HBV In Blood Donors Research Articles

Development of a novel molecular assay based on conventional PCR liquid hybridization and ELISA (NAT-ELISA) for the detection of HIV, HCV, and HBV in blood donors

PurposeDevelopment of a simple, affordable, and sensitive method based on gene amplification by PCR followed by liquid hybridization for detection of HIV-1 & 2, HCV and HBV in plasma samples (NAT-ELISA) for detection of these viruses particularly in their window period. MethodsViral nucleic acid extracted from WHO International Standards for HIV1, HIV2, HCV and HBV and 199 blood donor plasma samples were amplified by reverse transcription -PCR with forward and biotinylated reverse primers designed from the conserved regions of p-24 gene of HIV-1 and HIV-2, 5’ UTR of HCV and middle part of S gene of HBV respectively. The biotinylated amplicons were immobilized on streptavidin coated ELISA plates, denatured chemically, and were hybridized with digoxigenin labelled specific oligonucleotide probes of HIV-1, HIV2, HCV and HBV. Hybridization signals were measured colorimetrically by indirect ELISA using anti-digoxigenin HRP conjugate and TMB substrate at 450 ​nm. Analytical Sensitivity or lower limit of detection (LOD) of this assay was determined with WHO standards. ResultsPCR amplified products of WHO standards were 321bp of HIV-1, 291bp of HIV- 2, 229bp of HBV, and 105bp of HCV. The LOD95 and LOD99.7 endpoints of HIV1, HIV2, HCV and HBV were 13, 6, 15 and 11 IU/ml and 15, 7, 17 and 12 IU/ml respectively. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of NAT-ELISA assay were calculated on 199 samples and was 97.4% and 99.4% respectively. ConclusionsThe results suggest that this assay is highly suitable for the blood banks which do not have facilities for exorbitantly expensive NAT test for the detection of these viruses during their window period particularly in the blood donors who test negative by antibody/antigen screening tests.

Study of occurrence of HBeAg among Hepatitis- B surface antigen positive cases

Hepatitis is a universal concept that mean inflammation of the liver and infection with 1 of the 5 viruses called hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses is the almost common cause. The 5 viral cause’s hepatitis-B infection is the worldly almost common hepatic infection, which is cause by hepatitis-B (HBV). HBV is a DNA virus. It is 42–47 nm in diameter and enters the liver through with blood stream. HBV is highly contagious and is 60–100 times more than HIV. It is transmissible throughly with blood cell and all body fluid or mucosa membranous. It is transmitted almost normally by unsafe physical sexual contact, contaminated blood transfusions and unsterilized use needles from mother to baby, close household touch and in the midst of children in early childhood. Study of occurrence of HBeAg among Hepatitis- B surface antigen positive cases; 1. Identification of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen positive cases; 2. Occurrence of HBeAg among Hepatitis- B surface antigen positive cases. 5ml blood was collected from anterior cubital vein by Venipuncture from recruited patient. Samples were collected after proper consent and aseptic precautions. Then every blood sample was transfer overhead a tagged tube plane vial The study was conducted in Department of Microbiology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital. Blood sample from 106 patients including both male and female were collected from various department of the Hospital for the analysis purpose. Out of them, 38 (36%) cases were HBeAg positive and 68 (64%) cases were HBeAg negative: The result of our study put up valuable information and connection in HBeAg positive cases. In this little sample size 106 analysis of the patients at Uttar Pradesh Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College, the prevalence of HBeAg (positive results) in the department of medical microbiology, while the negative result is 68(64%).Males 29(76%) were more affected by the HBV (HBeAg) infection as compare to Female 9(24%).An important preventive measure is the screening for HBV in blood donors. Hepatitis-B related chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma are best prevented by universal childhood immunization. In non-infected people, HBV infection can be avoided by HBV vaccination.Injections Sequence 3 at 0, 1 and 6 months. In over 90% of recipients vaccination is successful.

Retrospective Study of the Seroprevalence of HIV, HCV, and HBV in Blood Donors at a Blood Bank of Western Mexico.

Obtaining blood which is safe for transfusions is one of the principal challenges in the health systems of developing countries. Supply of contaminated blood increases morbidity, mortality, and the costs of patient care. In Mexico, serological screening is mandatory, but only a few of the main blood banks routinely perform a nucleic acid test (NAT). Data from 80,391 blood donations processed between August 2018 and December 2019 at the Central Blood Bank of the Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) were analyzed. All donors were screened for serological markers and NAT was performed. Reactive donors were followed-up to confirm their results. The number of reactive donors and seroprevalence rates for HIV, HCV, and HBV were 152 (18.91/10,000), 385 (47.89/10,000), and 181 (22.51/10,000), respectively; however, these rates decreased when NAT-confirmed reactive results were considered. Male donors were found to have a higher seroprevalence than females, and younger donors higher than older donors. The present study shows that HIV, HCV, and HBV seroprevalence in blood donors in Western Mexico is low. We propose that Mexico should establish future strategies, including pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs), in order to improve blood safety and reduce transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs).

Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterization of the hepatitis B virus among blood donors in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.

The strains of HBV circulating among blood donors in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), are not yet characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine seroprevalence, changes in biochemical parameters during HBV infection and molecular characterization of HBV in blood donors in Lubumbashi. The detection of HBsAg was carried out by rapid diagnostic test then confirmed by the Liaison XL® Quant HBsAg technique. PCR targeting the P gene was carried out on LightCycler® 96 and genotyping by the sequencing technique on ABI 3500. The seroprevalence was 7.9%. The genotypes E (53.1%), A (41.8%), A3/E (3.8%), A1/E (1.3%) and some drug resistance mutations were identified. Disturbances of HDL-cholesterol, direct bilirubin, transaminases (ASAT and ALAT), PAL, GGT and albumin have been observed in HBsAg positive blood donors. The results of our study indicated that Lubumbashi is in a region with high endemicity for HBV and report for the first time HBV of genotypes A, E, A1/E and A3/E. They highlight the need to implement strategies to improve transfusion safety in blood transfusion centers and hospital blood banks in Lubumbashi in order to reduce HBV infection in recipients. They could also contribute to the implementation of treatment strategies and the development of mapping of circulating HBV genotypes in the DRC.

The prevalence and risk factor of hepatitis B and D in Shiraz blood donors

The estimation of prevalence rate of hepatitis B (HBV) in blood donors and hepatitis D (HDV) infection in HBV carriers is important in estimating the prognosis of hepatitis due to more severe rate of liver disease in HDV/HBV co-infected patients. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of HBV in blood donors and HDV among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive-blood donors in Shiraz, Fars, Iran. This cross-sectional study was performed between 21 March, 2009 and 21 March, 2010 on Shiraz blood donors. The prevalence of HBV was surveyed. Then demographic characteristics, route of transmission and prevalence of HDV were surveyed on a random sample of donors who had positive result of confirmatory HBsAg in screening tests. The prevalence rate of HBV in all donors was 263/96646 (0.27%). The prevalence of HDV in random sample of HBV patients was 4/185 (2.2%). The most common route of transmission was positive family history 41/185 (22.3%), unsafe sexual contact 11/185 (5.9%), history of tattooing 9/185 (4.86%), intravenous drug abuse 5/185 (2.7%) and history of receiving blood or blood products 5/185 (2.7%) and there was no data about transmission route of the 147/185 (79.5%). There was no difference between route of transmission, level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B envelope antibody (HBeAb) and protrombin time (PT) between positive and negative groups (P>0.05). The prevalence of HBV in our province decreased from 0.89% in 1998 to 0.27% in 2009 due to improvement in recruitment of low-risk donors and better donor selection. The prevalence of HDV in our blood donors was low and same as other studies on blood donors or asymptomatic carrier.

Occult hepatitis B virus infection

The detection of HBV DNA without HBsAg with or without the presence of HBV antibodies outside the acute phase window period defines occult HBV infection. This condition has been described in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), chronic hepatitis B, healthy HBV carriage and recovered infection, chronic hepatitis C and individuals without serological markers of HBV. The frequency of the diagnosis depends on the relative sensitivity of both HBsAg and HBV DNA assays. It also depends on the prevalence of HBV infection in the population. Occult HBV in blood donors has a wide range of potential origins within the natural history of the infection. It may originate from recovered infections with anti-HBs and persistent, low-level, viral replication, escape mutants undetected by the HBsAg assays or healthy chronic carriage. The last situation is mostly found with anti-HBc only. Over time, antibody markers may become undetectable leaving HBV DNA as the only marker of the infection. In all cases, the viral load is low, mostly below 10 4 IU/ml, often below 100 IU/ml. At these levels, nucleic acid testing (NAT) in pools is likely to be largely ineffective. Is occult HBV transmissible by transfusion? Carriers of anti-HBs or anti-HBc only were shown infectious in immunosuppressed organ or bone marrow transplant recipients. In immunocompetent recipients, there is no evidence that anti-HBs-containing components are infectious, even in low titre. Donations carrying anti-HBc only and HBV DNA can be infectious and this is a threat where anti-HBc is not screened. Anti-HBc screening identifies most occult HBV infection but not all. HBV NAT needs either extreme sensitivity or to be performed on individual donations to eliminate HBV DNA-containing units.

Seroconversion of HIV, HCV, and HBV in Blood Donors in 1996 – Risk of Virus Transmission by Blood Products in Germany

Seroconversion of HIV, HCV, and HBV in Blood Donors in 1996 – Risk of Virus Transmission by Blood Products in Germany