Hazelnut Shell Research Articles

La fonction des industries en silex et les modalités d’occupation des territoires au Mésolithique. Le cas des zones sableuses du nord-ouest de la Belgique et des Pays-Bas (8700–5400 cal. BC)

This paper details the results of a recent microwear study of ca. 900 lithic artifacts from 14 lithic scatters belonging to five sites dated to the Early (Doel, Ede, Evergem and Verrebroek) and Late (Hempens) Mesolithic in the coversand area of Belgium and the Netherlands. Combined with high-resolution archaeological, palaeoenvironmental and chronological data, the usewear results offer new insights into Mesolithic activities and hence site function, thus allowing the formulation of new models of site system and land-use. Despite clear typological differences, this study did not reveal important functional variability within nor between the analyzed loci and sites. The functional spectrum on all loci/sites is dominated by two activities, i.e. the initial stages of hide working (cleaning and softening) and the processing of plant material for making relatively small objects, e.g. arrow shafts, basketry, nets, fibres, etc. Combined with the evidence of hunting (numerous microliths) and gathering (carbonized hazelnut shells), the usewear data support the interpretation of short-term residential camp-sites occupied by complete families mainly during the warmer months (summer and/or early autumn) when plant material was widely available. It is suggested that winter activities, including the further processing of the hides into clothing, shelter components, etc. took place at other locations most likely situated beyond the limits of the study-area. For NW Belgium exotic raw materials point to a possible winter territory in the hilly upland of the loess region some 100km in southeastern direction.

Micropropagule production from Trichoderma harzianum EGE-K38 using solid-state fermentation and a comparative study for drying methods

In this study, Trichoderma harzianum EGE-K38 was used for micropropagule production in solid-state fermentation. Various inexpensive agricultural co-products including wheat bran, sawdust, rice straw, hazelnut shell, grape marc, and cotton seed cake were tested as natural substrates, and zeolite was tested as an inert support for micropropagule production. Several parameters were determined to obtain maximum micropropagule production: the effects of various nitrogen sources, initial moisture content, initial pH, incubation temperature, and incubation time. Maximum micropropagule count achieved was (1.30 ± 0.68) × 10^{10} cfu/g dry substrate with a wheat bran-malt sprout mixture (3:2), at 28 °C, an initial moisture content of 70% (w/w), and an initial pH of 5.8 ± 0.3 after 4 days of cultivation. In zeolite-based medium, a maximum micropropagule count of (5.12 ± 0.61) × 10^8 cfu/g dry inert support was achieved. Optimized parameters were used in a higher scale where micropropagules were produced in trays using a wheat bran-malt sprout medium and harvested to determine the drying conditions in both lyophilization and oven-drying. It was found that up to 97% of micropropagules retained their viability with glycerol as a protectant after 1 day of oven-drying at 40 °C.

Lystrup Østergård – En værkstedsplads fra yngre stenalder

Lystrup Østergård – En værkstedsplads fra yngre stenalder

A simple technique to eliminate ethylene emissions from biochar amendment in agriculture

Biochars have potential value for greenhouse nurseries as a potting amendment, reducing the need for environmentally costly products currently in use. The onsite manufacture of biochars by pyrolysis of woody waste offers additional greenhouse value as a source of clean heat. However, recent work observed that some biochars may evolve ethylene gas, a plant hormone that has adverse effects on many nursery crops. We hypothesize that suitable post-production handling techniques would eliminate ethylene emissions. We monitored for 6 months ethylene emissions from four fresh biochars made from two feedstocks at two temperatures. We also monitored samples of expanded vermiculite for comparison. We then repeated the same testing on the same batches of biochars after they had been stored in the open for 90 days. Ethylene can affect plant development in greenhouses at concentrations as low as 10 ppb. Biochars sampled that were made from hazelnut shells at 370 °C emitted 161 to 183 μg ethylene kg−1 biochar on the first day of incubation and then tapered down slowly. Hazelnut shell biochars prepared at 620 °C emitted 37 to 43 μg ethylene kg−1 biochar the first day of incubation, but then increased slightly on the second day and did not begin to taper off until after day 14. Biochars made from Douglas fir wastes released small amounts of ethylene beginning on the second day, but ceased doing so after the first week. None of the biochars stored in the open for 90 days following manufacture emitted any ethylene. We conclude that this simple post-production handling technique renders biochars safe for use as nursery and greenhouse potting amendments, possibly replacing environmentally expensive expanded vermiculite and/or peat.

Functional nanoporous carbons from hydrothermally treated biomass for environmental purification

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was utilized as a pretreatment method to convert high oxygen content lignocellulosic biomass, otherwise invaluable renewable material, to a more condensed functional material for higher value applications. Hazelnut shells (HS), an abundant agricultural biomass, were pre-carbonized to hydrophilic and thermochemically more stable hydrochar (HH) under hydrothermal conditions. Successive calcination of HH under inert atmosphere yielded a hydrophobic nanoarchitectured carbon material with a 250m2g−1 specific surface area (HH-T) while the same procedure in the presence of a porogen yielded a highly porous hydrophilic carbon material with a specific surface area of 1700m2g−1 (HH-KT). The batch-equilibrium and batch-kinetic methylene blue dye (MB) adsorption experiments, in aqueous solutions revealed that the HH-KT exhibits adsorption rates and capacities higher than biomass-derived activated carbons obtained by traditional routes. Monolayer adsorption capacity and pseudo-second order kinetic rate constant, as high as 524mgg−1 and 0.052gmg−1min−1 were recorded for HH-KT, respectively. HH-KT, with its honeycomb-like structure dominated by micropores and mesopores, high pore volume, and appropriate surface functionality to anchor basic dyes, proves ideal for adsorption of polar organic pollutants from aqueous solutions. Materials produced by the presented sustainable approach, which eliminates the fossil fuel based precursors by mimicking the nature’s way of coal making, can also be utilized in drug delivery, catalysis and energy storage applications.

Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium Formation in Leather with Various Natural Products (Coridothymus capitatus, Olea europaea, Corylus avellana, and Juglans regia)

In this research, the extracts obtained from various natural products (hazelnut shells, thyme, olive shoots, and walnut leaves), which are indicated to have antioxidative characteristics, which are used during the retanning stage of leather manufacturing and their effects on chromium(VI) formation in leather was examined. Finished leathers were exposed to ageing conditions for 24h at 80oC and for 24h and 72h at 80oC under UV in order to enable chromium(VI) formation in the leathers. Chromium (VI) amounts in each leather sample were measured with a Shimadzu UV-1601 PC UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 540 nm according to the ISO/FDIS 17075 standard method, and how each extract affected chromium (VI) formation in leather was examined. According to the findings of the research; Coridothymus capitatus, Olea europaea, Corylus avellana, and Juglans regia extracts, which were used during the retanning stage of leather manufacturing, significantly reduced chromium(VI) formation in the leather under all three ageing conditions. The best reduction was obtained with Coridothymus capitatus extract in the ratio of 89.24% under the ageing condition of 24h/80oC. It is recommended that different extraction methods, different natural extracts, and different ageing conditions be carried out in the future are to optimize the results of the current study.

Decomposition of methane in the presence of ethanol over activated carbon catalyst

The interest in hydrogen as a potential fuel of the future has stimulated development of new technologies of its production. The main method of hydrogen production is based on the process of steam reforming of methane, but recently increasing attention has been paid to the catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) whose advantage is its pro-ecological character. This reaction, besides hydrogen, produces also catalytically low-active carbonaceous deposit which settles on the surface of the catalyst and leads to its deactivation. The study reported is an attempt at suppressing the catalyst deactivation by developing a method leading to formation of carbonaceous deposit potentially active in CDM process. For this purpose, it was proposed that the reaction system would contain methane and ethanol. Simultaneous decomposition of these two substances was performed in parallel at three temperatures of 750, 850 or 950 °C. The catalyst was activated carbon obtained from the hazelnut shells. The addition of ethanol was found to have a positive effect on the course of CDM, leading to an increase in the amount of hydrogen produced and to stabilisation of the catalyst activity at a high level.

Pengaruh Persentase Arang Tempurung Kemiri Terhadap Nilai Kalor Briket Campuran Biomassa Ampas Kelapa - Arang Tempurung Kemiri

Indonesia has many sources of renewable energy. One of the source renewable energy in Indonesia is biomass, because the price of biomass is relatively cheap and so far abundant numbers. Coconut dregs and hazelnut shell are biomass where these can’t be utilized optimally. Biomass can be made into briquettes which is a fuel with high calorific value. The method used in this study is an experimental method. Begining the process with manufacture of briquettes which is the drying process of coconut dregs and hazelnut shell using the sun until dry, then the process of composing hazelnut shell. Raw materials crushed and sieved, after that the raw material made into briquettes by varying the percentage composition of coconut dregs and charcoal hazelnut shell as follows 80% : 20%, 60% : 40%, 40% : 60%, 20% : 80%. Then, the briquettes are tested their calorific value and moisture content. The results show that higher heating value (HHV) and lower heating value (LHV) are the highest in the mix of AK 20% : ATK 80% is equal to 34,517 kJ/gr (8.242,819 cal/gr) and 34,172 kJ/gr (8.160,523 cal/gr). Meanwhile the briquettes moisture content range between 2,474% - 3,186% with average of 2,836%. In term of calorific value and moisture content, biomass briquettes from coconut dregs and charcoal hazelnut shell meets the quality standards set by the standards of Indonesia, Britain, Japan and USA.

Natural fibre composites from polyethylene waste and hazelnut shell: dimensional stability, physical, mechanical and thermal properties

Within the framework of this study, the physical modification of high-density polyethylene waste foil was performed using finely ground hazelnut flour to produce a composite whose physical, mechanical and flammable properties make it possible to use inside and outside of buildings. Three mixtures were produced with filler shares of 11, 26 and 42 vol.% using equipment that is normally used in polymer processing, and no refining additives were applied. The produced materials were analysed for their processing (mass flow ratio), physical (density and moisture content) and mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break and dynamic thermal analysis) and resistance to environmental factors (swelling and water absorption, thermogravimetric analysis and combustion heat). The particle size distribution of the filler and morphological properties of the composites (scanning electron microscopy) were also investigated. It was vital to obtain an inexpensive material with low absorptivity. The resulting materials are characterised by a low density, acceptable low absorptive and good mechanical properties; also, they can constitute an important fuel once their practical properties have been exploited.

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbonaceous Materials from Saccharides (Glucose and Lactose) and Two Waste Biomasses by Hydrothermal Carbonization

Carbonaceous particles are synthesized under hydrothermal conditions using two waste biomasses (olive oil waste and hazel nutshell) and saccharides (glucose and lactose). A stainless steel autoclave with 75 mL of capacity was used to apply the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process to the starting materials stated above. In the experiments, 2.5 g of sample dispersed in 50 mL of deionized water is subjected to HTC at 180 °C for 4 h. H/C and O/C ratios for the chars were found to be more similar to the lignite than those of the starting materials. The heating values for the chars were found to be higher as compared to that of the feedstocks. FTIR investigations of the chars reveal that biochars of saccharides have different chemical structures compared with glucose and lactose, while biochars of waste biomasses are similar chemical nature with their starting materials. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), phenol, acids, and aldehyde contents of aqueous phases were also determined. Solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR analy...

Extraction and Characterization of Biomolecules from Agricultural Wastes

Specifically, the extraction yield, the content of total polyphenols by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, and the antioxidant activity by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) were measured. In particular the following specific phenolic compounds were detected and determined by HPLC analysis: gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and ellagic acids, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin, and rutin. The values of extraction yield and total polyphenol content decreased according to the extraction solvent in the following order: absolute methanol > 70% methanol > water. The antioxidant activity showed the opposite trend among the three types of extraction. The values obtained from the analysis were higher in chestnut rather than in hazelnut shell.The specific amount of phenolic compounds varied depending on the solvent used for the extraction. Gallic acid was found in all samples extracted, though with lower values in hazelnut shells treated in water. High values of (–)-epicatechin, chlorogenic acid and ellagic acid were found in hazelnut samples extracted with hydro-alcoholic solution and water. A fair amount of catechin was detected in all samples, whilst rutin, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were present in small amounts, although the best results were obtained in absolute methanol. The results of this study demonstrated that with a simple extraction process considerable amount of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity were obtained from chestnut and hazelnut shells.

RADIOCARBON DATING OF MESOLITHIC OPEN‐AIR SITES IN THE COVERSAND AREA OF THE NORTH‐WEST EUROPEAN PLAIN: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

This paper discusses the problems with sampling materials and sampled contexts in the framework of radiocarbon dating of Mesolithic sites situated in generally dry, acid and bioturbated coversand deposits within north‐western Europe. The case studies presented all relate to the coversand regions of northern Belgium and the Netherlands, two areas for which very large sets of radiocarbon dates performed on different organic components are currently available. The study points out that charred hazelnut shells from surface hearths and charcoal from hearth pits guarantee the most secure dating results, while the dating of calcined bones and food crusts from Final Mesolithic pottery so far remains problematic.

Are medium range temperatures in Drop Tube Furnace really ineffective?

Drop Tube Furnace (DTF) tests are usually carried out at temperatures higher than 1000°C, and effects of lower temperatures are not well-documented. Hence, medium range temperatures (600–900°C) in a “Drop Tube Furnace” (DTF) were investigated to determine whether they are really ineffective to alter the fuel structure. For this purpose, whole shells of hazelnut and its size fraction of 0.5–1mm were subjected to oxidative conditions in a DTF at temperatures between 600–900°C. Then, the particles rescued after this thermal process were examined using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and other standard test methods such as proximate analysis, calorific value and elemental analysis, as well as other techniques including BET surface area, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was concluded that despite some properties are not almost changed, remarkable variations also are in question, and this confirms the fact that even low temperatures in DTF are not totally ineffective when the material is such a high reactive biomass species. Thus, it is likely to suggest that processing in DTF is a technique not only for simulation of thermal processes but also for rapid pretreatment of biomass to improve its intrinsic characteristics at medium range temperatures.

The effect of ethanol on carbon-catalysed decomposition of methane

Because of its ecological character, the reaction of catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) is expected to be an important future method of hydrogen generation. However, the main drawback of this technology is a relatively fast deactivation of the catalyst used, as a consequence of its pores blocking by the low-active methane-originated carbon deposit. This paper reports on an attempt of restricting the catalyst deactivation by introducing into the reaction system ethyl alcohol capable of forming in situ a potentially active in this reaction carbonaceous deposit. The catalyst used was activated carbon obtained from the waste material (hazelnut shells). The reactions of methane and ethanol decomposition were performed by the alternate method (for certain time methane was introduced into the reactor, and then it was replaced by ethanol). Three temperatures of the reactions were applied (750, 850 or 950 °C) and another variable was the duration of the ethanol decomposition. As follows from the results, an addition of ethanol has diverse effect on the catalytic activity of activated carbon and the amount of hydrogen formed depends on the temperatures of methane and ethanol decompositions and on the time of the reagent dosing.

Nutritional composition and antioxidant activity in hazelnut shells from US‐grown cultivars

SummaryThe hard shell of a hazelnut is a major waste of the hazelnut industry. The chemical composition, phenolic compounds (total phenolics, tannins and condensed tannins), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS free‐radical scavenging assays), and the relationships between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of the hazelnut shells from twelve US grown cultivars were investigated to for potential commercial development. Crude fibre accounted for over 85% of total carbohydrate. The shells contained high concentrations of phenolic compounds. Concentrations of phenolic constituents and ABTS•+ ‐scavenging capacities were significantly higher (P > 0.05) in the Oregon cultivars than their Nebraska counterparts. There were significant positive correlations between ABTS•+ scavenging capacities and the phenolic compounds, whereas DPPH• ‐scavenging capacity demonstrated a weak negative correlation with ABTS•+ scavenging capacity and the phenolics. The results suggest that hazelnut hard shell may serve as a potential source of natural antioxidants for food applications.

The toxic and environmental evaluation of pyrolytic liquids by Allium cepa test

In this study, liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis of hazelnut shell (HS), with and without ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), were subjected to the Allium cepa test system. Pyrolysis in conjunction with the A. cepa test is a promising technology not only from the perspective of energy savings and a source of precious material, but in terms of the removal of hazardous material from the environment in safe manner. Dosages of pyrolytic liquids dissolved in water were determined according to lethal dose (LD50), with three different solution concentrations. The preparates were dyed with acetocarmine. The mitotic index decreased and chromosomal aberration, especially stickiness and c-mitosis, increased with dosage and time. The addition of UHMWPE to HS in the pyrolysis process resulted in less harmful chemical agents, as observed by the relatively higher mitotic index and lower levels of chromosomal aberration.

Combustion characteristics of sodium-free pyrolytic char from hazelnut shell

Hazelnut shell is a woody biomass with high sodium content that leads severe fouling problems in combustion systems. Thus, hazelnut shells were pyrolysed under nitrogen to eliminate sodium, and then the burning characteristics of the obtained sodium-free pyrolytic char were investigated up to 900°C by non-isothermal thermogravimetry. Inorganic and the morphological properties of original biomass and the char were investigated via Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. Also, inorganic phases in the pyrolytic char were determined by X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD). The pyrolytic chars were burned up to 900°C by heating rates of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50°C/min under dry air flow. It was found that the pyrolysis process almost eliminated sodium, and a sodium-free char that has higher calorific value compared to the parent biomass was obtained. The reactivity of the char during combustion did not show any decrease as conversion proceeds. It was also found that char burning reactivity was higher at low heating rate conditions. Also heating rate has an influence on burning of char in such a way that the increasing heating rate shifted the temperatures of maximum burning rates to higher temperatures.

Preparation and drug release properties of lignin–starch biodegradable films

AbstractStarch is one of the most commonly available natural polymers which are obtained from agro‐sources. It is renewable and abundant in nature. Unfortunately due to its poor mechanical properties and hygroscopic nature, there are some strong limitations to the development of starch‐based products. Usually blends of starch are prepared and plasticized with glycerol to improve some of its properties. In this study, lignin was extracted from hazelnut shells and investigated as a potential additive for starch biofilms. The structural characterization of hazelnut lignin was performed by employing UV spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Lignin was blended with corn starch in different ratios to obtain biofilms. Mechanical and thermal properties of the biofilms were enhanced as the lignin amount was increased in the formulations. Water absorption tests were performed at pH 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0. The percent swelling values of the starch/lignin films increased as pH increased. Also, the biofilm exhibiting the best properties was chosen for the drug release studies. Biofilms showed a fast ciprofloxacin (CPF) release within an hour and then the drug release rate decreased. A pH dependent drug release mechanism was also observed according to Koshner–Peppas model. The drug release increased with a decrease in pH.

Influence of Temperature and Impregnation Ratio of H3PO4on the Production of Activated Carbon from Hazelnut Shell

Influence of Temperature and Impregnation Ratio of H₃PO₄on the Production of Activated Carbon from Hazelnut Shell

PEMANFAATAN KULIT KAYU GEMOR (Alseodaphne sp.) DAN CANGKANG KEMIRI (Aleurites molucca) UNTUK OBAT NYAMUK ALAMI

Blood fever and Chikungunya cases in Indonesia are increasing annually. For preventing the mosquios, people use mosquito coil which is contain dangerous chemical compound. This research has successly created a natural mosquito coil with gemor bark and hazelnut fruit shell as the main material. Gemor bark is positive containing alcaloid,tanin, phenolk, flvonoid, triterpnoid and glycocydic compounds which are natural bioinsecticide. As formulation the comparison of gemor bark and hazelnut shell as follow :100% : 0 % ; 80 % : 20 % ; 65 % : 35 % ; 50 % : 50 % ; 35 % : 65% and 20 % : 80% were used. Base one random variance analysis, the best formula was the using of gemor bark in 50%, 35% and 20% of concentration. The mosquitos killing force analysis was using the LT50 for 6 days with 5 diferent concentrations. The result showed that 50 % of gemor bark was significantly influenced in the killing force. From the economic view, the producion of this coil was cheaper then the same product in the maket. Base on all the result, the research product is applicable in mass producion and safe for human health and the environment.Keywords: gemor bark , hazelnut fruit shell , mosquito coil, natural , ecofriendly