Risk Of Haze Research Articles

Resilience Assessment and Improvement Strategies for Urban Haze Disasters Based on Resident Activity Characteristics: A Case Study of Gaoyou, China

The popularisation of mobile information technology has provided access to the living habits and activity trajectories of residents and enabled the accurate measurement of the impact of urban haze disasters on residents’ lives, supporting urban haze risk response. Using the main urban area of Gaoyou City as a case study, this study identifies the spatial range and trajectory characteristics of the daily activities of residents in a haze disaster environment, based on air pollution monitoring and resident travel positioning data. We constructed an evaluation index system to measure the corresponding relationship between residential activities and haze disasters. The results indicate that the interference with residential activities and the adaptability of built environments are key indicators for evaluating urban resilience in haze environments, with weights of 0.57 and 0.43, and correlation indices of 0.67 and 0.81, respectively. The interference with residential activities and the adaptability of built environments exhibit spatial characteristics of cold and hot ‘multi-core’ agglomeration and ‘strip’ agglomeration, respectively. Specific indicators show that the residential activity exposure index is significantly influenced by the built environment factor index, with the vegetation coverage index showing a significant positive correlation (0.837) and the public transportation facility accessibility index showing a significant negative correlation (−1.242). Planning should focus on improving the adaptability of the built environment or reducing the interference with residential activities and enhancing the matching degree of the two at the spatial facility level.

Does interpersonal trust matter? the influence of interpersonal trust on haze risk perception

ABSTRACTWhile previous studies have investigated how trust influences risk perception, few have assessed interpersonal trust at different relationship proximities. This study employed a multilevel approach to determine how interpersonal trust affected haze risk perception (i.e. pollution haze) using data from the 2017 China Urbanization Social Survey and found the following: (1) trust in closely related persons and trust in acquaintances was positively associated with haze risk perception, while trust in strangers showed negative association; (2) the effect of trust in closely related persons on haze risk perception was stronger in areas with higher haze pollution than in areas with lower haze pollution. Based on these results, to improve haze risk perception, creating an environment that can enhance trust among closely related persons and acquaintances is important.

Haze Risk Assessment Based on Improved PCA-MEE and ISPO-LightGBM Model

With the economic development in China, haze risks are frequent. It is important to study the urban haze risk assessment to manage the haze disaster. The haze risk assessment indexes of 11 cities in Fenwei Plain were selected from three aspects: the sensitivity of disaster-inducing environments, haze component hazards and the vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies, combined with regional disaster system theory. The haze hazard risk levels of 11 cities in Fenwei Plain were evaluated using the matter-element extension (MEE) model, and the indicator weights were determined by improving the principal component analysis (PCA) method using the entropy weight method, and finally, five haze hazard risk assessment models were established by improving the particle swarm optimization (IPSO) light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) algorithm. It is used to assess the risk of affected populations, transportation damage risk, crop damage area risk, direct economic loss risk and comprehensive disaster risk before a disaster event occurs. The experimental comparison shows that the haze risk index of Xi’an city is the highest, and the full index can improve the evaluation accuracy by 4–16% compared with only the causative factor index, which indicates that the proposed PCA-MEE-ISPO-LightGBM model evaluation results are more realistic and reliable.

Development and Validation of the Haze Risk Perception Scale and Influencing Factor Scale—A Study Based on College Students in Beijing

Although Beijing’s air quality has improved, there is still a long way to go for haze governance. In order to understand haze risk perception and related influencing factors among college students in Beijing, we developed and verified two scales, with college students as the survey object, and analyzed the theoretical framework and realistic level of haze risk perception and influencing factors through empirical research. We showed that the reliability and validity of the two scales are excellent, and they can be used as a powerful tool to measure college students’ perception of haze. The haze risk perception scale (HRPS) is divided into four dimensions. The degrees of perception ranked from high to low are: direct consequences perception, indirect consequences perception, risk responsibility perception and risk source perception. The haze risk perception influencing factor scale (HRPIFS) is divided into three dimensions. The degrees of influence ranked from high to low are: personal emotion, media communication and government policy; the three influencing factors all have a significant positive correlation to overall haze risk perception, but personal emotions and media communication are only significantly related to the three dimensions of direct consequence perception, indirect consequence perception and risk source perception. Government policy is only significantly related to the three dimensions of direct consequence perception, indirect consequence perception and risk liability perception. This paper proves the important role of media in haze risk perception and puts forward some policy suggestions to guide the public to form a rational risk perception. These findings can help improve theoretical and practical research related to haze risk.

Haze risk: information diffusion based on cellular automata

Negative effects of haze risk can easily spread faster and more widely, however, existing studies rarely investigate the whole period or cycle of diffusion events, which leads to lowered public knowledge, often resulting in exaggerated negative effects. In this paper, the diffusion simulation model based on cellular automata is used to evaluate the diffusion of haze risk information. Firstly, according to the whole-life cycle of emergencies, the public affected by haze risk information is classified by resembling the SEIR infectious disease model. Secondly, a diffusion rule from unknown to exposed individuals is developed based on the theory of cellular automata. Then, according to the individual state transformation at different stages, a whole-life cycle model regarding haze risk information diffusion and propagation model is constructed. Finally, appropriate parameters are selected to calculate the results without intervention. The results show that during the whole evolution process, the unknowns continue to decrease, and the lurkers continue to increase. Due to the existence of the immunization period, the immunized persons reach their maximum number before they are about to lose immunity, and the number of communicators reaches their minimum. Afterward, the number of immunized persons reduced to a stable level, and the number of communicators continues to increase toward an agglomeration benefit. Therefore, in order to achieve effective control of the spread of haze risk information, strong and weak control measures are taken for each type of individuals, and the immunity of unknowns and lurkers is increased for individual type control. For the entire information diffusion control, increase communicator immunity and reduce immunization conversion rate. The study of the spread of haze risk information helps to increase the public's sense of responsibility, helps to improve the government's credibility, and contributes to the establishment of a harmonious society.

Strategies of Haze Risk Reduction Using the Tripartite Game Model

Although haze risk management is mainly under government control, willingness of stakeholders is compulsory to determine. Therefore, this study constructs a tripartite game model of government, public, and enterprises and determines the haze risk evolution model considering the initial willingness of stakeholders. Moreover, numerical simulation analysis was also conducted. The results revealed that stakeholders were affected by the change due to initial willingness to participate in and reach the equilibrium at different speeds. It is found that if subsidy coefficient of the government is big, it will reach equilibrium faster. The bigger the penalty coefficient is, the better the pollution reduction effect of pollutant discharge enterprises. It is found that, at the final equilibrium stage, the government will eventually choose to withdraw from supervision, but the speed of withdrawing varies with different regulatory intentions. Study results stress that the government should actively participate in supervision to reduce environmental pollution.

Korneale Komplikationen nach hyperoper PRK

We report the case of apatient with epithelial hyperplasia, peripheral haze and regression after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for hyperopia outside the limits set by the committee for refractive surgery (KRC). Retreatment was performed on both eyes 1 year postoperatively and later an ablation on the left eye due to scarring. Regardless of these procedures haze, scarring and regression appeared again in both eyes. The patient will currently retain apermanent reduction of visual acuity as another treatment of hyperopia outside the KRC recommendations should not be performed due to the high risk of haze, scarring and regression.

The influence of temperature and solar radiation on phenols in berry skin and maturity parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling

Aim: This research was undertaken in the context of climate change and understanding how rising temperatures may interact with viticultural practices, used to manage fruit exposure in Riesling. An experimental system was designed to passively warm the bunch zone and separate the factors, heat and indirect heat by solar radiation.Methods and results: Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at an experimental site located near Rüdesheim in Germany. To increase bunch exposure compared to non-defoliated controls (CON), around 75% of the leaves were removed manually from the bunch zone in an early defoliation treatment at pea size (DEF_E; E-L 31) and later defoliation at véraison (DEF_L, E-L 35). An open heating system (OHS) was installed from pea size stage (E-L 31) onwards. Temperature, light penetration and canopy characterization were determined. Maturity measurements included determination of berry fresh weight, total soluble solids, available primary amino acids (N-OPA), pH, titratable acid and organic acids. For determination of the phenols, berry skin was freeze dried, extracted and analysed by HPLC-PDA.Compared to the same position in the control vine rows, the temperature was more than 10 °C warmer inside the chamber, around 5 °C warmer at the opening of the chamber and at the upper end of the bunch zone, up to 3 °C warmer on a day with high solar radiation. On overcast days there was no temperature difference between these treatments.The OHS treatment affected the ratio of malic and tartaric acid as well as the ratio of glucose and fructose, and produced smaller berries compared to both CON and DEF treatments. Phenols (flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols) in the berry skin were mostly affected by the defoliation. In both years, DEF_E had the highest amount of phenols, followed by the DEF_L. In 2016 OHS had nearly the same concentration of phenols compared to CON. In 2017, the concentrations of phenols were higher in OHS compared to CON.Conclusion: Under future scenarios of increasing temperature conditions, strong changes will be expected for berry maturity parameters. It was found that using an experimental setup to passively heat the bunch zone, malic acid was reduced, smaller berries were produced, and the glucose/fructose ratio changed. For the defoliation treatments, phenol concentrations in berry skin were strongly affected by defoliation and to a lesser extent by higher temperature. Basic maturity parameters were relatively unaffected by defoliation.Significance and impact of the study: Riesling is known for its fruity character and the importance of the sweetness and acidity balance for determining wine style. Under warmer temperature conditions the acidity content will decrease through faster malic acid respiration, impacting the wine´s profile. Higher phenol content could lead to an astringent taste and together with higher protein content, may provide a risk of haze in wine. Neither effect is desirable. In this study, increased bunch exposure following defoliation had a greater effect than temperature alone on phenols. Therefore, the vineyard and canopy management practice will need to be adapted.

WSN-aided haze pollution governance: modelling public willingness based on structural equations

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been well investigated and widely used in environmental surveillance, climate data collection, etc. However, research on statistical analysis and decision making aided by WSNs, especially in the area of environmental hazards and risk governance, are rarely presented. In this paper, common factors are extracted, among which the optimal model of haze governance willingness is designed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The relationships between the influencing factors of public haze governance willingness are then analysed. The results show that haze governance and willingness will be affected by the perception of haze risk, quality, measurements and economic expenditure factors. The life impact, travel inconvenience, maximum duration, and the suffering times from haze are the most basic factors affecting haze governance willingness. To achieve the governance of haze, haze measurement and monitoring via a WSN-based network with the collaboration from the public will be feasible and effective.

The Short-Term Effects of Visibility and Haze on Mortality in a Coastal City of China: A Time-Series Study.

Few studies have been conducted to investigate the acute health effects of visibility and haze, which may be regarded as proxy indicators of ambient air pollution. We used a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) combined with quasi-Poisson regression to estimate the relationship between visibility, haze and mortality in Ningbo, a coastal city of China. We found that the mortality risk of visibility was statistically significant only on the current day, while the risk of haze and PM10 peaked on the second day and could last for three days. When the visibility was less than 10 km, each 1 km decrease of visibility at lag 0 day was associated with a 0.78% (95% CI: 0.22–1.36%) increase in total mortality and a 1.61% (95% CI: 0.39–2.85%) increase in respiratory mortality. The excess risk of haze at lag 0–2 days on total mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality was 7.76% (95% CI: 3.29–12.42%), 7.73% (95% CI: 0.12–15.92%) and 17.77% (95% CI: 7.64–28.86%), respectively. Greater effects of air pollution were observed during the cold season than in the warm season, and the elderly were at higher risk compared to youths. The effects of visibility and haze were attenuated by single pollutants. These findings suggest that visibility and haze could be used as surrogates of air quality where pollutant data are scarce, and strengthen the evidence to develop policy to control air pollution and protect vulnerable populations.

Corneal Breakthrough Haze After Photorefractive Keratectomy With Mitomycin C: Incidence and Risk Factors

To identify preoperative and intraoperative factors affecting breakthrough corneal haze incidence after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin C (MMC). In this retrospective study of PRK performed at the Care Vision Refractive Laser Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, a total of 7535 eyes (n = 3854 patients; mean age ± SD, 26 ± 6 years; 55% men) underwent PRK with intraoperative MMC application. Patients with histories of corneal pathology or surgery were excluded. Incidence, time of onset, and corneal haze severity were documented on follow-up of 118 ± 110 days. Eyes were grouped by preoperative refraction [low (≤-3D), moderate (-3D to -6D), or high (>-6D) myopia; low (≤3D) or high (>3D) astigmatism; low or high hyperopia]; by intraoperative time (above or below 40 seconds); and by MMC application time (above or below 40 seconds). The main outcome measures were incidence, onset time, and severity of corneal haze. The haze incidence was 2.1% in eyes with high myopia versus 1.1% in those with low to moderate myopia (P = 0.002), and 3.5 times higher in eyes with high than with low astigmatism (P < 0.05). The overall incidence was higher in eyes treated for hyperopia (10.8%) than for myopia (1.3%) (P = 0.0001). In eyes with moderate myopia, the haze incidence was lower in MMC application time ≥40 seconds (0%) than in <40 seconds (1.3%) (P = 0.03). After surgery, a mild early haze incidence peaked at 68.8 ± 6 days and severe late haze at 115 ± 17 days (P = 0.02). Hyperopic and large myopic or astigmatic corrections carry higher risk of haze. Longer MMC application might have beneficial haze prevention.

宝鸡市区公众对雾霾风险感知与应对行为研究

为了解宝鸡市区公众对雾霾天气的风险感知能力，本文以宝鸡市四个地区的公众为调查对象，采用调查问卷的方式对不同人群进行随机调查，结果表明：在公众对雾霾风险的现状感知方面，公众所得的雾霾信息无法较准确与科学地区分雾和霾以及PM2.5的含义与区别，但对宝鸡市雾霾集中的季节感知能力很高。在公众对雾霾灾害的影响感知方面，宝鸡市公众对雾霾影响的感知能力较高，但是多停留在对雾霾认识的表层，所以还有待深化。在雾霾天气严重时期，公众会适度调节出行的活动以及日常生活，都具有良好且积极的防霾意识。 To understand the public risk awareness to haze weather in Baoji city, this article is the survey of the public in four regions of Baoji, with the method of questionnaires for different groups of random investigation, the results show that in the public on the present situation of the haze risk awareness. Public information on haze cannot more accurately and scientifically distinguish between fog and haze and the meaning and difference of PM2.5, but the concentration of haze on the season in Baoji is very high. In the public’s perception of the impact of smog, the public's perception of the haze’s impact is relatively high, but it still remains on the surface of haze recognition and has to be deepened. During the severe haze days, the public will moderately adjust the activity of travel and daily life, and have a good and positive awareness of haze prevention.

Examining How Communication and Knowledge Relate to Singaporean Youths’ Perceived Risk of Haze and Intentions to Take Preventive Behaviors

ABSTRACTAs Southeast Asia has experienced haze crises in recent years, encouraging Singaporeans to take preventive measures against negative health outcomes during haze is a growing concern. This study examines how communication factors (i.e., attention to traditional media and new media, interpersonal discussion, and knowledge) can inform Singaporeans about haze and influence their risk perceptions and intentions to undertake self-protective measures. The web survey of 410 respondents shows that attention to traditional media, attention to new media, interpersonal discussion, knowledge, and risk perception are positively associated with intention to take preventive measures. However, only interpersonal discussion is related to risk perception. Theoretical as well as practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Single-step transepithelial ASLA (SCHWIND) with mitomycin-C for the correction of high myopia: long term follow-up.

PurposeWe wanted to compare the outcomes of single-step modified transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (tPRK) termed a SCHWIND all surface laser ablation (ASLA) versus conventional alcohol-assisted photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of higher myopia of 6.00 diopters (D) or more, in an area with high risk of haze due to high intensity of sunlight.MethodsWe used a prospective interventional cohort with matched retrospective control groups. Patients with >6 D myopia and <3.5 D of astigmatism were included. All treatments were performed with the SCHWIND Amaris system using aspheric ablation profiles. Mitomycin C was used in all PRK and ASLA cases. Outcomes were postoperative refraction, visual acuity, stability, and complications. The follow-up period was up to 12 months.ResultsIn total, 101 eyes were included after exclusions. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was -7.9 D, -8.2 D, and -7.4 D in the ASLA (n=41), PRK (n=29), and LASIK (n=31) groups. Mean postoperative spherical equivalent at 12 months postoperatively was −0.1 (standard deviation [SD]: 0.34), −0.2 (SD: 0.59), and −0.08 (SD: 0.36) in the ASLA, PRK, and LASIK groups, with 91.4%, 85.7%, and 83.9% within 0.5 D of target, respectively. Refractive outcomes and regression at 12 months did not vary among groups (P>0.05). Mean logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) uncorrected distance visual acuity at 12 months was 0.00 (SD: 0.05), 0.06 (SD: 0.1), and 0.05 (SD: 0.09) in the ASLA, PRK, and LASIK groups, with significantly better vision in the tPRK group versus LASIK (P=0.01) and PRK (P=0.01) groups.ConclusionASLA (SCHWIND) tPRK with mitomycin C for high myopia demonstrates comparable refractive outcomes to LASIK and PRK, with relatively favorable visual acuity outcomes. There was no increased incidence of haze in the ASLA group.

Use of mathematical laws for optimizing the dose of swollen and dry bentonite during the fining of white wines. Part II : influence on the volume of lies and economics

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A Sauvignon white wine was fined with a dry bentonite (BS), e.g directly incorporated in the wine without swelling treatment, or with the same bentonite swelled in water 24 hours before utilization (BG). The volumes of lees generated by the fining were situated between 0,27 and 1,51 % (v/v) for BS, and between 1,07 and 4,59 % (v/v) for BG. The relation between the quantity of bentonite introduced in the wine (g/hl) and the volume of lees (v/v) follows a power law. The volume of lees only increased by 70 % when the dose of swelled bentonite was doubled; for higher doses of bentonite (rarely used), one can observe a packing of the lees. For BS, lees were approximately twice more volumetric when the dose was doubled. We also observe very good relationship between the clarifying efficiency and the volume of lees. When the clarifying efficiency of BG increased by 10 % the volume of lees increased by 74 %. For BS, when the clarifying efficiency increased by 10 % the volume of lees increased by 86 % because of its low efficiency during clarification. The decrease of the natural proteic haze risk and the volume of lees generated by bentonite fining were also closely correlated by an exponential law. For BG, the mathematical law showed that when the volume of lees increased by 0,1 % (v/v), colloidal haze risk decreased only by 22 %. On the contrary, for BS, when the volume of lees increased by 0,1 %, proteic haze risk decreased by 44 %. Finally, the estimation of the cost of fining showed that the use of a non swelled bentonite was economically more interesting than the utilization of a swelled bentonite. This was true when this Sauvignon wine is sold both in bottle or in bulk. For the studied wine, the estimated winning was 115 euros for 10 hl sold in bulk.&lt;/p&gt;

Use of mathematical laws for optimizing the doses of swelled and dry bentonite during the fining of white wines. Part I: clarification and colloidal stability

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;White wine clarity is of prime importance for the winemaker as a bottle showing haziness is likely to be rejected by the consumer. It is then important to ensure a perfect colloidal stability to the wine. This study concerns a Sauvignon white wine from the Touraine area (vintage 2000). We have determined the relationships existing between the dose of bentonite used, the manner for preparing the bentonite (the dry cristalites can be directly introduced in the wine; the bentonite can also be used after swelling in water), the decrease of wine protein haze and clarifying efficiency. Clarifying kinetics are identical for 10 g/hl swelled bentonite (SB) and 100 g/hl dry bentonite (DB). The difference of efficiency between SB and DB is all the more marked than the dose used increases. At the end of the kinetics, for identical treatments (the doses are between 10 and 100 g/hl), wines fined with DB have turbidity 2-3 times higher than the same wines fined with the same doses of SB. The mathematical law shows that the turbidity decreases by 17 % when the dose of dry bentonite is doubled. For this example, the relationship between these two parameters follows a power law. The decrease reaches 27 % when the wine is fined with SB. According to heat treatment, the wine must be treated with 30 g/hl SB and 60 g/hl DB to present a good colloidal stability. For this Sauvignon wine, fined with SB, haze risk decreases by 82 % each time the dose of bentonite increases by 10 g/hl. In this case, the relationship between these two parameters follows an exponential law. If an addition of oak tannins is made in the wine fined with 30 g/hl SB or 60 g/hl DB, any trouble appears. For heat treatment test and tannin addition test, the ratio is each time 2 DB for 1 SB to have a correctly fined wine. On the basis of these results, the use of dry bentonite seems to be less interesting than the use of swelled bentonite.&lt;/p&gt;

Cause of Subepithelial Corneal Haze Over 18 Months After Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia

ABSTRACT This study of 285 myopic eyes treated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), with a maximum follow up of 18 months, was designed to analyze the clinical subepithelial significance of corneal haze after excimer laser PRK. The treatment parameters included an ablation zone diameter from 3.6 to 5 mm, ablation rate from 0.22 to 0.25 µm pulse, fluence of 180 mJ/cm p 2 , and frequency of 10 Hz. All patients used a standard topical corticosteroid regimen. A statistical analysis of the subjective haze grading showed a maximum at 3 months (mean grading, 1.03) and a decrease to 0.38 at 18 months. Haze is statistically greater with higher amounts of treatment (p=.003 between 2.00 D and 3.00 D groups, p =.0002 between 2.00 D and 6.00 D groups). In males (p =.0004), and in ablations less than 4.5 mm diameter (p =.0002) but no difference was found related to age. The overall frequency of clinically significant haze was 11.5% with a mean age of 35.1 years and a mean attempted correction of -5.71 D. This frequency increased to 24% in the 6.20 D to 9.90 D group and 38.6% in the 4.4 mm and less group, and it decreased to 8.6% in the 1.00 D to 6.00 D group and 6.6% in the 4.5 and 5 mm group. All patients with significant haze gave a history of discontinued use of corticosteroids. We suggest there exists a significant haze risk group in which the absence of steroid or discontinuation of corticosteroids will lead to significant haze. (Refractive and Corneal Surgery (suppl) 1993;9:S65-S70.)