HC1 Solution Research Articles

Destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by HC1 solution.

It was shown that the destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by pepsin-HCl solution was due to the acid only. Endozoites were destroyed faster by hydrochloric acid than cystozoites. Furthermore, endozoites were stained faster than cystozoites in an alkaline solution of methylene blue. For this reason, endozoites were assumed to have a higher permeability than cystozoites. The action of hydrochloric acid was used for demonstration of cystozoites in mouse peritoneum cavity. No cystozoites were found after inoculation of virulent parasites.

Surface Deactivation in Glass Capillary Columns and Its Investigation by Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Abstract Surface deactivation in the preparation of glass capillary columns was studied using different acid leaching procedures. Surface analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy both before and after heat treatment of these capillaries provided information on the extent of leaching associated 1 Present address, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 with each procedure. Results suggest that Pyrex glass which has been leached with 19% HC1 solution at 100°C is essentially pure SiO2 except for a significant amount of surface carbon contamination. Furthermore, heat treatment of soda-lime glass with gaseous HC1 followed by formic acid leaching achieves nearly complete deactivation. Chromatographic results verify these observations.

Behaviour of titanium and its alloy with hydrofluoric acid in HCI and H2SO4 solutions with addition agents

The corrosion of Ti and Ti‐Hf25% alloy at 28°C (room temperature) in 20% MC1 and 20% H2SO4 solutions in the presence of 1g/litre of cations such as Fe+3, Cu+2, Ni+2 in each case and of several organic inhibitors has been studied. Cationic additions of Fe+3 and Cu+2 to 20% H2SO4 inhibit much better than similar additions to 20% HC1 solution and generally exhibit higher inhibitor efficiencies than the organic inhibitors studied. The addtions of Fe+3 and Cu+2 to corroding media shift the electrode potentials to noble values. However Ni+2 additions are not found to be effective.

Extraction and Spectrophotometry Determination of Vanadium Using N-p-Chloro-Phenyl-p-Methoxybenzo-Hydroxamic Acid

Abstract A new reagent, N-p-Cl-phenyl-p-methoxybenzohydroxamic acid, for the determination of microgram amounts of vanadium is reported. The vanadium-N-p-Cl-phenyl-p-methoxybenzohydroxamic acid complex is extracted in chloroform from 6–8 M HC1 solution. The extracted complex obeys Beer's law over the range of 0. 5 to 15 p. p. m. of vanadium at 545 mm. The sensitivity of the reagent as defined by Sandell is 0. 009 μg of V/cm2 at 545 mm. vanadium could be determined selectively in high purity niobium and tantalum metals, cast-iron, steel, non-ferrous alloys and silicates as well as in the presence of several commonly occurring cations and anions.

Contribution to the coordination chemistry of molybdenum (V) EPR study of some Mo(V) oxycompounds with biguanide derivatives

Molybdenum(V) biguanidonium salts of the type (RBigH) [MoOCl 4(H 2O)] where RBig = N 1- phenylbiguanide, N 1- p- chlorphenylbiguanide, N 1-p-chlorphenyl-N 5-isopropylbiguanide, N 1- dimethylbiguanide and N 1- morpholinebiguanide, have been investigated by EPR, in DMF and in HC1 solution. The EPR spectral parameters, recorded at room temperature and at 77 K and the electronic-transition energies obtained from the absorption spectra, allowed the bonding parameters β 1, β 2 and ϵ to be calculated. The existence of a monomer-dimer equilibrium, which in DMF is displaced towards the dimeric form, has been demonstrated. Similar equilibria were also demonstrated with the dimers of the types: (RBigH) 2 [Mo[in2O 4Cl 4-(H 2O) 2 ], (RBigH) 2 [Mo 2O 4(C 2O 4) 2(H 2O) 2 ], Mo 2O 3(RBig) 4 and Mo 2O 4-(RBig) 2(H 2O) 2.

Preparation of High Purity Praseodymium-143 from Neutron Irradiated Cerium Oxide by Cation-Exchange Separation

Abstract A method of preparing high purity 143Pr from neutron-irradiated cerium was developed. The cerium oxide used as target material was obtained by decomposing Ce(III) carbonate at 200°–220°C, and this was irradiated in a thermal neutron flux of 7.6 x1012n/cm2·sec for 77 hr. The irradiated cerium oxide was dissolved in HNO3, to separate the 143Pr formed therein by cation-exchange, with 0.25 M citrate as an eluant; and the final product was prepared in the form of HC1 solution. Approximately 1 mCi of 143Pr was obtained after chemical processing of 0.51 g of the cerium oxide. The chemical yield of the 143Pr was over 99%, and its radiochemical purity over 99.99%. The cerium oxide prepared by the method adopted in this work obviated the drawback inherent in commercially available Ce(IV) oxide of being difficult to dissolve in HC1 or HNO3.

Architecture of Radiolitid Rudist (Mollusca) Shell-Wall Structures and its Phylogenetic Implications

Each of the seven families of rudists (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hippuritacea) is characterized by distinctive shell-wall architectures which reflect phylogenetic relationships within the superfamily. Analysis of the complex, calcareous, cellular wall of the attached valve of the radiolite rudist Eoradiolites davidsoni (Hill) from the Comanche Cretaceous of Central Texas indicates that its wall architecture is an elaboration of the simpler monopleurid rudist wall and supports possible radiolite-monopleurid relationships.Several well-preserved specimens of E. davidsoni were sectioned, polished, etched, and carbon and gold coated for SEM examination. Maximum shell microstructure detail was displayed by etching with a 0.7% HC1 solution from 80 to 100 seconds.The shell of E. davidsoni comprises a large, thick-walled, conical, attached valve (AV) and a small, very thin, operculate, free valve (FV) (Fig. 1a). The AV shell is two-layered with a thin inner wall, in which original structures are usually obliterated by recrystallization, and a thick, cellular, outer wall.

A Raman Technique for the Remote Measurement of Aqueous Acid Solutions

The feasibility of remotely measuring acidity of aqueous solution is demonstrated. Profile changes in the Raman band for water, which occurs over the Raman shift range between 2800 cm-1 and 3800 cm-1, are attributed to modifications of the hydrogen bonding by acid protons. It is shown that these profile changes are directly related to acid concentrations. Measurements have been made for aqueous solutions of HC1, HBr, and H2SO4. In addition, Raman spectra of an acid aerosol are shown and estimates of the detectivity of acidity by remote Raman spectroscopy made.

Effects of cingulate cortex lesions and morphine premedication on morphine intake in rats

Groups of rats were given bilateral lesions in the cingulate cortex and then half were subjected to a regimen of chronic morphine injections, while the other half received no premedication. Morphine-oriented behavior was indexed by a learned preference for a bitter morphine HC1 solution. Bilateral anterior cingulate cortex lesions resulted in a decrement in the acquisition of drug-oriented behavior, while premedication produced an enhancement of morphine intake.

The disappearance of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in aqueous solution from the cat stomach and its influence on the transmucosal ion transport in the innervated non-secreting stomach.

AbstractDuring instillation of aqueous solutions of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) into innervated, non‐secreting whole stomach pouches in the cat, parallel decreases in the salicylate and hydrogen ion concentrations took place. There was a decrease in volume by an average of 20–25%. Secretion did not affect the absorption of ASA. To study the effect of ASA in aqueous solution on the ionic permeability of the gastric mucosa, HC1 was instilled before and repeatedly after an instillation of ASA. The gastric mucosal permeability for ions was increased after an instillation of ASA. A study of the changes in electrolyte concentration in the instilled HC1 solutions showed that a significant effect on the decreases in hydrogen and chloride ion concentration persisted 90 and 60 min respectively after an ASA instillation. The net effluxes of hydrogen and chloride ions and the net influx of sodium ions were, however, significantly increased only during 30 min. After an instillation of ASA a 2‐fold increase in the pepsin output was obtained during instillations of HC1. In no case was hemorrhage observed during instillation of ASA, and only in 1 expt. during the immediately following instillation of HC1. In all but 1 expts. hemorrhages occurred during the subsequent HC1 instillations. It is suggested that the permeability‐increasing effect of ASA is due to loosening of the mucosa with a consequent increase of the extracellular space.

Possible Molting and Maturation Controls in Trichinella spiralis

Since nematodes and insects show some similarity in their development, investigations were undertaken to see if they have a similar type of control mechanism. Since the compounds which control insect development are lipoidal in nature, the lipids of infective larvae of Trichinella spiralis were extracted, purified by thin-layer chromatography, and tested for activity in a bioassay. The bioassay consisted of culturing the larvae in vitro. Changes in the length of the larvae and in the number of larvae molting were used as indices of the activity of the various added compounds. Both a compound isolated from the larvae and a juvenile hormone analogue (Williams and Law mixture) increased the length of the larvae significantly over the controls. Synthetic ecdysterone and another compound isolated from the larvae decreased the length of the larvae but increased the number of those molting. The latter two compounds have been shown by mass spectra, ultraviolet, and infrared data to be similar in structure. The effective range of the compounds isolated from the worms was from 3 to 300 nanograms per larva. Geraniol, which has no reported juvenile hormone activity, did not affect the larvae in vitro, whereas hydrocortisone increased the number of larvae molting. Hormones play an important role in insect development. Since there is some similarity between insect and helminth development, nematodes may have a similar type of control mechanism. Thorson et al. (1968) demonstrated the effect of different lipid fractions from Echinococcus granulosus on in vitro cultures of Hymenolepis diminuta. Meerovitch (1965b) performed preliminary experiments showing the effects of faresol, an ecdysone extract, and cholesterol on Trichinella spiralis larvae in vitro. More recently Shanta and Meerovitch (1970) showed that faresyl methyl ether and famesol inhibited morphogenesis in Trichinella larvae. Johnson and Viglierchio (1970) also reported that faresyl methyl ether derivatives and famesyl diethylamine had an effect on Heterodera schachtii. The first aim of this study was to develop a bioassay to test the biological activity on Trichinella of compounds which control insect development. The second goal was the isolation and purification of the compounds that may control both molting and maturation in T. spiralis. Received for publication 10 November 1970. * This research was supported by Research Grant 2-R01-AI-0843-01-02 TMP from the NIH. t A portion of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556. Address after August 1 will be: Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extraction of larvae Larvae were isolated from infected rats by peptic digestion of the carcasses with a 1%o pepsin0.7% HC1 solution (25 ml/g of carcass) for 3 hr at 37 C (Larsh and Kent, 1949). After digestion the fluid was filtered through a double layer of gauze. The larvae were allowed to sediment and then washed 4 times in 0.85% NaCl. The larvae were pipetted into tear drying bulbs, shell frozen in an alcohol-dry ice mixture, and lyophilized. Total lipids were extracted by the method of Folch et al. (1957). The homogenized larvae were mixed with 25 volumes of chloroform:methanol (2:1) and stored at 4 C overnight. The crude extract was then filtered in the cold through Whatman 43 filter paper which had been previously washed in chloroform. Distilled water, 0.2 by volume, was added to the crude extract. After the extract separated into 2 phases, the bottom phase was filtered through Whatman Phase Separating Paper. A 1% KCl solution was added to the bottom separated phase so that the total volume was increased 1.2 times. Twenty-five additional volumes of chloroform:methanol (2:1) were then added to the upper aqueous phase. The two extracts were allowed to separate overnight at 4 C. The bottom layers were taken off, combined, and dried over Na2SO4. The extract was then reduced to dryness by evaporating under nitrogen. The extract was purified by a series of thin-layer chromatographs. Silica Gel G plates, 0.25 mm thick, were made according to the procedure of Stahl (1965). After the slurry was spread, the plates were air dried for 60 min and then stored in a desiccator. Prior to use the plates were activated for 30 min at 105 C. The sample was applied in a band 1.5 cm from the bottom edge, and the plate allowed to develop to 13 cm. After development the plates were air dried. The resulting bands

Potentiometric titration analysis of some properties of catalysts and stabilizers used in the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate

In this contribution the results are reported of an analysis of the acid-base properties of the catalysts and stabilizers used in the synthesis of PET and of a quantitative analysis of the reactions between the metal acetates and the stabilizers. The experiments took the form of potentiometric titration in ethylene glycol on a Model 2513 'Orion ~ potentiometer with glass and chlorine-silver electrodes. The titrants were 0.1N solutions of KOH and HC1 in 1/1 mixtures /6/ with ethylene glycol - isopropanol. The concentrations of the catalysts and stabilizers were approximately the same as in industrial-scale synthesis. Table q. The acid-base properties of the catalysts and stabilizers used in the synthesis of PET Substance ~ ~"

A System for Metabolic Studies in Chickens ,

Techniques were developed and respiratory apparatus designed for conducting intensive metabolic experiments on intact chickens. This system permits calculation of metabolic rate and respiratory quotient as well as estimates of substrate oxidation, pool size and pool kinetics.Birds were immobilized in lateral recumbency. An anesthetic, 2.0% procaine HC1 solution, was infiltrated subcutaneously in the upper wing parallel to the humerus and anterior to the brachial vein which is readily visible. An incision approximately 3 cm. in length was made over the injection site. The posterior edge of the biceps brachialus was elevated and the brachial artery isolated from surrounding structures on the deep surface of the biceps. Two ligatures approximately 3 cm. apart were then placed around the vessel (Fig. 1). The ligature nearest the wing tip was tied securely while the proximal one was left loose until after catheterization. With the vessel elevated by retraction of the two ligatures,…

Isolation of Radioniobium from γ-lrradiated Molybdenum Oxide

A reverse-phase chromatographic isolation procedure for Nb from Mo and Tc is given. The separation is performed with TBP (tri-n-butyl phosphate) on celite column. Molybdenum oxide was irradiated with 20MeV bremsstrahlung, which produces a mixture of 93mMo, 99Mo; 91mTc; 91mNb, 95mNb, 95Nb and 96Nb. The irradiation was applied to a 6 N HC1 solution of the target. Separation was repeated twice, which resulted in isolation of the radioniobium with a decontamination factor of 104 both for Mo and for Tc. Decay analysis of the activity showed that radioniobium thus separated was composed of 91mNb, 95mNb, 95Nb and 96Nb. The γ-spectrum of 96Nb was obtained by subtraction of the spectrum taken 119 hr after the end of irradiation from that of 74 hr.

Chemical separation and determination of traces of phosphorus

A rapid procedure for the concentration of highly diluted aqueous solutions containing traces of phosphorus (down toca. 0.0025 p. p. m.) is described. The method is based upon (a) selective carrying of P(V) by ignited BaSO4 or SrSO4 in presence of a suitable charge determining cation, (b) stripping the carried phosphorus quantitatively in small volume of HC1 solution. The phosphorus concentrate is then spectrophotometrically determined by the molybdenum blue method, and the amount of the trace element in the original sample is estimated by applying a radiometric correction factor. Conditions have been worked out for applying the method in presence of the following interfering ions: As(III) (400 p. p. m.), Al3+ (200 p. p. m.), Fe3+ (200 p. p. m.), and over 1000 p. p. m. of each of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Cr3 ions. The net recovery (uncorrected) of phosphorus in the concentrated form comes toca. 98–99%, and the net error of estimation after correction can be minimised to the limit of accuracy of spectrophotometric determination.

Chemical suppression of fighting in the Siamese fighting fish

Siamese fighting fish will not fight when paired with another male after a 48 h exposure to a 1 mg/cc solution of diethylamine HC1. Suppression of fighting is reversible with duration of suppression related to concentration of diethylamine HC1 in the exposure solution. Loss of aggression is accompanied by vigorous retreat or escape behavior when confronted by an opponent.

Effect of boriding, boro-siliconizing, calorizing, and boro-calorizing on the corrosion resistance of steel

Boriding, boro-siliconizing, calorizing, and boro-calorizing increase the corrosion resistance of steel 45 in 10% NaCl, NaOH, HC1, H2SO4, HNO3 and phosphoric acid solutions. The highest resistance to corrosion in NaCl solutions is conferred on steel by (in this order) calorizing, aluminoboriding and bonding; in NaOH solutions by calorizing, boriding, boro-siliconizing, and boro-calorizing; and in HC1 solutions by boro-siliconizing, boriding, and alumino-boriding. Boriding and boro-siliconizing bring about a considerable increase in corrosion fatigue strength of steel.

An analytical scheme for faecal porphyrins

A method for the fractionation and quantitative analysis of faecal porphyrins is described. Special features are the use of chloroform for the extraction of dicarboxylic porphyrins from aqueous HC1 solution, whereby confusion between coproporphyrin and deuteroporphyrin is avoided, and the provision for ether-insoluble porphyrins. The extent to which protoporphyrin is converted to mesoporphyrin and deuteroporphyrin in the intestine is very variable; the separate determination of the three dicarboxylics is needed to obtain the true value for total dicarboxylics.

Influence of silica gel structure on hydrocarbon separation by gas chromatography

IN GAS-ADSORPTION chromatography, silical gel has been widely used for the separation of light hydrocarbons as a sufficiently homogeneous adsorbent [1-3]. Static studies showed that adsorption of hydrocarbons increases with the diminution in size of silica gel pores [4, 5]. I t was found of interest to study the effect of structure and surface chemistry on the gas-chromatographic separation of hydrocarbon mixtures. The effect of the surface chemistry of silica gels on the gas-chromatographic separation of hydrocarbons was studied in papers [6-11]. Similar investigations of porous glasses [12-15] are closely related to these papers. The effect of silica gel structure on the gas-chromatographic separation of light hydrocarbons formed the subject of paper [16]. With an increase of specific surface and reduction of silica gel pore size, more complete separation was achieved. By t rea tment of silica gels with HC1 and KOH solutions, adsorption was reduced as a result of increased pore sizes and reduced specific surface. With the removal of imp.urities polymerization of propylene and butenes on untreated silica gel was eliminated. I t was also shown in paper [17] that during t reatment of silica gels with acids and alkalies, the fine pores are reduced and the large ones increased. Paper [18] studies the effect on the separation of hydrocarbon gases of calcining silica gels of varying structure at 110-800°C. On increasing the temperature of treatment, silica gel activity increased to a maximum and then rapidly decreased. In the case of ethylene, activity increase was observed only before the elimination of adsorbed water, on eliminating the chemically combined water, activity markedly decreased. Ttmse results can be explained by the reduction of silica gel surface during sintering and by the reduction of adsorption energy of unsaturated (and aromatic) hydrocarbons during dehydroxylation of the surface as a consequence of the reduced specific interaction of ~-electron bonds with the hydroxyl groups on the silica surface [4, 12, 19-21]. In paper [18] a study was made of methods of obtaining symmetrical peaks on active silica gels by increasing working temperatures and deactivation of

Cathodic chronopotentiometry of copper(I) and copper(II) in chloride media

The cathodic chronopotentiometry of Cu(I) and Cu(II) in 1 F HC1 and 1 F KC1 (pH 2.00) media has been investigated with Au and Pt wire electrodes. The theoretical transition-time equation for the diffusion-controlled two-step reduction or oxidation of a single electro-active substance in chronopotentiometry with cylindrical (wire) electrodes has been verified experimentally with data for the step-wise reduction of Cu(II) in each medium cited. In addition, the diffusion coefficients of Cu(II) and Cu(I) have been evaluated. In 1 F HC1 solution the D-values for Cu(II) and Cu(I) at 25° are 0.75 × 10 −5 and 1.42 × 10 −5 cm 2/sec, respectively, and in 1 F KCl medium of pH 2.00 the values are 0.78 × 10 −5 and 1.33 × 10 −5 cm 2/sec.