Hazardous Products Research Articles

CLUSTERING IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT DECISIONS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF PIPELINE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

The work is devoted to the development of methodology for cluster analysis of indicators of the state of pipeline transport systems, taking into account the characteristics of technical systems and potential threats to management decision-making at various stages of the life cycle of a hazardous production facility for pipeline transport of oil and gas. The proposed methodology is based on the use of artificial intelligence and digitalization for the collection and analysis of databases. The possibilities of modern application software systems for performing cluster analysis and identifying potentially dangerous sections of the pipeline using 3D models are presented and analyzed.

Dual functional roles of nutritional additives in nutritional fortification and safety of thermally processed food: Potential, limitations, and perspectives.

The Maillard reaction (MR) has been established to be a paramount contributor to the characteristic sensory property of thermally processed food products. Meanwhile, MR also gives rise to myriads of harmful byproducts (HMPs) (e.g., advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and acrylamide). Nutritional additives have attracted increasing attention in recent years owing to their potential to simultaneously improve nutritional quality and attenuate HMP formation. In this manuscript, a brief overview of various nutritional additives (vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, dietary fibers, and miscellaneous micronutrients) in heat-processed food is provided, followed by a summary of the formation mechanisms of AGEs and acrylamide highlighting the potential crosstalk between them. The main body of the manuscript is on the capability of nutritional additives to modulate AGE and acrylamide formation besides their traditional roles as nutritional enhancers. Finally, limitations/concerns associated with their use to attenuate dietary exposure to HMPs and future perspectives are discussed. Literature data support that through careful control of the addition levels, certain nutritional additives possess promising potential for simultaneous improvement of nutritional value and reduction of AGE and acrylamide content via multiple action mechanisms. Nonetheless, there are some major concerns that may limit their wide applications for achieving such dual functions, including influence on sensory properties of food products, potential overestimation of nutrition enhancement, and introduction of hazardous alternative reaction products or derivatives. These could be overcome through comprehensive assay of dose-response relationships and systematic evaluation of the diverse combinations from the same and/or different categories of nutritional additives to establish synergistic mixtures.

Flood Risk Mapping of Kamla River Basin using HEC-RAS 2D Model

Flood is a natural disaster that occurs repeatedly in Nepal and causes significant losses in terms of life and property particularly in low land areas around the river courses. Kamla basin is highly susceptible to flooding and had experienced many disastrous floods in the past. Flood mitigation measures generally consists of two main methods which are structural and non-structural methods. Nowadays, the importance of using nonstructural method such as flood hazard map and flood risk map are increasing because of environmental and economic aspects. In this study, the assessment of flood hazard and risk was carried out for Kamla River basin. Floods are simulated using the HEC-RAS 2D hydraulic model. The flood hazard map was prepared using the simulation result by classifying into four hazard level, corresponding to different inundation depth. The exposed elements considered for the vulnerability assessments are building, population and agriculture area. Finally, to evaluate the flood risk, a flood risk map of wards under the study area was prepared for 25year,50year and 100-year return period flood events based on the product of flood hazard and vulnerability weightage. The study’s findings may help in the planning and management of Kamla River flood plain region to avoid future likely disasters.

Spatial Pattern of Generation and Management of Household Hazardous Waste in Enugu Metropolis, Enugu, Nigeria

The paper examined the spatial pattern of Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) generation and management options in the Enugu Metropolis. Ten (10) layouts were randomly selected from forty one (41) residential layouts that make up Enugu Metropolis. A total of 300 structured questionnaires were randomly administered to households, while oral interviews were conducted in the Enugu State Waste Management Agency (ESWAMA). The study showed that home cleaning waste was the most frequently generated HHW, accounting for 19%. This was followed by glasses (17%) and batteries (14.8) while the less generated include e-waste (10.4%), motoring products (8.7%), and paints (7.1%). Government Residential Area (G.R.A) generated the highest amount of HHW with a percent value of 13.1%, followed by New Haven (12.7%), Iva-Valley (10.6%), Ogui (10.2%) and Independence layout (10%). The relationship between dwelling type and quantity of HHW generated showed that the buildings with multiple rooms generated the highest (31%) amount of HHW, followed by three bedroom apartments. Lowest income earners (5,000-20,000 naira) were known to generate highest quantity, while houses with income above 250,000 naira generate less quantity. The study showed that 22.7% of the households indicated that they have no means of disposing of HHW, 2.7% indicated that they keep them or reuse them, 2.6% pour liquid HHW down their sinks or drains, 5% take them to a landfill site, the remaining 67% dispose of them in anyhow. Thus, there is a need for sensitization as this will encourage waste sorting, as well as help in educating the public on the need to purchase fewer hazardous products.

On the distinction between criminal negligence and innocent harm in the conditions of dangerous industrial activity

The article discusses the controversial aspects of the qualification of careless acts, the problems of distinguishing criminal negligence and innocent harm. The authors analyze the doctrinal and practical issues of assessing the actions (inaction) of subjects who carry out hazardous production activities, are equally responsible for compliance with safety regulations and are required to clearly perform their functions in the division of labor. At the same time, as a result of such joint actions, the death of one of the participants in the process occurs. In this case, is the consequence of death causally related to the behavior of the survivor, to what extent should he be responsible for the actions (inaction) of the deceased. The paper indicates that with a detailed analysis of the situation, it is possible to talk about the absence of criminal negligence and the presence of innocent harm. The possibility of foreseeing adverse consequences in this case is always mediated by the behavior of another person (persons) who jointly carry out a dangerous type of activity, unforeseen circumstances related to the actions of other responsible participants in the development of the situation may interfere in the chain of development of the causal relationship.

Development of Mechanisms for Industrial Safety Culture Improvement Based on Employee Survey Analysis Results

Introduction. Ensuring industrial safety (IS) is one of the priority goals of any company. It is obvious that achieving its high level is impossible without the formation of a safety culture among employees, since their wrong actions can lead to emergencies and death of people at hazardous production facilities. The concept of industrial safety culture (ISC) is interpreted in different ways, but all definitions are united by the need for employees to realize that industrial safety should become their main goal and internal need. To date, there are many methods for determining the degree of ISC development. They are actively and successfully used at many enterprises. At the same time, it should be noted that the Russian legislation lacks, in particular, a methodology for quantifying the industrial safety culture specifically at the enterprises of the oil and gas complex, which have their own characteristics and specifics. Therefore, the introduction of a new quantitative approach to assessing the effectiveness of management of industrial safety culture has important scientific and practical significance on the industry agenda. The aim of this work in this regard was to develop mechanisms to increase the ISC level at one of the gas transportation enterprises of the country based on the results of the survey of its employees. Materials and Methods. For the analysis, the results of a three-level questionnaire conducted in 2021 and 2022 were used, which included socio-biographical characteristics of employees, their assessments on specially developed 16 components of industrial safety, as well as the interview of focus groups on six selected IS components. Results. During the analysis of the questionnaires, an increase in the level of industrial safety culture was established from the predicted (third level) to the proactive (fourth level) according to the five-level classification of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP). Discussion and Conclusions. The comparative analysis demonstrated positive dynamics of the results of the ISC level assessment by the employees of the gas transport enterprise. Its increase at this enterprise was achieved through the introduction and implementation of proactive measures, such as the development of personal obligations of employees in the field of safety, their maximum involvement in the development of competencies in the field of industrial safety, ensuring openness / transparency of communications on safety issues, and the formation of a positive attitude of employees to changes in this area.

Bioremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soils through Composting: Mechanisms, Factors, and Prospects

Pesticide contamination of soils poses a significant environmental and agricultural challenge on a global scale, with escalating pesticide consumption in various regions. Composting has emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable bioremediation method for pesticide-contaminated soils. This review article delves into the mechanisms, factors influencing efficiency, and the pros and cons of composting as a strategy to address pesticide pollution in soils. Pesticides enter soil environments through both point sources, such as spillage from storage or disposal areas, and non-point sources, including intensive agricultural use and household applications. The physical and chemical characteristics of pesticides, coupled with soil factors like permeability and particle size, influence their fate and behavior in soils. Composting, as a bioremediation method, offers several advantages, including complete destruction of pesticide compounds through microbial degradation, transforming them into less hazardous products. Key factors affecting composting efficiency include nutrient availability, particle size, temperature, pH, oxygen, and moisture content, all crucial for microorganism growth and pesticide degradation. This article underscores the importance of maintaining optimal conditions for these factors to ensure the high performance and efficiency of pesticide degradation during composting. It also discusses the potential drawbacks of this method. Composting proves to be a promising and eco-friendly approach for remediating pesticide-contaminated soils, addressing both environmental concerns and the need for sustainable agricultural practices.

Обследование скрытых участков стальных труб малого диаметра с применением ультразвуковой дефектоскопии

According to the current regulatory documents, as the established service life of gas pipelines for various purposes expires, they must be inspected in order to assess the current technical condition, make a decision on the residual life and the possibility of further operation at hazardous production facilities, as well as other buildings and structures. The possibility is considered related to using ultrasonic testing for detecting damage of corrosion origin in the sections of such pipelines hidden from the direct observation in interfloor ceilings and passages through the walls of buildings at the facilities in various branches of industries, as well as in gas distribution and gas consumption systems, and water pipelines. In addition, the possibility of identifying layered deposits of various origins in the cavity of small-diameter steel pipes is considered. At energy facilities, as well as in water supply pipelines, such deposits can lead to a significant reduction in the flow area of the pipeline, up to its complete blocking. Deposits inside the pipelines form an anisotropic layered medium, and the passage of ultrasonic waves through it has a number of features that prevent the use of traditional ultrasonic echo testing. For small-diameter pipes, the criterion is given under which it is possible to perform «remote» (waveguide) ultrasonic testing of the hidden sections of pipes at a distance of up to 600 mm. It is illustrated how, from such a distance, it is possible to detect corrosion deposits in pipes by ultrasonic testing methods using phased array antennas. At the same time, it is possible to assess the thickness («power») of layered deposits and their structure even when the passage section of the pipeline is filled with such deposits up to 100 %. Use of the methods presented in the article allows to increase the accuracy of calculating the residual life of the pipeline and reduce the uncertainty in setting safety factors in such calculations.

О подходах к обеспечению герметичности оборудования высокого давления при его эксплуатации

The operation of high-pressure equipment requires special attention from the point of view of ensuring its safety. This problem is becoming increasingly relevant every year. According to various estimates, currently 60–80 % of high-pressure equipment at the industrial enterprises has already exhausted its standard service life. In this regard, there is a need to select and develop a promising method of operating production equipment that would consider the peculiarities of the state of modern domestic industry. The conducted analysis of the methods of operating high-pressure equipment showed that the strength criterion is used as the main criterion for assessing the technical condition of various devices and assemblies included in its composition. However, this approach contradicts the functional purpose of high-pressure equipment — its tightness. To increase the safety and tightness of such equipment when choosing a method of its operation, special schemes for sealing and monitoring of sealing units are proposed, allowing for conducting digitalization of their technical condition. Using this approach will allow to manage the process of ensuring the sealing of high-pressure equipment during its operation. Positive test results of the modernized sealing units in high-pressure equipment, subject to operating conditions, are a sufficient argument for its approval for use. The inclusion in the regulations on the system of maintenance and repair of enterprises operating hazardous production facilities, the requirements for ensuring the tightness of sealing units will allow: reduce the risk of depressurization of the sealing units; increase production profitability by reducing emissions; maintain the sustainability of the business using high pressure equipment. The feasibility of using this approach was repeatedly confirmed by the work of JSC IrkutskNIIkhimmash.

Comparative physiological response of filamentous cyanobacteria Phormidium tenue and Leptolyngbya lignicola under chromium (VI) stress

AbstractNumerous technologies for cleaning the environment without producing hazardous waste products have arisen in response to the rise in environmental pollution. Industrialization and the growing population have put society to a hard test. Continuous discharge of heavy metals (chromium, nickel, copper, mercury etc.) in water bodies is increasing by anthropogenic activities; these cause bio accumulation and shift towards a resistant microbial community. These hazardous metals enter the human body through water and food, creating a slew of health issues. Chromium (VI) is one such toxic pollutant and is more toxic than chromium (III). Several environment‐friendly technologies have been developed for decontaminating wastewater by using microorganisms. Microalgae, cyanobacteria, bacteria and fungi are used for heavy metals eradication from the water due to their metal tolerance, bioaccumulation and biotransformation capacity. In this study two cyanobacteria strains were compared for their physiological response and metal tolerance for Cr (VI) stress. Leptolyngbya lignicola and Phormidium tenue were grown in a medium containing various concentrations of chromium (1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm, and 10 ppm), and biochemical parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, protein, proline, amino acid, carbohydrate, reducing sugar and lipid content) were measured. The findings revealed that P. tenue was more sensitive to metal stress than L. lignicola. P. tenue showed a decreasing trend for all biochemical parameters except proline at higher ad lower doses of Cr (VI) stress. However L. lignicola showed an increase in biomass (6.09%) and other biochemical parameters over control at lower metal stress concentration (1 ppm), whereas, a gradual decrease in all parameters except proline was observed at higher concentrations. Further L. lignicola showing high tolerance index can be preferred for metal remediation from the water bodies of heavy metal contaminated area.

Практические советы по выбору манометров

The areas were determined reiated to the state regulation in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements when using pressure gauges installed on potentially hazardous industrial equipment of hazardous production facilities were determined. Including — in the field of defense and safety of the Russian Federation, in nuclear energy, in the field of competence of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control and the National Guard troops. An analysis of the requirements for pressure gauges was carried out, and the forms of state control were determined. The technical (metrological) characteristics of pressure gauges are analyzed in accordance with the requirements of the international and national standards of the Russian Federation. Special features of measuring the pressure of various media and the need to use special technical devices and tools are considered. Significant criteria for the selection of pressure gauges were identified. A simple and understandable algorithm for their selection was developed.

Требования охраны труда и промышленной безопасности в угольной промышленности

The article examines the system of legal and regulatory framework of occupatioal safety and industrial safety for the enterprises in the coal industry. Analysis of the international and Russian legislation showed the close relationship and interdependence of safety regulation in these areas of law. A significant contribution to the development of legal regulation of the occupational safety and industrial (production) safety was made by the conventions of the International Labor Organization. In 1995, the International Labor Organization adopted the Occupational Safety and Health in Mines Convention, which sets the norms relating to both occupational health and safety. In Russia, the key legislative acts regulating relations in the areas under consideration are the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law «On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities». The article provides an overview of the functions and powers of the federal executive authorities in the field of occupational safety and industrial safety, and also analyzes the types of regulations establishing requirements in these areas, and the federal norms and rules in the field of industrial safety at the coal industry facilities. Based on the conducted analysis, the following conclusion was made: organizational and technical requirements for occupational safety are in systemic unity with the industrial safety requirements established in federal standards and regulations. Other occupational safety requirements aimed at ensuring a system for preserving the life and health of the employees in the process of work should be established in the Occupational health and safety rules for the employees in the coal industry.

Review of evidence on handling hazardous drugs and Products in Urology Services; consensus document between the Spanish Urology Association and the Spanish Society of Health-System Pharmacists*

ObjectiveThe intravesical administration of hazardous drug products is a standard practice in the urology setting, which potentially exposing medical personnel to these drug products. It was deemed necessary to have a consensus document among the scientific societies involved (the Spanish Urological Association and the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy) that collects the best available evidence on the safest handling possible of dangerous drug products in the setting of urology departments. MethodWe reviewed the legislation and recommendations on the handling of dangerous drug products, both at the national and international level. ResultsThere is national legislation and regulations for protecting workers who handle dangerous drugs and products, as well as recommendations for handling to protect both the product and workers. DiscussionFollowing the strategic lines of the European Parliament for 2014-2020 in the chapter on occupational safety and health, the Spanish Urological Association and the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy proposed a series of actions that decrease the risks of exposure for practitioners and caregivers involved in the handling of these products. ConclusionsAfter this review, 19 recommendations were established for handling dangerous drug products, which can be summarised as the need to train all individuals involved (from management teams to patients and caregivers), adopt systems that prevent contaminating leaks, implement exposure surveillance programmes and optimise available resources.

Spectroscopic studies on the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of anthraquinone derivatives

ObjectivesAnthraquinones (9,10-dioxoantracenes) with a wide range of applications constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in developing new anthraquinone derivatives with biological activity. These findings suggested that due to the qualities of anthraquinone, it may be employed in the pharmaceutical and food industries. MethodsThe synthesis of anthraquinone derivatives (compound 1 and 2) was performed using the Mannich base reaction, and the compounds were characterised via FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectral analysis. Through the use of spectroscopic analytical techniques, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of anthraquinone was examined. These techniques included DPPH free radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, ferrous ion (Fe2+). ResultsAt a concentration of 100 µg/mL, compound 2 shows that 65.2 % inhibited to DPPH assays compared with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) at 45.7 % activity. Moreover, compound 2 shows that more potential of activity against DPPH, ABTS•+, hydrogen peroxide, ferric ion (Fe3+), and ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating, reducing, and antioxidant properties when compared with compound 1 and standard BHT. The compounds 1 and 2 where checked for tyrosinase activity, the compound 2 shows that significant of activity compared with compound 1 and standard kojic acid. ConclusionKinetics studies were analysed compounds 1 and 2 through all antioxidant assays and activity of tyrosinase inhibition. The compound 2 was highly active against all the activities. Based on the aforementioned findings, it can be used to maintain nutritional quality, extend the shelf life of food and medicine, delay the development of hazardous oxidation products, and minimise or stop the oxidation of lipids in dietary items.

Preparation of geopolymer concrete with Bayer red mud and its reaction mechanism

Red mud (RM) is a hazardous waste product resulting from alumina production in the aluminum industry. In China, the alumina industry generates a significant amount of solid waste RM annually. The accumulation of RM not only occupies a large area of land but also leads to environmental pollution. Currently, Bayer red mud (BRM) constitutes the majority of the piled-up RM in China. Due to its high alkalinity and low activity, BRM cannot be directly used in the cement industry, and its comprehensive utilization is severely limited. Thus, finding a bulk, safe, and cost-effective utilization method is crucial in tackling the massive accumulation of BRM. This study primarily focuses on the reactivity and reaction mechanisms of BRM in cement-based and geopolymer material. Firstly, it was demonstrated through compressive strength, chemical bound water content, SEM microstructures, and flowability that BRM exhibits relatively low reactivity in cement-based material. Experimental investigations were conducted to study the impact of the BRM addition and curing methods on the mechanical properties of BRM based geopolymer materials. The dosage range of BRM under different conditions was given. Through SEM-EDS analysis, the influence of BRM with its high-temperature activation on the early hydration products in geopolymer material was investigated. The reaction mechanism of BRM in geopolymers was analyzed, and a reliable, affordable, and efficient way to use BRM on a large scale was developed.

Quadruple-branched jellyfish-like demulsifier used for completely demulsifying water-in-oil emulsion at low temperature and its demulsification mechanism

The separation of oil–water emulsions is a pressing and crucial task due to the significant impact on transportation costs and pipeline corrosion. Currently, commercially available demulsifiers mainly utilize ethylene oxide and propylene oxide as raw materials. However, these demulsifiers involve complex and hazardous production processes, exhibit low demulsification efficiency (DE), and require high temperatures exceeding 60 °C. To address these challenges, this study presents a two-step synthesis method for producing a demulsifier (PDB-C6) that resembles a jellyfish. This demulsifier demonstrates a high DE in demulsification processes, operating at lower temperatures and shorter timeframes. Its hydrophilic head can locate water droplets in the emulsions, while the four hydrophobic tails can assist its rapid migration in the oil phase towards the oil–water interface for demulsification. The demulsifying performance was investigated in two W/O emulsions with different oil contents. Bottle tests showed that the DE of PDB-C6 in a 30% oil content W/O emulsion reached 100% with the dosage of 300 mg/L at 40 °C for 2 h, while the dosage of 400 mg/L for 3 h also achieved 100% of DE in a 70% oil content W/O emulsion. In addition, PDB-C6 had excellent demulsification performance in both high salinity and a wide pH range (2–12). Given its low demulsifier amount, low demulsification temperature, short demulsification time and high DE, PDB-C6 shows promise for wide-ranging applications in the petroleum industry. The impacts of PDB-C6 on the oil–water interface were systematically investigated and its possible demulsification mechanism in W/O emulsions was explored in detail. The findings revealed that PDB-C6 had excellent demulsification performance by rapidly migrating to the oil–water interface where it replaced natural surfactant and formed an unstable composite membrane, ultimately reducing the stability of the emulsion and leading to demulsification.

Methodological Aspects of Local Natural and Technical System Assessment Based on the Results of Environmental Monitoring

The concept of a natural-technical system is considered as a set of man-made and natural objects located on a single territory is considered. The environmental safety of the natural and technical system is ensured by limiting the negative impact on the environment from a technogenic object. It is noted that the regulation of the negative impact is necessary but not sufficient condition for environmental safety, since it is primarily focused on the implementation of sanitary and hygienic standards in relation to the people’s living or working conditions on the territory of a natural and technical system. The use of sanitary and hygienic maximum allowable concentrations in assessing the transformation of environmental objects is not very informative. It is noted that in the regular functioning conditions of a man-made object, the information basis for assessing negative changes in the environment is the results of environmental monitoring. Environmental monitoring systems are developed mostly for highly hazardous production facilities in terms of organizing the obtaining quantitative data on environmental pollution. The issues of quantitative assessment of the ecological state of the territory have not been adequately considered. The indicators used in the form of aggregated convolutional indices are still focused on sanitary and hygienic standards. In addition, their information content is reduced due to the cross-correlation of indicators used in the calculation in the form of pollutant concentrations. It is noted that objects of flora and fauna are more sensitive to negative impacts, and therefore, along with the quantitative chemical analysis of the pollution of the territory, monitoring of the biotic component of the environment is carried out. At the same time, biomonitoring data are considered as independent results. The relationship between general desirability function in assessing the state of biocenoses and other characteristics of the territory, including its pollution, is usually not studied, which also reduces their informational value. Based on the analysis of the considered materials, it was concluded that for an informative assessment and forecast of the ecological state of the natural and technical system, the development of integral indices of the biotic and abiotic components of the environment in their relationship is required.

Научная информационно-аналитическая база промышленной безопасности

A generalization of the results of ongoing work on the issues of development of the research and development of the integrated safety problems with their information support was carried out in the multi-volume publication «Safety of Russia. Legal, socio-economic and scientific-technical aspects». Within the framework of this publication, 66 volumes were published from 1998 to 2023 with coverage of the main scientific and applied information in them, which is concentrated at the same time in the Information Center on the basis of the A.A. Blagonravov Institute of Machine Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The structure of this information base includes two main components: a knowledge base and data banks. The knowledge base includes methodological approaches to the formation of types of limit states for hazardous production facilities, the construction of calculation schemes for normal, emergency and catastrophic situations, the selection of criteria for assessing stress-strain and limit states, the identification of risks and the development of a risk-oriented approach in the field of industrial safety with a description in these approaches of a complex of corresponding analytical criterion dependencies and equations. Data banks contain the sets of deterministic, statistical and probabilistic data for the computational determination of the main parameters of criterion equations for assessing risks, safety and protectability of the analyzed industrial facilities. These data banks also include the nomenclature and characteristics of the hazardous substances, the levels of hazardous parameters of the work processes, and probability values for the implementation of various failure and accident scenarios. The scientific information and analytical base of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the problems of integrated safety formed and accumulated to date is an important component in the implementation of the Fundamentals of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of Industrial Safety for the Period up to 2025 and beyond, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.2018, № 198.

Проект классификатора причин аварий и инцидентов на опасных производственных объектах нефтегазовой отрасли

Technical investigation of accidents and incidents is carried out in order to establish the technical and organizational causes of accidents at hazardous production facilities. The legislation of the Russian Federation established the mandatory nature of this procedure, which is regulated by Order № 503 adopted by Rostechnadzor. This regulatory document describes the procedure for conducting an investigation and other organizational issues, but there is no more detailed information on the distribution of causes by groups. As the analysis of the materials of such investigations conducted by the authors of this article shows, there is a problem of uniformity in their identification (various experts formulate the causes of accidents and classify them as technical or organizational in different ways, based on their education, their own experience and other factors). Having analyzed more than 100 «lightnings» (information sheets indicating the causes after an accident investigation), posted on the official website of Rostechnadzor in the section Lessons learned from accidents, the authors of the article found some inconsistencies in assigning causes to a specific group, for example, the causes those related to strictly technical ones were correlated with the group of organizational ones. In this regard, there is a need to adopt an appropriate regulatory legal act, which in its content would have a clearer and, as far as possible, detailed classification of the causes of accidents and incidents for hazardous production facilities in the oil and gas industry. In order to ensure the unity of formulations of the causes of accidents and incidents by different experts and to facilitate their machine processing, a draft classification of them is proposed, set out in the article.

О возможности единых и контрпродуктивности одинаковых критериев оценки риска промышленной аварии

The risk-oriented approach in ensuring industrial safety is intended to orient industrialists, supervisory authorities and the expert community in the existing emergency hazards and threats of today industrial Russia. In recent decades, there is a dangerous trend of opportunistic introduction of universal criteria for safe operation. In fact, instead of a risk-oriented approach, a risk-prescriptive approach is proposed. Any risk assessment methodology is only a means for measuring hazard, and is not at all a guarantor or a witness of compliance with safety. In order to eliminate measurement errors as much as possible, it is required to evaluate not the absolute level of accident hazard, but the relative one. The tools for measuring hazard (accident risk assessment at a hazardous production facility) cannot give a reliable, comprehensive conclusion about the safety of a hazardous production facility. Safety is not a mechanistic absence of hazard, but a systemic property of the technical-social system «source of hazard — those at risk» to function in conditions of changing hazards and threats that arise from them. Hazards are objective, and safety is a cultivated systemic property of hazardous industries to prevent the transformation of hazards into threats. In a risk-oriented approach to industrial safety, it is required to distinguish between information social engineering technology risk management (impact on ideas about hazards and threats) and organizational and technical management of a directly hazardous production facility, controlled by hazard analysis with a reliable assessment of the risk of an accident. The main criterion for ensuring the safe operation of a hazardous production facility should be considered a set of limit values of safe operation parameters and conditions for non-occurrence of emergency threats of major industrial accidents in the performance of existing industrial safety requirements. Criteria for acceptable accident risk must be established in accordance with the industry level of emergency threats. Due to the significant variety of possible causes of accidents, scenarios for their occurrence and development, a wide range of possible consequences of industrial accidents, it is not possible to establish absolutely identical, so-called «unified» criteria for acceptable accident risk for different hazardous production facilities: acceptable accident risk as a measure of acceptable hazard, cannot be accepted as a single criterion for ensuring industrial safety of a hazardous production facility. Unified criteria for assessing the risks of accidents at industrial facilities are not single and individual microscopic probabilities that are not the same for all different industries. Unified criteria are a unified set of methods for developing, establishing, testing and adopting criteria for assessing hazards using risk as a special measure of hazard.