Hazelnut Varieties Research Articles

Comparison of Fruit Quality Characteristics of Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul Hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) Varieties Grown at Different Altitudes of Ordu Province

The hazelnut, which is known to be among the homelands of Anatolia, has been grown in our country for centuries. Hazelnut cultivation in Turkey dates back to ancient times. In the province of Ordu, the hazelnut varieties Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul are mainly cultivated but other varieties are also grown. This study was carried out between 2022-2023 to determine the effects of altitude and location difference on the fruit characteristics of hazelnut varieties Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul grown in Fatsa (300 m), İkizce (590 m) and Kumru (400 m) districts of Ordu province. In the study, the lowest average values for nut and kernel fruit weight, nut and shell thickness and kernel size were obtained from trees at 400 m altitude, while the highest values were obtained from trees at 590 m altitude. According to the results, the altitude had a different effect on the weight of the nuts and kernels depending on the variety. While the weight of nuts and kernels increased with increasing altitude in Çakıldak and Palaz varieties, these values decreased in Tombul variety. As a result some fruit quality characteristics of hazelnut varieties grown at different altitudes in Ordu province were found to be different.

Characterization and Profiling of Key Odorants in Roasted Hybrid American-European Hazelnuts.

American-European hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus americana × Corylus avellana) are an emerging crop in the Upper Midwest of the United States that have been reported to have unique sensory characteristics compared to traditionally grown European hazelnuts. In this study, key odor-active compounds in a roasted hybrid hazelnut variety (C. americana × C. avellana) were identified and profiled across different hybrid hazelnut varietals to understand sensory differences. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/olfactometry analysis identified 33 odorants with high flavor dilution factors (FD ≥ 16) in the roasted hybrid hazelnut, including 2-acetylpyrazine and 2-aminoacetophenone as first reported hazelnut odorants. Descriptive sensory analysis profiles of the roasted hazelnut and an aroma recombination model consisting of 27 odorants quantified above their odor detection thresholds were not significantly different for the six evaluated attributes, confirming the aroma contribution of the identified odorants. Variation in all 33 aroma-active compounds across 12 hybrid and two European hazelnut varieties was visualized through principal component analysis and related to aroma profiles previously characterized by consumers.

Analysis of the Energy Potential of Hazelnut Husk Depending on the Variety

Interest in bioenergy, in particular the use of biomass, has increased significantly in recent years due to increasing climate and economic concerns. As one of the key renewable energy sources, biomass plays an important role in the new energy framework. The aim of this research was to estimate the mass of woody husks and to check the influence of morphological features of selected hazelnut varieties on the energy parameters of waste biomass in the form of husk. Technical and elemental analyses were carried out on the husks of four varieties: ‘Kataloński’, ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’, ‘Olga’, and ‘Webba Cenny’, taking into account their weight, moisture content, heat of combustion (HHV and LHV), and pollutant emission factors (CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, Dust). Research has shown significant differences between the varieties in terms of their energy potential and pollutant emissions. The varieties ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’ and ‘Olga’ were found to have higher calorific values, making them more energy efficient. On the other hand, the varieties ‘Kataloński’ and ‘Webba Cenny’ showed lower dust and NOx emissions, which is beneficial from an environmental point of view. The analysis of the chemical and morphological composition of hazelnut husks allowed for the identification of relationships between morphological features and energy value and emission indicators. The conclusions from the conducted research suggest that hazelnut husks have significant potential as an energy raw material. The selection of an appropriate variety for energy crops should take into account both the calorific value and emission indicators, which will allow for the optimization of production processes and the promotion of sustainable development.

Analysis of the Energy–Carbon Potential of the Pericarp Cover of Selected Hazelnut Varieties

The research presents weight estimation and analysis of the energy and carbon potential of the pericarp cover of four hazelnut varieties. A technical and elementary biofuel analysis was carried out for the biomass studied, as well as a correlation and principal component analysis to demonstrate the influence of individual characteristics on the parameters achieved. In addition, emission factors and the composition and volume of flue gases from the combustion of the material studied were estimated based on stoichiometric equations. The research showed that the highest calorific value (LHV) was characterised by the pericarp cover of the ‘Olga’ variety (14.86 MJ·kg−1) and the lowest by the ‘Kataloński’ variety (14.60 MJ·kg−1). In the case of exhaust volume, the highest volume was obtained from the ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’ variety (250.06 Nm3·kg−1) and the lowest from the ‘Kataloński’ variety (12.43 Nm3·kg−1). The correlation analysis carried out showed that the HHV and LHV parameters in the covers showed a very strong positive correlation with sulphur content and SO2 emissions, and a moderate correlation with nitrogen content and its associated NOx emissions, indicating their direct influence on the higher calorific value of biomass.

Consumer acceptance and sensory perception of roasted American-European hybrid hazelnuts.

Interspecific American-European hazelnut (Corylus americana × C. avellana) hybrids are being developed for the Upper Midwest region of the United States, which have potential economic and ecological benefits. Currently, researchers are working on pre-commercialization initiatives to create a local hazelnut industry. However, a lack of knowledge on the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of the hybrid hazelnuts have been identified as potential limitations to production. This study investigated consumer responses to hybrid hazelnuts, employing hedonic ratings and check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions. Twelve roasted hazelnut hybrids were subjected to consumer evaluation for liking (aroma, color, flavor, texture, and overall) and aroma and flavor descriptors. Consumers also evaluated two European hazelnut varieties for comparative purposes. Liking scores were significantly different (p<0.05) across different hybrid varieties and when comparing specific hybrids with European varieties. CATA sensory profiles specific to different varieties were also observed and discriminating attributes were identified using multiple-response methodologies. Penalty analysis based on CATA further identified the attributes roasty, hazelnut-like, caramel-like, chocolate-like, sweet, and salty as primary drivers of aroma/flavor liking, while earthy, burnt, and bitter were identified as primary drivers of disliking. Overall, unique flavors that impacted liking were found in hybrid hazelnuts and, when compared with European hazelnuts, provided insights for breeding and post-processing strategies to optimize product quality.

Molecular characterization of Turkish hazelnut cultivars and genotypes using SSR markers

This study defines the genetic characterization of 16 hazelnut varieties and 64 genotypes. SSR method was used in molecular characterization studies. 18 SSR primers were used. In the SSR method, 118 bands were obtained, and 115 were polymorphic. The similarity coefficient in overall genotypes were between 0.12 and 0.98 in SSR andthe polymorphism rate of the primer pairs used was calculated as 98.0%. The lowest polymorphism information content value (0.542) was obtained from the CAC- C 028 locus, and the highest polymorphism information content value (0.987) was obtained from the CAC- B 113 locus. The average polymorphism information content value was 0.786. The total discrimination power values of SSR loci were determined as 17.98; the lowest (0.748) discrimination power value was obtained from the CAC- B 020 locus, while the highest (1.404) discrimination power value was obtained from the CAC- A 024 b locus. The genotypes’clustering positions across the dendograms were essentially correlated with their geographic origins. This result shows that genetic origin plays an important role in terms of classification of genotypes in hazelnut.

Determination of volatile aroma composition of some hazelnut varieties grown in Akçakoca conditions.

Türkiye is leading country for hazelnut production and hazelnut orchards are widely established in Black Sea belt. Akçakoca district belongs to Duzce province is accepted as one of the most important production areas. In this research, volatile aroma components in nuts (kernels) of Çakıldak, Kara, Sarı (Mincane), Tombul and Yomra hazelnut varieties grown in Akçakoca district were determined by SPME/GC-MS. The analysis revealed the presence a total of 55 different volatile aroma components. These analyzes identified the presence of 39 descriptive volatile aroma compounds with significant differences between varieties. Çakıldak variety differed from the other varieties in terms of Isopentyl alcohol and Ethyl acetate components. At the same time, some volatile aroma compounds are commonly detected among the all varieties. This study has shown that the climate and soil conditions of Akçakoca cause the emergence of unique taste profiles through the effect of hazelnut varieties on volatile aroma components. The findings emphasize that regional diversity and local ecosystem factors play a critical role in determining flavor in hazelnut kernels. This study also emphasizes that variety selection is a critical factor in ensuring sustainability in hazelnut cultivation and that determining volatile aroma components is an important indicator in this selection.

Classification of hazelnut varieties based on bigtransfer deep learning model

Hazelnut is an agricultural product that contributes greatly to the economy of the countries where it is grown. The human factor plays a major role in hazelnut classification. The typical approach involves manual inspection of each sample by experts, a process that is both labor-intensive and time-consuming, and often suffers from limited sensitivity. The deep learning techniques are extremely important in the classification and detection of agricultural products. Deep learning has great potential in the agricultural sector. This technology can improve product quality, increase productivity, and offer farmers the ability to classify and detect their produce more effectively. This is important for sustainability and efficiency in the agricultural industry. In this paper aims to the application of deep learning algorithms to streamline hazelnut classification, reducing the need for manual labor, time, and cost in the sorting process. The study utilized hazelnut images from three different varieties: Giresun, Ordu, and Van, comprising a dataset of 1165 images for Giresun, 1324 for Ordu, and 1138 for Van hazelnuts. This dataset is an open-access dataset. In the study, experiments were carried out on the determination of hazelnut varieties with BigTransfer (BiT)-M R50 × 1, BiT-M R101 × 3 and BiT-M R152 × 4 models. Deep learning models, including big transfer was employed for classification. The classification task involved 3627 nut images and resulted in a remarkable accuracy of 99.49% with the BiT-M R152 × 4 model. These innovative methods can also lead to patentable products and devices in various industries, thereby boosting the economic value of the country.

К НАУЧНЫМ ОСНОВАМ СОЗДАНИЯ ЦИТРУСОВЫХ «ДЕРЕВЬЕВ САДОВ»

The main breeding techniques used in the 50s of the 19th century by breeder F.M. Zorin – creator of the Friendship Tree, candidate of agricultural sciences (1944), are considered. Fyodor Mikhailovich developed valuable varieties of mandarin oranges, grapefruits, lemons, plums, figs, and hazelnuts. Author of more than 40 scientific papers. He was awarded the State Prize for the creation of new varieties of fruit plants. This article shows theoretical research and practically used methods for breeding new varieties of citrus fruits. The basis of his research was vegetative hybridization (from Greek “hybris” – inbreeding) – the production of hybrids by grafting. Zorin F.M. paid a special role in the breeding work to “tree gardens”, which were of both scientific and industrial importance. Fruits from such a tree could change shape, size, color and ripening time. At the same time, he paid attention not only to the selection of the scion, but also the rootstock. As a result, such a tree had many trunks, and the crown consisted of numerous varieties and species of three genera – Citrus, Fortunella, Poncirus of the Rutaceae family. Almost the entire Pomeranian subfamily (Aurantioideae) grafts onto each other and is highly compatible. It is important to take into account varietal characteristics: timing of flowering and ripening, as well as their biology. The main advantages of citrus «tree-gardens» are the saving of garden space, the aesthetic appearance of the trees and originality, as well as the ability to obtain more varieties per unit area.

Replenishment of the bioresource collection of the Subtropical Scientific Centre with varieties of own selection

These studies were conducted in the humid subtropics of the Krasnodar Region. The bioresource collection of the Subtropical Scientific Centre is preserved, mobilized, and maintained in living form, comprising 800 varieties of subtropical crops and over 2,000 ornamental flowering plants. The main methods of replenishment are introduction and breeding of new varieties, the value of which lies in their adaptability to local growing conditions. As a result of breeding research at the Centre, 277 varieties of tea, persimmon, mandarin, feijoa, azimina, hazelnut, fig, strawberry, peach, plum, apple, pear, pelargonium, hippeastrum, freesia, anemone, chrysanthemum, gerbera, tulip, primrose, and peony have been obtained. Over the past 6 years (2019–2024), the collection has been supplemented with new varieties resistant to major environmental stress factors, which have high yield, fruit quality, productivity, and ornamental value. In the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use, 73 varieties are registered, including 65 varieties of flowering plants and 8 subtropical fruit and nut crops.

Savurmalı Fındık Kırma Makinesinde Dönme Hızının Enerji Tüketimi, Kırma Verimi ve İç Fındık Kalitesi Üzerine Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi

In this study, the effects of different hazelnut varieties and impeller velocities on energy consumption, hazelnut cracking efficiency and kernel quality in the centrifugal hazelnut cracking method were examined. Giresun Quality Tombul, Levant Quality Çakıldak and Kara hazelnuts, which are important Turkish hazelnut varieties, were selected as the study material. A centrifugal type machine, which does not require grading, crackes with the help of a rotating impeller, and has a crushing capacity of 100 kg per hour, was used as the experimental device. The study was carried out at 4 different fan rotation speeds: 350, 750, 1100 and 1450 rpm. According to the study results, although it is resulted that each hazelnut varieties different behaviors at different impeller velocities, it can be said that the optimum benefit is achieved at 1100 rpm. The results of the article emphasize that equipment adjustments and the development of hazelnut variety-specific processing strategies are important in optimizing cracking and parted rates in the hazelnut processing process. This study can serve as a basis for studies aimed at contributing to efficiency and quality improvements in the hazelnut processing industry.

Changes in the relationships between pomological characteristics in hazelnuts according to the picking manually from the branch and the ground

This research was carried out to determine the relationships between pomological characteristics of hazelnuts collected manually from the branch and the ground. The research was carried out in three different orchards belonging to a producer, which contains Tombul, Foşa and Çakıldak hazelnut varieties in Kocaali district of Sakarya province (Türkiye). The orchards, located at an altitude of 300 m, face north. Hazelnut samples of Tombul, Foşa and Çakıldak varieties were collected from the branch in the first (2009) and second year (2010), on 12-15 August, 15-18 August and 22-25 August, respectively, and from the ground on 24-27 August, 27-30 August and 4-7 September, respectively. Nut weight, nut size, shell thickness, kernel weight, kernel size, kernel cavity, kernel percent, shriveled kernel ratio, good kernel ratio, full and average blanching ratios were determined in dried fruits. Correlation analysis was performed between the properties examined separately in the two groups of samples. In the samples collected from the branch and the ground, the highest variation was seen in the shriveled kernel ratio and the lowest in the good kernel ratio. It was determined that all of the significant correlation coefficients in the samples collected from the branch were positive, and the highest correlation coefficients were between full blanching ratio-average blanching ratio, nut weight-kernel weight and nut size-kernel size, respectively. In the samples collected from the ground, more significant correlations, and also negative significant relationships were found between the investigated properties. It was determined that the highest positive correlations were found between nut size-kernel weight, nut weight-kernel weight, full blanching rate-average blanching rate, nut weight-kernel size and nut size-kernel size, respectively; the highest negative correlations were found between the shell thickness-good kernel ratio, the shell thickness-kernel size, and the shriveled kernel ratio-good kernel core ratio, respectively. It can be said that the samples collected manually from the ground in hazelnut were more homogeneous than those collected from the branch in terms of the quality characteristics examined; in the samples collected from the ground, the good kernel ratio and kernel size were negatively affected by the shell thickness, the shriveled kernel ratio was positively affected, and there were no differences between the samples in terms of other relations.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Fresh and Dried Fruit in Turkish Tombul Hazelnut Variety

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial properties of fresh and dried fruits of Turkish Tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) variety.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The Turkish Tombul hazelnuts used in the experiment were obtained from Helvacı Village/ Düzköy /Trabzon. Fresh hazelnuts were harvested in 2023, while dried hazelnuts were collected in 2022. The dried hazelnuts were dried at 105°C until they attained a consistent weight. This section was not created for fresh hazelnuts. The treated micelle was extracted for 4 hours with 100 mL of Ethyl alcohol (EtOH) for every 10 g of both the fresh and dried hazelnut samples crushed. The micelle (hazelnut+oil+solvent mixture) was filtered through coarse filter paper to remove particles before being blown away with a Rotary evaporator (Heidolph, Germany). The resulting extracts were used for antimicrobial testing. Antimicrobial activity of the strains was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterobacter cloaceae ATCC2468, Enterococcus feacalis ATCC51299, Escherichia coli ATCC2471, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC700603, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC13311, Serretia marcescens ATCC13880, Staphylococcus epidermis ATCC14990, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790, Yersinia pestis ATCC 19428 and Candida albicans ATCC10351. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was run to determine any significant differences in the study groups by Duncan multiple range test was performed through SPSS.&#x0D; Results: Dried hazelnut extract was effective in all of them, while fresh hazelnut extract was only effective on Candida albicans ATCC10351 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC700603 (F (3, 8) = 65.45, p

The Effect of Rootstock/Variety Combinations on Plant Development in Some Hazelnut Varieties Grafted on Turkish Hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) Rootstock

Amaç: Bu araştırma Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak ve Okay 28 fındık çeşitlerinin bitki gelişimleri üzerine Türk fındığı (Corylus colurna L.) anacının etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.&#x0D; Materyal ve Yöntem: Fındık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’nde 2019 yılında tesis edilen bahçede yürütülen bu çalışmada, Türk Fındığı anacı üzerine dilcikli aşı metodu ile aşılanan Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak ve Okay 28 fındık çeşidi bitkilerinde, bitki boy ve çap gelişimleri ile dip sürgünü verme eğilimleri üç yıl süreyle (2020-2022) takip edilmiştir.&#x0D; Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırma bahçesindeki çeşit/anaç kombinasyonlarında bitkilerin boyları 113.3 cm (2020 yılı) ile 173.3 cm (2022 yılı) arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Çeşitler arasındaki boy artışı değerlerinde, istatistiki açıdan önemli bir farklılık ortaya çıkmamış olsa da ortalama 142.0 cm ile en yüksek bitki boyu Okay 28 çeşidinin bitkilerinde kaydedilmiştir. Corylus colurna L. anacı üzerine aşılı 4 fındık çeşidinin de 2020, 2021 ve 2022 yıllarında dip sürgünü oluşturmadığı görülmüştür. Aşılı bitkilerde anaç, aşı noktası ve kalem çapındaki gelişme durumlarının farklılıkları sadece yıllar arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli çıkmıştır. İstatistiki açıdan önemli bulunmasa da, araştırma bahçesindeki bitkilerin kalem çapındaki artış en fazla 2022 yılında Okay 28 bitkilerinde (21.2 mm) gerçekleşmiştir. Bunu Tombul (21 mm), Palaz (18.9 mm) ve Çakıldak (18.2 mm) çeşitlerine ait aşılı bitkiler takip etmiştir. 2022 yılında yine istatistiksel olarak önemli çıkmasa da C. colurna/Okay 28 kombinasyonu olan bitkilerde aşı noktası çapı ortalama 35.7 mm ile diğer kombinasyonlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Araştırma bahçesinde, bitkilerin ilk meyvelerini 2020 yılında vermeye başladığı görülmüştür.&#x0D; Sonuç: Deneme süresince aşılı fındık bitkilerinde boy gelişimi açısından istatistiki bir farklılık belirlenmemiş olsa da çeşit özelliklerinin bitki gelişimine etkisinin olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca, Corylus colurna L. anacı üzerine aşılı tüm çeşitlerin dip sürgünü oluşturmaması ve aşılı bitkilerin üç yaşındayken meyve vermeye başlaması çalışmanın olumlu sonuçlarındandır.

Nut Quality and Yield Performances of Some Foreign Hazelnut Varieties in Ordu Ecology (1st Yield Results)

Amaç: Bu çalışma İtalya ve İspanya’dan introdüksiyon amacı ile getirilip dikilen çeşitlerin Ordu ekolojisinde gelişme ve verim performanslarını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.&#x0D; Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmanın materyallerini Negret, ‘Castanyera’, ‘Segorbe’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’, ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’ ve ‘Nocchione’ fındık çeşitleri oluşturmaktadır. Çeşitler tek gövdeli olarak 3x6 m mesafe ile 3 tekerrürlü dikilmiştir. 2023 yılında ilk hasat yapılmıştır. Meyve özellikleri olarak kabuk kalınlığı, kabuklu meyve ve iç ağırlığı, meyve ve iç boyutları, iç oranı, göbek boşluğu incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bitki başına verim, çotanakta meyve sayısı ve çotanak sayıları da belirlenmiştir.&#x0D; Araştırma Bulguları: Çeşitlerin ortalama çotanaktaki meyve sayıları 1.93 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çeşitlerin ortalama meyve kabuk kalınlıkları 1.49 mm iken en ince kabuklu çeşit 1.33 mm ile TGR olmuştur. Çeşitlerin ortalama meyve ağırlığı 3.02 g olup en ağır meyveli çeşit 3.89 g ile ‘Castanyera’ olmuştur. ‘Segorbe’ çeşidi 439 g/bitki ile en yüksek verim değerine sahip olurken bunu 259 g/bitki ile Negret izlemiştir. Yine çeşitlerin ortalama meyve şekil indeksi ise 1.09 olarak hesaplanmıştır.&#x0D; Sonuç: Ordu ekolojisinde yetiştirilen bazı yabancı kökenli fındık çeşitlerinin introdüksiyonuna yönelik olarak başlatılan bu çalışma İspanya çeşitleri olan Negret, ‘Castanyera’ ve ‘Segorbe’ ile İtalya çeşitleri olan ‘Tonda di Giffoni’, ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’ ve ‘Nocchione’ fındık çeşitlerine yönelik Türkiye’de yapılan ilk adaptasyon çalışmasıdır. Elde edilen sonuçlar benzer çalışmalara da ışık tutacak mahiyettedir. Verim, meyve özellikleri ve diğer özelliklere ait verilerin tam verim çağına kadar alınmaya devam ettirilmesi önem taşımaktadır.

Detection of hazelnut varieties and development of mobile application with CNN data fusion feature reduction-based models

Detection of hazelnut varieties and development of mobile application with CNN data fusion feature reduction-based models

Elemental analysis and health risk assessment of different hazelnut varieties (Corylus avellana L.) collected from Giresun - Turkey

Corylus avellana L. is one of the most widely grown and traded nuts in the world. There are many types and varieties, and their ingredients are a good source of nutrients in terms of minerals. However, depending on their region and soil structure, they may contain a variety of heavy metals and toxic elements. Mineral element composition and potentially toxic element contents of different C. avellana L. varieties (15 samples) collected from the city of Giresun, which is known as the hazelnut capital of Turkey, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave assisted acid digestion. The elemental composition of hazelnuts is in the following ranges mg kg-1; manganese (Mn): 58.9–193, iron (Fe): 44.1–62.2, zinc (Zn): 27.0–53.8, selenium (Se): 0.01–0.12, chromium (Cr): <0.0004–0.387, copper (Cu): 16.9–25.8, magnesium (Mg): 1132–1327, calcium (Ca): 1264–1899, potassium (K): 5459-6841, sodium (Na): 1.32–7.88, lead (Pb): <0.001, cadmium (Cd): <0.001, nickel (Ni): 0.82–2.52 and arsenic (As): 0.003–0.009. These findings were used to calculate recommended dietary allowance (RDA), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) values for hazelnuts. Considering the THQ values, it was determined that hazelnuts are safe for consumption by both genders. According to the carcinogenic risk calculation, all of the hazelnuts examined in this study were categorized as moderately risky in terms of Ni contents, and it was concluded that Ni may be the most important element exceeding the risk limit in hazelnuts in general.

Diversity of hazelnut varieties and changes in plant development during introduction in the semi-arid zone

Global climate change provide the emergence of new opportunities for the introduction of new crops into horticultural production in the areas of insufficient precipitation. In addition to the economic aspect, it is also of interest to the biologists of the development of this plant in a qualitatively new environment.The paper considers the variability of the main traits of plant morphometry, yield for four varieties of hazelnuts in order to identify the most promising forms for cultivating in the northern part of the Steppe of Ukraine characterized by an insufficient precipitation and harsh winters. Recent milder winter conditions and a certain balance in summer droughts have made the required horticultural production possible, thereby increasing the production of hazelnuts and addressing the dietary problems of people in terms of supply of necessary vitamins and micronutrient element from hazelnuts. Promising varieties for the production plantations have been specified, the mechanisms for the yield formation have been studied. Key traits of morphometry have been identified that condition the success of a variety under insufficient humidity. These were such traits as crown volume, leaf surface area, shell thickness, average weight of one nut, weight of dry nuts, yield, kernel yield. It has been established that the yield formation on account of large, well-shaped nuts is best in terms of yield. Some aspects of yield formation and the possibility of combining different varieties, especially when more intensive growing methods are applied, are of additional interest. High variability significantly prevents the modeling of traits, for example, such as yield per tree, from being significant in terms of the formation of high yield. Semi-intensive pruning of hazelnut bushes shows its suitability for use in modern garden plantings. Variety Barselonskiy showed extremely high variability for many key parameters, which may indicate insufficient stability of this variety from a genetic point of view and the presence of a fairly significant number of hidden biotypes, which is additionally negative for cultivation in modern semi-intensive and intensive technologies. Climate change makes it possible to continue to significantly expand the area under hazelnuts due to the previously considered unfavourable southern subzones of the Forest-Steppe and the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Such new and previously unnoticed effects have been noted as fruiting in the first year in production crops, the formation of up to 5–6 inflorescences for each nut-bearing branch in the second or third year. For further investigations, it is planned to analyze the nutritional qualities of the obtained products, in terms of the composition by microelements and the presence of biologically-active substances, to trace the dynamics of the accumulation of heavy metals and the potentially associated risks.

Classification of Hazelnut Species with Pre-Trained Deep Learning Models

A form of shelled nut in the Betulaceae family is the hazelnut. The majority of it is grown in Türkiye internationally. It grows in the provinces of Türkiye's Black Sea region, which is a significant global production hub. Hazelnuts can be eaten in a variety of ways and are a great source of protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. There are numerous applications for hazelnuts in the food business. This study uses pre-trained networks to categorize eight of the most popular hazelnut kinds farmed in Türkiye. In this study, locally named hazelnut varieties grown in Türkiye were examined. An automated computer vision system was used to capture the images of the different hazelnut kinds. Our dataset includes a total of 2722 images, consisting of 155 palaz, 340 yagli, 399 deve disi, 236 tombul, 399 damat, 354 cakildak, 437 kara findik, and 402 sivri hazelnuts. Using transfer learning, the DenseNet121 and InceptionV3 models of convolutional neural networks were employed to categorize these images. The dataset was split into training and testing portions, respectively. With InceptionV3 and DenseNet121, respectively, the research revealed classification accuracy of 96.99% and 96.18%.

Importance of Cell Wall Permeability and Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes during Infection of Botrytis cinerea in Hazelnut

The Botrytis bunch mold, Botrytis cinerea pathogen is a necrotrophic ascomycete that infects hundreds of plant species, including hazelnut. B. cinerea produces toxins that induce cell wall degrading enzymes. In the current research work, we used eight hazelnut varieties and recorded their resistance levels in response to B. cinerea infection. Results showed that different varieties respond differently to B. cinerea infection. Disease index analysis revealed the resistance level of eight hazelnut varieties in the order of DW &gt; OZ &gt; L3 &gt; PZ &gt; XD1 &gt; YZ &gt; L1 &gt; QX. Moreover, cell membrane permeability as well as the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes were measured. The increased level of cell wall degrading enzymes facilitates the fungal pathogens’ ability to colonize plants and cause infection. According to the results obtained through enzyme analysis, the hazelnut varieties L1 and QX, which were proved to be highly susceptible against B. cinerea, had the highest cell wall degrading enzyme production. DW and OZ, which were revealed to be resistant varieties through disease index data, also showed relatively lower activity of degrading enzymes as compared to other varieties. Our comparison analysis between the disease index and enzyme production confirms that disease occurrence and plant susceptibility strongly depend upon cell wall permeability. Our enzyme activity results validated the resistance order revealed by disease index assessment results (DW &gt; OZ &gt; L3 &gt; PZ &gt; XD1 &gt; YZ &gt; L1 &gt; QX), and varieties DW and OZ were found to be the most resistant, while QX and L1 were found to be the most susceptible varieties against B. cinerea infection. Our study lays the foundation to further explore other factors involved in grey mold resistance in hazelnut.