.

1-X-4-[4´-(–OCH3)-Styryl] pyridinium iodides, potent inhibitors for stainless steel corrosion in 2 M HCl acid solutions

1-X-4-[4´-(–OCH3)-Styryl] pyridinium iodides, potent inhibitors for stainless steel corrosion in 2 M HCl acid solutions

Separation of uranium ions from acetate medium by Dowex50WX8/Alizarin Red-S and its application on granitic samples, South Um Tawat, Eastern Desert

ABSTRACT Dowex 50 WX8 modified with Alizarin Red S (ARS) was synthesised, characterised and tested for uranium ions adsorption. The synthesised Dowex 50 WX8/ARS has been characterised using FTIR and scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after uranium adsorption. Possible factors influencing the adsorption process were studied; pH, equilibrium time, temperature, initial uranium concentration, adsorbent dose, acidic medium and ARS/Dowex 50WX8 weight ratio were studied. Experimental Data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 121.95 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics agreed with pseudo-second-order adsorption model. The effect of interfering ions on the adsorption process was studied. Elution of uranium was successfully carried out from the loaded Dowex 50WX8/ARS using 1 M HCl acid solution. Optimum conditions were applied to international standard references and Gabel Um Tawat granite samples with high accuracy and precision.

Development of environmental friendly corrosion inhibitor from the extract of areca flower for mild steel in acidic media

One of the industries that play a role in supporting the development of the country is the oil and gas industry. In addition, this industry has an influence on the country’s economy, so it must be operated as efficiently as possible so as not to produce substantial costs and not have a significant impact on the country’s economy. The oil and gas industry is equipped with good supporting equipment that plays an important role in the success of the production process. The most important equipment for the continuity of production is the pipe. Generally, this pipe is made of mild steel and the material commonly used for pipes in the oil and gas industry is API 5L. Corrosion is one of the challenges found in pipes in the oil and gas industry. This is due to aggressive ions such as Cl– and also the fluid contained in the pipe. The aggressive ions that exist can cause corrosion in the form of pitting corrosion. Corrosion that occurs in pipes in the oil and gas industry must be addressed as efficiently as possible with effective results. Inhibitors are one solution that can provide effective results in reducing corrosion rates. Corrosion rate can be reduced by 99 % or more if the concentration of the inhibitor is appropriately added. Generally, inhibitors that are often used are inorganic inhibitors, where these inhibitors contain chemical compounds that are harmful to the environment and health. So, currently there are many developed environmentally friendly inhibitors, namely inhibitors produced from plants and fruits. Environmentally friendly inhibitors do not have an impact on environmental pollution because the material from these inhibitors has organic properties. Until now, there have been many studies on environmentally friendly inhibitors carried out on API 5L steel. However, there have been no studies on inhibitors obtained from Areca Flower extract as environmentally friendly inhibitors. Thus, this study was conducted in order to determine the effect of adding environmentally friendly inhibitors on the corrosion behavior of API 5L steel pipes in aggressive environments, namely HCl media. Areca flower extract has been investigated as a green corrosion inhibitor on API 5L Grade B in 1 M HCl acidic solution using Linear polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Additions of 4 ml, 8 ml, 12 ml, 16 ml, and 20 ml of corrosion inhibitors increase the efficiency of the inhibitors. Optimum inhibition efficiency occurs with the addition at a concentration of 20 ml is 96.6 % on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) testing. Polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds contained in the areca flower inhibit corrosion by physical adsorption, to form a monolayer which can inhibit corrosion. Adsorption occurs spontaneously in accordance with Langmuir isothermal adsorption. The polarization showed that the areca flower extract acts through mixed-type inhibition. The value of the free energy of –7.026 kJ/mol of adsorption indicated that the adsorption of inhibitor molecules was typical of physical adsorption

Corrosion Behavior of Fe-35Ni-22Cr and Fe-17Ni-17Cr Alloys in Acid Pickling Solutions

This work aims to study the corrosion behavior of two alloys Fe-35Ni-22Cr and Fe-17Ni-17Cr in acid pickling solutions. The corrosion behavior of two alloys in HCl and H2SO4 was studied using the weight-loss method and potentiodynamic polarization, at a different time at 30 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C. The morphology of two alloys was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis. The effect of temperature at constant acid concentration solutions has a strong influence on the corrosion rate of two alloys Fe-35Ni-22Cr and Fe-17Ni-17Cr. The activation energy (𝐸𝑎), enthalpy (∆𝐻), entropy (∆𝑆) and free energy (∆𝐺) were calculated and discussed. Results obtained from weight loss and potentiodynamic measurements were in good agreement and confirmed that Fe-35Ni-22Cr alloy is a higher corrosion resistance than Fe-17Ni-17Cr alloy in HCl and H2SO4 acid solutions.

Analysing the Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Phenomenon of Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite

Abstract In this research, a Metal Matrix hybrid composite (MMHC) is prepared by reinforcing the following reinforcements like Graphite, Aluminium oxide, silicon carbide and boron carbide at a percentage of 4 and 5 is added with A6061. This preparation is carried out by using the stir casting method. In particular, the corrosion properties of the untreated A6061 reinforced composites samples were evaluated using in 3.5% NaCl solution and immersion tests in 1% HCl acidic water solution. The highest percentage of depicts the positive result. In addition to that the SEM, wear, hardness tests are carried out to bring out the positive impact of the newly prepared samples. In accordance with that the fundamental spotlight is given on Aluminum network composites on account of its novel blend of good corrosion protection, wear properties and outstanding mechanical properties.

Inhibition studies of the synergistic effect of chemical compounds on 3CR12 ferritic steel corrosion in acid solutions

Abstract Corrosion inhibition studies of the synergistic properties of the combined admixture of rosemary oil and zinc oxide (ROZ), and the admixture of 2-methoxy-4-formylphenol and sodium molybdenum oxide (MPSM) on S41003 ferritic steel in 1 M HCl and H2SO4 acid performed with weight loss analysis. Results showed the admixed compounds to be highly effective. ROZ gave optimal inhibition efficiencies of 98.93% and 93.26% while MPSM gave an optimal inhibition value of 96.69% and 96.74% in HCl and H2SO4 acid solutions. The performance of both inhibiting compounds was observed to be marginally dependent on their concentration and significantly dependent on time.

Radiochemical separation of reactor produced Sc-47 from natural calcium target using Poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite

Poly (acrylamide-acrylic Acid)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite [P(AAm-AA)/MWCNTs] was prepared by gamma radiation to initiate the copolymerization of AAm and AA onto MWCNTs surface. The structural characteristics were confirmed by FT-IR, SEM, XRD, TGA and DTA. The particle size distribution was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). [P(AAm-AA)/MWCNTs] was used to study the adsorption efficiency of 47Sc from natural calcium by batch technique at different concentrations of HCl and/or HNO3 acid solutions. No-carrier-added 47Sc (III) was separated from 47Ca(II) on [P(AAm-AA)/MWCNTs] column matrix. The elution efficiency of about 80 ± 1.5% was attained for 47Sc(III) using 1M HNO3. Three quality control tests, radionuclidic, radiochemical and chemical purities were investigated to emphasis that 47Sc secure for use in nuclear medicine.

Nanosilica synthesis from rice husk and application for soaking seeds

Nanosilica was synthesized from rice husk. At first, the rice husk ash was obtained by annealing at temperatures 700°C for 6 hours, then nanosilica particles were extracted by using 0.5N NaOH solution followed by forming gel with HCl acid solution. The structural features of the products were characterized by techniques including Energy dispersive X-ray, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes, Fourrier Transformation Infrared, Fourrier Transformation Infrared. The results showed that the SiO2 nanoparicles have average size about 30-100 nm and >98 % purity. The present experiment was conducted to test the beneficial effects of nanosilicon on the seed germination. Seeds (BC rice, Bacthom rice and bean) were analyzed with regard to germination percentage (GP), mean germination time, seed germination index, seed vigour index to investigate the efficiency of nanosilica. Among the treatments, the addition of 40 mg/L nanosilica for BC rice seed, 60 mg/L for Bacthom rice seed showed the most promising results that yielded significant differences from the control in terms. Compare to GP of BC and Bacthom sample after treatment (100%), GP of sample with no-nanosilica are 93.33% and 53.33%, respectively. Besides, the samples which added nanosilica have higher average length of shoot and root than blank sample.

Synthesis, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of a monoruthenium(II)-substituted Dawson polyoxotungstate

By 5-h reaction of cis-[RuIICl2(DMSO)4] (M2) with K10[α2-P2W17O61] (M3) in ice-cooled, HCl-acidic aqueous solution, a water-soluble 1:2-type diamagnetic ruthenium(II) complex of formula K18[RuII(DMSO)2(P2W17O61)2]·35H2O (M1) was unexpectedly obtained as an analytically pure, homogeneous tan-colored solid, in which two DMSO ligands are coordinated to the ruthenium(II) atom. The cytotoxic potential of the complex was tested on C33A, DLD-1, and HepG-2 cancer cells and human normal embryonic lung fibroblasts cell MRC-5; the viability of the treated cells was evaluated by MTT assay. The mode of cell death was assessed by morphological study of DNA damage and apoptosis assays. Compound M1 induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner, and the mode of cell death was essentially apoptosis though necrosis was also noticed. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry indicated that M1 caused cell cycle arrest and accumulated cells in S phase.

Extraction of lithium from wastewaters using a synergistic solvent extraction system consisting of Mextral EOL and Cyanex 923

A process-controlled synergistic solvent extraction (SSX) system consisting Mextral EOL (β-diketone derivative) and Cyanex 923 (mixture of four alkyl phosphine oxides) has been developed for the extraction of lithium from borate and sodium rich wastewaters induced by boron industry. In order to determine regression models and determine optimum conditions, a D-optimal experimental plan was created. Reduced cubic models were chosen for all lithium and sodium extraction studies. Accordingly, the most negative effect in lithium extraction was the aqueous phase/organic phase ratio (A/O), while the pH was the most positively effective parameter. Mextral EOL had no effect on sodium extraction. Notably, it was found that Mextral EOL and Cyanex 923 had up to 1.6 times synergistic effect on lithium extraction. In optimization, the sodium extraction efficiency is minimized while the lithium yield is maximized. Three different optimization criteria were determined in each wastewater and three different optimum alternatives were established. Accordingly, the highest lithium yield was predicted to be above 91.0% and sodium yield was below 4.70%. In back-extraction studies, water and different concentrations of HCl acid solutions were used as scrubbing and stripping agents. As a result, the Mextral EOL/Cyanex 923/Kerosene SSX system has been proven to be an effective method for maximizing lithium extraction from borate-rich wastewaters and for minimizing sodium extraction.

English

As a coal, Pulcandi possesses the property of removing excess gastric and intestinal gas. Pulcandi powder has anti-diarrhea activity by decreasing intestinal fluid content and adsorbing microbes and toxins. The aim of this study was to demonstrate and to establish consequences of Pulcandi powder use on gastric acidity. For evaluating these consequences, it was investigated in vitro kinetic tests on acidity. These tests were followed by acidic dosages performed on Pulcandi aqueous extractions solutions. In this way, preparations were composed of 2.5 g powder mixed with 100 mL HCl acidic solutions. The study results revealed evident decrease of acidity with Pulcandi. However, the local concentration of protons impacted on this variation, which led to conclude that this coal do not increase pH when ulcers troubles don’t occur. Infra-Red analyses (IR-ATR) were also performed on Pulcandi powder. The results evidenced presence of nitrate and bicarbonate ions neutralized protons. Moreover, essential minerals (Ca, Na, K, and Mg) present in Pulcandi powder could improve the coal properties and efficacity. Key words: Pulcandi, coal, extraction, acidity adsorption. &nbsp

Zirconium silicotungstate matrix as a prospective sorbent material for the preparation of 113Sn/113mIn generator

The zirconium silicotungstate (ZrSiW) was studied as an effective sorbent material to be used in the 113Sn/113mIn generator. The results elucidated that the distribution coefficient of 113Sn (3700 mL/g) is greater than 113mIn (275 mL/g) from 0.1 M HCl acid solution to the ZrSiW material. The maximum sorption capacity of Sn (IV) was found to be 33 mg per gram ZrSiW (~ 0.3 mmol/g). The elution yield of 113mIn was found to be > 78 ± 6.4% with an acceptable purity of radionuclidic and radiochemical (≥ 99.99 and 96.8%, respectively). The rigorous separation of 113mIn from the 125Sb was carried out due to its long half-life (2.758 years) and beta emission that causes tissue damage. Zr, W and Si levels are below the permitted limit in the 113mIn eluate.

Experimental investigation on corrosion behaviour of Fe‐C‐Cr P/M alloy steels

Experimental investigation is under taken in the present work to understand the corrosion mechanism of sinter‐forged Fe‐0.5%C, Fe‐0.5%C‐1%Cr and Fe‐0.5%C‐2%Cr low alloy steels. Aqueous immersion and electrochemical corrosion tests were conducted on the forged alloys using 18% HCl acid solution for various timings to simulate the pickling corrosion. Weight loss measurement was made on the corroded specimens. Corrosion rate is found to decrease drastically with increase in percentage theoretical density irrespective of the alloy compositions. It is found from the results that addition of Cr enhances the corrosion resistance of the alloy steels. The enhanced hardness of the densified alloy steel specimen improves the corrosive resistance of the alloy steel. Corrosion rates were determined using Tafel plots in the case of electrochemical corrosion. Microstructure of the forged alloys revealed the presence of numerous fine rounded pores both within the grains and along the grain boundaries. SEM and XRD were taken for all the compositions and correlated with the corrosion behaviour of the alloy steels.

Mulberry Paper‐Based Supercapacitor Exhibiting High Mechanical and Chemical Toughness for Large‐Scale Energy Storage Applications

AbstractIn response to the demand for flexible and sustainable energy storage devices that exhibit high electrochemical performance, a supercapacitor system is fabricated using mulberry tree‐derived paper as a substrate and Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and carbon black as the active material. The mulberry paper‐based supercapacitor system demonstrates high energy density of 29.8–39.8 Wh kg−1 and power density of 2.8–13.9 kW kg−1 with 90.7% retention of its initial capacity over 15 000 charge–discharge cycles. In addition, the mulberry tree fibers are known to have superior mechanical strength and toughness and the mulberry paper‐based supercapacitor; as a result, exhibit high mechanical and chemical toughness; 99% of its initial capacity is retained after 100 repeated applications of bending strains, and twisting. 94% capacity retention is observed even after exposure to HCl and H2SO4 acid solutions. The fabrication methodology of the mulberry‐based supercapacitor is highly scalable and could be stacked to increase the energy storage capacity, where operation of light‐emitting diode lights with a drive voltage of 12 V integrated in a wearable device is demonstrated.

N-cetyl-N,N,N trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-stabilized polyaniline: a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to compare the inhibitive effect of polyaniline (PAni) and N-cetyl-N,N,N trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-stabilized PAni in a hydrochloric acid (HCl) medium.Design/methodology/approachPAni has been deposited potentiodynamically on mild steel in the presence of CTAB as a stabilizing agent to achieve high corrosion inhibition performance by the polymer deposition. The corrosion inhibition studies of CTAB-stabilized PAni inhibitor in 0.1 M HCl acidic solution was carried out by electrochemical methods, namely, open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique.FindingsThe results of electrochemical studies have shown that the CTAB-stabilized PAni inhibitor has higher corrosion efficiency than PAni on mild steel in 0.1 M HCl solution. The maximum per cent efficiency evaluated using the potentiodynamic polarization method is approximately 91.9.Originality/valueCTAB-stabilized PAni has never been studied as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in an acidic medium. The investigations demonstrate relatively the better corrosion inhibition efficiency and high dispersion of the polymer in the acidic medium.

Evaluation of the corrosion inhibition potentials of green-tip forest lily (<i>Clivia nobilis</i>) <i>leaves extract</i> on mild steel in acid media

Plant extracts are excellent alternatives as corrosion inhibitors because of availability, low toxicity, biodegradability and low cost. In this study, corrosion tests were performed on mild steel to evaluate the effect of concentration of inhibitor, varying immersion period and temperature on the corrosion inhibition properties of Clivia nobilis leaves extract. This was done in H2SO4 and HCl acid solutions using weight loss and gasometric methods. From the weight loss results, corrosion rate and degree of surface coverage were evaluated and plotted as a function of inhibitor concentration at various immersion times. The volume of the cathodic hydrogen gas evolved was also plotted as a function of inhibitor concentration. The efficiency of inhibition in H2SO4 and HCl solutions were also compared. It was observed that corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of Clivia nobilis leaf extract but not with prolonged immersion period. Experimental data obtained at 313 and 333K fitted the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, suggesting adsorption of Clivia nobilis leaves extract on the metal surface. Activation energy data described the interaction as electrostatic.Keywords: Extract, corrosion, inhibitor, concentration, leaves

Study of Corrosion of Al-Cu Hypoeutectic Alloys and Al-Cu Composite Fabricated Using Stir Casting Technique

The aim of the present investigation is to know the corrosion resistance of Al–5-wt% Cu alloy, Al–10-wt% Cu alloy and Al–5-wt%Cu alloy as matrix and 5-wt% Cu powder(50 microns particle size) as reinforcement. The castings with above percentage of compositions are obtained by stir casting. The corrosion test was conducted by keeping the samples in 5% NaCl solution for different time intervals (1hr, 2hrs, and upto 8hrs). Then the test was also conducted by keeping the samples in 2.5% HCl solution for 2hrs, 4hrs, 6hrs and 8hrs and by varying the percentage of concentration of HCl solution by keeping the time constant i.e. 4hrs. The obtained results proved that the alloys and composite studied have more resistance to corrosion in neutral aqueous NaCl solution than aqueous HCl acidic solution and such materials are more suitable in the transportation industry applications.

Effect of Temperature and Acid Concentration on Rhizophora mucronata Tannin as a Corrosion Inhibitor

The effect of temperature and acid concentration on a newly formulated tannin as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in oil and gas facilities was investigated. Corrosion rate of carbon steel in HCl acid solutions (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) by Rhizophora mucronata tannin (RMT) was studied using chemical (weight loss method) and spectroscopic (FTIR) techniques at various temperatures in the ranges of 26–70 °C. At 20% optimum concentration of acid, the FTIR result showed the presence of hydroxyl group, aromatic group, esters and the substituted benzene group, indicating the purity of the tannin. The increase in HCl acid concentration and temperature increased the corrosion rate, but the rate of corrosion was mild with RMT. Therefore, the use of RMT as a cost-effective and environmental-friendly corrosion-inhibiting agent for carbon steel is herein proposed.