Hazard Disaster Research Articles

Evaluating the representation of disaster hazards in SNOMED CT: gaps and opportunities.

Climate change, an underlying risk driver of natural disasters, threatens the environmental sustainability, planetary health, and sustainable development goals. Incorporating disaster-related health impacts into electronic health records helps to comprehend their impact on populations, clinicians, and healthcare systems. This study aims to: (1) map the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and International Science Council (UNDRR-ISC) Hazard Information Profiles to SNOMED CT International, a clinical terminology used by clinicians, to manage patients and provide healthcare services; and (2) to determine the extent of clinical terminologies available to capture disaster-related events. Concepts related to disasters were extracted from the UNDRR-ISC's Hazard Information Profiles and mapped to a health terminology using a procedural framework for standardized clinical terminology mapping. The mapping process involved evaluating candidate matches and creating a final list of matches to determine concept coverage. A total of 226 disaster hazard concepts were identified to adversely impact human health. Chemical and biological disaster hazard concepts had better representation than meteorological, hydrological, extraterrestrial, geohazards, environmental, technical, and societal hazard concepts in SNOMED CT. Heatwave, drought, and geographically unique disaster hazards were not found in SNOMED CT. To enhance clinical reporting of disaster hazards and climate-sensitive health outcomes, the poorly represented and missing concepts in SNOMED CT must be included. Documenting the impacts of climate change on public health using standardized clinical terminology provides the necessary real time data to capture climate-sensitive outcomes. These data are crucial for building climate-resilient healthcare systems, enhanced public health disaster responses and workflows, tracking individual health outcomes, supporting disaster risk reduction modeling, and aiding in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.

Risk Assessment and Prevention Planning for Collapse Geological Hazards Considering Extreme Rainfall—A Case Study of Laoshan District in Eastern China

Geological disasters refer to adverse geological phenomena that occur under the influence of natural or human factors and cause damage to human life and property. Establishing prevention and control zones based on geological disaster risk assessment results in land planning and management is crucial for ensuring safe regional development. In recent years, there has been an increase in extreme rainfall events, so it is necessary to conduct effective geological hazard and risk assessments for different extreme rainfall conditions. Based on the first national geological disaster risk survey results, this paper uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) combined with the information method (IM) to construct four extreme rainfall conditions, namely, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year, and 100-year return periods. The susceptibility, hazard, vulnerability, and risk of geological disasters in the Laoshan District in eastern China are evaluated, and prevention and control zones are established based on the evaluation results. The results show that: (1) There are 121 collapse geological disasters in Laoshan District, generally at a low susceptibility level. (2) A positive correlation exists between extreme rainfall and hazards/risks. With the rainfall condition changing from a 10-year return period to a 100-year return period, the proportion of high-hazard zones increased from 20% to 41%, and high-risk zones increased from 31% to 51%, respectively. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) proved that the assessment accuracy was acceptable. (3) Key, sub-key, and general prevention zones have been established, and corresponding prevention and control suggestions have been proposed, providing a reference for geological disaster prevention and early warning in other regions.

The contribution of armed conflict to vulnerability to disaster: Empirical evidence from 1989 to 2018

Disasters and armed conflicts often occur together, leading to severe consequences for affected populations. While qualitative investigations have explored how conflict can influence vulnerability to disasters, there is still a lack of systematic quantitative studies that provide broader evidence on the contribution of conflict to vulnerability. Although existing qualitative work has made progress in understanding potential mechanisms, large-scale quantitative studies are crucial for comprehending the scope of this relationship and attempting to isolate associations between specific variables. This study presents a statistical model using extensive large-N, cross-country data to address this research gap and analyse the conflict-disaster relationship. Analysing data from 157 countries between 1989 and 2018, we found a strong positive correlation between armed conflict and disasters. The results remained consistent across various model specifications and robustness checks. In countries experiencing armed conflict, disaster occurrence was observed 5% more frequently, disaster-related mortality per year was 34% higher, and deaths per million inhabitants were 16% higher compared to countries without conflict. While there is evidence that conflict can occasionally intensify disaster hazards, there is a greater evidence suggesting that the relationship between conflict and disaster operates through mechanisms that negatively affect vulnerability and response capacity.

Fifty years of peril: A comprehensive comparison of the impact of terrorism and disasters linked to natural hazards (1970–2019)

AbstractWe compare the realised impact of terrorism and disasters linked to natural hazards. Using 50 years of data from two databases covering most of the global population, we find that natural hazard disasters were more than 20 times more impactful than terrorism. The former had a larger realised impact in all regions in both gross and per capita terms. The largest cross‐peril difference was in Asia, where natural hazard disasters took 324 million lifeyears, while terrorism took 10. Similar results were found across countries grouped by income status and development status. Low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries bore the vast majority of the impact of both terrorism and natural hazard disasters. Given the multitude of prevalent global threats, our findings are relevant in the allocation of scarce public resources to mitigate and adapt. Our results suggest that significantly greater public spending should be applied to natural hazard disasters than terrorism.

Snow Disaster Hazard Assessment on the Tibetan Plateau Based on Copula Function

In the context of global climate change, the Tibetan Plateau is particularly susceptible to meteorological disasters, including snow disasters. This study utilized daily temperature and precipitation data from 44 meteorological stations on the Tibetan Plateau spanning from 1960 to 2018 to construct a snow event dataset. Optimal marginal distribution and the copula function were chosen to calculate the joint return period and joint probability, which effectively assess the hazard of snow disasters in the region. Additionally, the study analyzed the comprehensive risk of snow disasters under various return periods by integrating social and economic data. The results indicate the following: (1) Based on the five different Archimedean copula functions, the joint return period of an error rate of each station was calculated to be less than 36%, which is significantly lower than the recurrence interval of univariate analysis; (2) High-hazard areas are predominantly concentrated in the northwest region of the Tanggula Mountains and the eastern foothills of the Bayankara Mountains. As the return period increases, the spatial distribution of snow disaster hazard probability shifts gradually from “double-core” to continuous distribution; and (3) the northwestern Karakorum Mountains and Bayankara Mountains are two distinct high-risk areas for snow disasters. The range of high-risk areas in the region expands with an increase in the return period.

Analysis of Prediction of Economic Losses due to Flood Disaster Hazards in Industrial Estates in Karawang Regency

Based on the National Disaster Management Agency, there was an increase in the total number of disasters from 2020 to 2022, which was initially 1,296 to 5402 disasters, with the highest percentage of disaster events being flood disasters with the highest frequency being in the West Java and DKI Jakarta areas (BNPB, 2022). The high frequency of floods that occur in the West Java region can certainly increase economic losses that are pretty high. On the other hand, West Java Province also contributes the third most significant national GDP. The sector that contributes the most to West Java's GRDP is the processing industry sector (BPS, 2017). Karawang Regency is one of West Java's destination areas for industrial development. In Karawang Regency, industrial areas are developing quite rapidly and are concentrated in the southern part of Karawang Regency (Telukjambe Barat, Telukjambe Timur, Ciampel, Pangkalan, Klari, and Cikampek districts). However, based on research conducted by the ITB Climate Change Center (2022), several points have a relatively high level of flood hazard in the area. That can bring considerable losses if the disaster occurs in an industrial area, so an analysis of losses due to flooding is needed at the location of the existing industrial site, which is currently in Karawang Regency. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the condition of existing industrial land in flood-prone areas and to find predictions of economic losses that will be obtained in the event of a flood disaster on existing industrial land today. The research used secondary data in shapefiles (.shp) maps of Karawang Regency, planning documents, and related journals. Then, the analysis method that will be carried out is mapping disaster-prone areas in industrial estates and predicting economic losses due to flood disasters which will be carried out with a Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that 34.69% of the existing industrial land is located in flood-prone areas, which are predicted to impact the economic losses of IDR 65,049,705,681,272,-. That shows a need for a flood mitigation plan and the suitability of proper allocation of industrial estates to reduce the possibility of economic losses to be borne by the government.

Transforming Disaster and Emergency Health Policy for Contemporary Hazard Threats–a Multi-country Review

Introduction:Strengthening national disaster management legislation and policy is critical for preventing and reducing catastrophic health effects from the growing threat of natural hazard disasters. Although evaluations of the effectiveness of legal and policy instruments are rarely published, similar approaches continue to be applied universally by governments to align their response to disaster impacts. This study analyzed and contrasted the effect of disaster legislation and policy on the emergency health and medical response to six complex natural hazard disasters, including typhoon, earthquake, flood, smoke haze, thunderstorm asthma and the COVID-19 pandemic.Method:The study applied qualitative multi-case study methodology and used a standardized program logic model to synthesize and analyze the effect of national disaster legislation and policy on emergency health and medical responses. Events were case-bounded by date, more than 9,000 casualties, and local emergency responses provided health and medical care.Results:Four themes emerged critical to health system response. Where legislation and policy provided clear separation of powers, systems delineated roles and responsibilities, provided clarity and process for assessment, resource acquisition, and operational mandates. Policies that created dedicated local networks and included non-health related organizations, accelerated coordination of crucial health functions for rapid mobilization and prioritization for affected populations. In all but one case, the hazard was closely monitored, already affected communities, and catastrophic risk to life understood, before the declaration and statutory powers were invoked.Conclusion:Using ‘declarations’ as the legal instrument to initiate ‘whole of government’ resources in disasters requires urgent review, especially where advanced hazard monitoring systems exist. Disaster and emergency health policy should support action orientated toward exposure mitigation, inclusion of non-traditional health actors and partnership building. International policy mechanisms are required to address emerging health threats not locally prioritized and advance regional cooperation agreements when the impact of hazards harm populations outside geographic boundaries.

Designing a Robust Methodology to Evaluate Emergency Health and Medical Responses to Disasters

Introduction:Health and medical disciplines have traditionally preferred experimental and quasi-experimental methods to evaluate interventions. More recently, mathematical modeling was used to test intervention efficacy in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The challenge for disaster researchers is neither approach suits examining phenomena about emergency health responses in disasters. This study applied an alternative methodology to examine questions of how and why emergency health and medical responses reduced mortality during six different natural hazard disaster events.Method:The case study methodology is orientated by the researcher’s perspective and ‘not assigned a fixed ontological, epistemological or methodological position’. This flexibility allows alignment of the researcher’s worldview with the methodology best fitting the research problem and its context, such as post-positivism. Qualitative case study design carefully links five key design elements and sequences, including research questions, propositions, a unit of analysis, data collection, and data analysis.Results:Six holistic single case studies described how and why the emergency health response reduced mortality risk of people affected by different disasters. An evidenced-based theoretical emergency health program logic model compared and contrasted inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes between theoretical and actual responses. Rival explanations were tested before data collection for each single case and applied to challenge the logic model. Each case applied four strategies to increase the validity and reliability of the holistic single case study findings.Conclusion:Qualitative case study methodology provides a robust and flexible framework to examine complex questions about emergency health and medical responses, including questions about events, processes, activities, performance, and outcomes. The methodology is equally suited to real-time or retrospective studies. The strength of the approach is the high compatibility for examining phenomena within the context they occur, and linking program logic, data collection, and data analysis methods to the specific question being investigated.

Measuring Patient Hazard Exposure–The Missing Middle in Disaster Mortality Prevention

Introduction:Interventions that mitigate hazard exposures offer the most efficient means of reducing disaster mortality. However, such interventions require an evidence base that describes the relationship between hazard exposure dynamics and health risk. Medical practitioners have long used patient specific hazard exposure assessments to determine acute and chronic disease risk and align medical treatment and care. This study compared patient-specific hazard exposure data collected from people seeking healthcare during seven different natural hazard disaster events and compared the minimum patient data set standards recommended at the time.Method:Patient data collection forms used by primary and secondary health care providers during emergency health and medical responses to seven natural hazard disasters were reviewed. Data fields relating to potential exposure characteristics were recorded and compared to patient data fields used by health services prior to the disaster event. A literature review of definitions of disaster ‘exposure’ adopted by UN disaster management agencies were compared with the health and medical sector.Results:Only the SARS-CoV-2 disaster consistently assessed and recorded details about patient exposure characteristics. Patient hazard exposure data was typically limited to the time of onset of symptoms and duration relative to hazard impact. Little qualitative or quantitative assessment of the magnitude of exposure to any hazard was included, or patient-environmental data. While variables of hazard and vulnerability were extensively studied, and discussed in scholarly and industry literature, the concept of exposure received comparably little attention.Conclusion:Building an evidence base to correlate hazard and environmental exposure characteristics with patient health effects must be prioritized, especially for cohorts vulnerable from physiological or co-morbid factors. Such advances can be made through simple inclusions in minimum patient dataset recommendations. Understanding hazard-exposure dynamics are vital for advancing emergency health responses toward early intervention and health protection from future hazards that threaten functioning of whole health systems.

China's Mariculture Net Cages in Typhoon and sea Ice Disasters: Challenges and Prevention Strategy

In recent years, mariculture has been prominent in solving the problem of high-quality protein sources for human beings. As an essential mode of mariculture, cage culture has gradually entered a period of rapid development. However, extreme marine disasters such as typhoons and sea ice bring different degrees of damage to mariculture net cages and even jeopardize the lives and property safety of aquaculture practitioners. Strong winds and waves caused by typhoon disasters lead to cage overtopping, cage frame collapse, and structural damage. Sea ice disasters caused by net cage frozen and ice floes impingement lead to a decline in the structural stability of the net cage, deformation, shifting, and collapse. These problems cause the cultured fish to collide with each other, triggering fish injuries, fish diseases, and fish escapes. At the same time, drastic environmental changes have limited farmed fish growth, resulting in a significant decline in aquaculture production. In summary, typhoon and sea ice disasters have become essential factors restricting China's rapid development of mariculture net cages. This paper reviews the development of mariculture net cages in China, the damage of mariculture net cages in typhoons and sea ice disasters, and the hazards of typhoons and sea ice disasters on net cages. Moreover, put forward the routine maintenance of net cages and disaster prevention and mitigation strategies to provide references for the safety of mariculture net cages and the prevention and mitigation of marine disasters.

Risk Assessment of Fire Hazards in Semarang City Residential Areas

Based on data from the Semarang City Fire Department in 2013-2016, 1028 fire incidents took place in Semarang City. This incidence reached its highest in 2015 with 399 cases of fire which caused material losses of up to IDR 398.3 billion. Based on these figures, Semarang City possesses the highest incidence rate of fire cases in Central Java Province. However, studies on the risk and mitigation of fire hazard disasters in Semarang City still need to be carried out. This study aims to identify fire risks, to mitigate the disaster’s hazards in Semarang City, and to provide recommendations for arranging relevant buildings and the environment. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method, in which interviews are conducted with key persons, with the utilization of GIS analysis to assess the risk of fire. The results of this study exhibit that in Semarang City, 14 villages have a high level of fire hazard risk, one of which is Rejosari Village which has the highest level of fire risk. This occurred mainly because historically, there have been many fire incidents in this area and even claiming several lives. The density of buildings and the difficulty of access further increase vulnerability in the case of fire. Nevertheless, the inhabitants still lack an understanding of this hazard. Accordingly, the fundamental mitigation to be carried out in Rejosari Village is to increase community comprehension and to consider the addition of fire protection and safety facilities, including hydrants, in densely populated buildings and areas, in order to reduce the risk of fire hazards.

Impact of government risk communication on residents’ decisions to adopt earthquake insurance: Evidence from a field survey in China

This study employs a field survey of 640 rural households in a seismically active area of China to examine the impact of government risk communication intervention on the adoption of earthquake insurance. Four treatments were performed, and they were accepted in various forms depending on the level of risk communication. Findings indicate that door-to-door risk communication from the government motivates residents to buy earthquake insurance. Furthermore, after receiving tailored risk communication, low-income groups and ethnic minorities demonstrate greater willingness to pay for insurance. These findings have implications for how comprehensive frameworks for managing disaster risk should be created in developing nations faced with escalating natural disaster hazards.

Multi Hazard Analysis of Ponorogo Regency Disaster Based on Geographic Information System

Ponorogo regency has dangers to several types of disasters such as floods, landslides, tornadoes, land fires, and droughts. Based on data from BNPD from the period 2000 - 2020, Ponorogo Regency has experienced 123 landslides, and 39 flood disasters. The approach used in this study is multi-hazard disaster. The purpose of the study is 1.) Analyze the spread of flood hazard levels in Ponorogo Regency. 2.) Analyze the spread of the danger level of landslide disasters in Ponorogo Regency.3.) Analyze the distribution of disaster hazard levels in Ponorogo Regency using a multi hazard index. The research methods conducted in this study are stacking and improvement, while for multi-hazard modeling of disasters using VCA tables. Data processing in this study is divided into 3 stages, namely parameter data processing, disaster hazard data modeling, and multi-hazard disaster modeling. The accuracy test is conducted on the usage data, and the sampling method is a random sampling method. Validation tests were conducted on data from modeling the hazards of floods and landslides. The results of this study are a disaster parameter data map, a flood hazard map, a landslide hazard map, and a multi-hazard disaster map. Based on the results of modeling, multi-hazard disaster has an area that is low hazard class has the widest area of 90,773.55 Ha (65%), The moderate hazard class has an area of 45,438.55 Ha (33%). The high hazard class has an area of 2,957.56 Ha (12%). The multi-hazard class is determined by the result of a combination of landslide and flood hazard classes, for example the combination of low and high hazard classes will produce a moderate hazard class. Therefore, the distribution of areas from the multi-hazard class of disasters is greatly influenced by the distribution of areas of both types of disasters.

Land Use Transformation and Place-Making after Resettlement in the Disaster Hazard Area of the Great East Japan Earthquake

本研究は災害危険区域における土地利用、復興プレイスメイキングのプロセスと場所化の要因を明らかにした。事例研究を行った仙台市・荒浜地区では、多様なステークホルダーが元居住地に新たな意味を与え、多様な活動や工夫により周囲を巻き込みながら、結果的に「場所」として再生させたことがわかった。従来の復興計画のように、エリアにビジョンや用途を決め、行政や民間が土地を利用するといったプロセスだけでなく、各々が「場所」を創出し、エリアが様々な主体による意味付けの束で構成される、といった流れでかつての居住地を新たな「場所」として再生できることを指摘した。

The Passivity-Responsiveness Continuum in the disaster preparedness and mitigation process: A synthesized theory

The public's tendency to demonstrate passive and complacent attitudes towards imminent disaster hazards only portends individual- and community-level vulnerabilities. This paper explores disaster mitigation and response efforts through the Passivity-Responsiveness Continuum (PRC) model which was developed using the Walker and Avant's threefold steps in theory synthesis: specifying focal concepts, identifying related factors and relationships, and constructing an integrated model. An integrative review was conducted to explore concepts and nature and types of relationships relevant to the phenomena of disaster passivity and responsiveness. As a model, PRC proposes that passivity (and its habituality) corresponds to a negative, non-favorable state and outcome while responsiveness corresponds to a positive, ideal condition. The state in the continuum (i.e., passivity and responsiveness) is changeable (may progress or retrogress) depending on the individual's exposure to circumstantial factors (CF) which include ease of access to resources, self-efficacy, and socio-cultural/political climate, among others. Hence, to promote progressive change, guided disaster-responsive prompts (GDRP) must be facilitated and reinforced by expert actors and responders (i.e., nurses working in community disaster management) in a manner that is intensive, structured, trans-dimensional, and disaster-specific. To achieve the ideal state (i.e., disaster-resilient living), assertive actions must be supported, reinforced, and sustained otherwise the responsive state wanes, dwindles, and reverts to a previous state of passivity.

AHP Scoring and Weighting Main Criteria For Assessment of Potential Hydrometeorological Disasters: A Literature Study

In general, the territory of Indonesia is prone to hydrometeorological disaster events. In disaster management, it is necessary to map the source or level of potential disaster hazards. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method has been used to determine the relative importance of each criterion for potential mapping disasters. This literature study aims to determine the criteria and weighting in the AHP approach that can be used in assessing the potential for hydrometeorological disasters. This literature review is limited by analyzing and assessing the potential, vulnerability, and vulnerability of floods, landslides, and tornadoes using the AHP method. The input data used in the literature is based on the opinions of experts, interested stakeholders, and related regulations to determine the criteria and their weighting. The results of this literature review show that the three criteria are the dominant determining factors in assessing and analysing the three hydrometeorological disasters. The scoring of each criterion is based on its impact on the disaster.

Agents of change in bushfire recovery: Young people's acts of citizenship in a youth-focused, animal-welfare and environmental program

Bushfires and natural hazard disasters have a significant impact on young people and risk reduction strategies have largely focused on addressing their vulnerability and mitigating the effects of trauma. In the 21st century practitioners, researchers and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, are calling for young people to become ‘agents of change’ in disaster management. When young people are included in disaster management there are benefits for themselves, their peers, community and the environment at local, state and national levels. Our program, with young people affected by Australia's 2019–2020 Black Summer bushfires, highlighted their frustrations at the limited opportunities to be actively involved in relief and recovery, and their concerns about the combined impact of the climate crisis and bushfires. Their focus aligns with a shift in young people's acts of citizenship and community involvement as they seek opportunities to engage with issues that impact them and their future.Young people's engagement in a youth-focused, empowerment-oriented, animal-welfare program in the Australian state of Victoria, The Activators, demonstrates how young people join the dots between bushfire recovery, the climate crisis and environmental issues to undertake local acts of citizenship. This article focuses on young people's experiences and a young person's powerful narrative of Loss, urgency, grief and loneliness. We draw on the challenges and opportunities of young people's individual and collective experience of the program. Our analysis investigates how a programmatic intervention empowered young people to become agents of change through acts of citizenship in their local communities. Adopting similar approaches would enable young people to be actively involved in disaster, prevention, preparedness, response and recovery, across all levels of planning and community engagement.

MONITORING SUITABILITY OF URBAN ROADS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS USING NONLINEAR AUTOREGRESSIVE WITH EXTERNAL INPUT (NARX)

Abstract. Earthquake is one of the hazardous disasters in Iran and caused huge causalities in the last century. Among different effective criteria in earthquake management especially in the response phase, morphological components of the urban structure have the main role. This paper aims to assess and monitor the suitability of urban roads for emergency response after an earthquake. The main contribution is the definition of key morphological factors, assessment, and monitoring of urban road suitability using nonlinear autoregressive with external input (NARX) as a time series artificial neural network (ANN). In this framework, first, the effective criteria are detected and analyzed based on experts’ opinions, then the suitability of urban roads for emergency earthquake response is assessed for three temporal datasets for the 2010, 2015, and 2020 years. The proposed method has been implemented in Tehran; the capital of Iran based on designed ANNs. The RMSE and R of time series ANNs are 0.97629 and 0.027 for 2010, 0.91479 and 0.13 for 2015, 0.93569 and 0.056 for 2020. The results show that the suitability of urban roads has been improved significantly between 2010 to 2015, while according to the new expansion of roads in the west of Tehran, the level of suitability has been decreased from 2015 to 2020. As this region is going to be populated recent so some new strategies should be improved for urban traffic network structure.

Using DInSAR to inventory landslide geological disaster in Bijie, Guizhou, China

Landslides are very complicated natural phenomena that create significant losses of life and assets throughout China. However, previous studies mainly focused on monitoring the development trend of known landslides in small areas, and few studies focused on the identification of new landslides. In addition, karst areas, where the vegetation is dense, the mountains are high, the slopes are steep, and the time incoherence is serious, have difficulty in tracking Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) landslides. Therefore, based on DInSAR technology, we use ALOS-2 PALSAR data to conduct continuous monitoring of existing hazards and identify new geological hazards in karst areas. The major results are as follows: 1) From June 11 to 6 August 2017, it was discovered that a hidden point of landslides occurred on the 420 m northwest mountain near the town of Zongling. It was determined that the landslide hidden point had been slipping for two consecutive years, with an average slip of 6.0 cm. From 4 September 2016 to 22 January 2017, undiscovered hidden points in the landslide account were found in Yinjiazhai. On 13 September 2016 and 22 November 2016, the discovered potential hazards in the landslide log book were the mountain hazards in southwestern Shiping village, and the deformation was 7.8 cm. 2) The DInSAR monitoring results from September to November 2016 showed that large deformations occurred in the landslide area of Shiping village. During a field visit, large cracks on the surface were found. The length of surface cracks in the southwest direction of Shiping village was 2.8 m. On 13 July 2017, Shiping collapsed as a result of the collapse of the mountainous area where the disaster occurred. The average slope of the landslide in the landslide area was approximately 65°, the height was 95 m, the length and width were 150 m and 25 m, respectively, and the thickness was 5 m. The method has shown great potential in precisely identifying some new geological hazards sites, as well as tracking and monitoring the potential hazards of geological disasters listed on the landslide account.

Energy Evolution Characteristics of Water-Saturated and Dry Anisotropic Coal under True Triaxial Stresses

During deep underground coal mining, water-injection-related engineering methods are generally carried out to reduce the hazards of coal dynamic disasters. The energy evolution characteristics of coal can better describe the deformation and failure processes, as it is more consistent with the in situ behavior of underground mining-induced coal. In this study, experimental efforts have been paid to the energy evolution characteristics of water-saturated and dry anisotropic coal under true triaxial stresses. The effects of water saturation, intermediate stress, and anisotropic weak planes of coal on the true triaxial energy evolution were systematically evaluated. The results show that the overall energy is weakened due to the water adsorption for water-saturated coal samples. The water-weakening effect on the overall energy of water-saturated coal is more pronounced when perpendicular to the bedding plane direction than in the other two cleat directions. The accumulation elastic energy anisotropy index of dry and water-saturated coal samples is higher than 100.00%. Both accumulation and residual elastic energy of dry and water-saturated coal samples show an increasing-then-decreasing trend with intermediate stress increase. The results obtained in this study help understand the in situ behavior of coal during deep underground mining and control coal dynamic disasters.