Hazardous Liquids Research Articles

Theoretical Analysis of A Nozzle Condensation-Drying Cycle.(Dept.M)

The energy required for industrial drying processes consumed by a conventional dryers are essentially thrown away without the ability to recover the latent heat of water vapor in the air, significant reductions in dryer energy usage cannot be made. In an attempt to recover the latent heat of the water vapor, a closed drying cycle is proposed, which uses a nozzle as the means to recover this energy from moist-saturated air. This nozzle condensation drying cycle (NCDC) is composed of the following components: dryer, nozzle, diffuser, air water separator, heat exchanger and compressor. Analysis of this drying cycle shows that ideally this cycle requires lower energy compared with an ideal open cycle heated dryer or a heat pump dehumidification cycle. However, which equipment isentropic efficiencies are included, the energy costs are approximately a third of the cost of the ideal open cycle healed dryer. The cycle can be operated at varying conditions, allowing for a single design to be utilized for various ap plications. Other advantages are in applications that require drying of hazardous liquids from a product.

Seismic performance of imperfect unanchored tanks

Liquid storage tanks play a significant role in storing hazardous liquids in process industries. Hence, their proper seismic performance is considerably important to prevent the catastrophic consequences of tank failure. This study focuses on seismic safety assessment of oil storage tanks. To this end, four unanchored tanks of various height-to-diameter ratios (H/D) were considered and their elastic and inelastic buckling failures were studied, as well as their uplifting behaviour. To this end, incremental dynamic analysis was employed in an Abaqus platform using the lateral seismic excitations. Different patterns of random geometric imperfections of various amplitudes were considered in the tank models. The Budiansky–Roth procedure was followed to calculate the buckling capacities of tank shells. The results of this study revealed that the imperfection has a small but notable effect on buckling capacity of tank shells, but its effect on tank uplift is negligible.

Uticaj industrijskih akcidenata u namenskoj industriji na bezbednost u Republici Srbiji

The security of people and property is one of the basic premises of the business of each company. Security as an important function of management of the organization, particularly evident in companies engaged in the production of explosives and flammable substances. In the category of security risk companies are the defense industry companies. Recently, these findings have been confirmed through several industrial accidents with serious consequences. Security vulnerability of these companies is reflected primarily in the sensitivity of certain production and technological processes in terms of exposure to destructive influences and possible occurrence of fire, explosion of a hazardous gases and liquids. Reasons for increased surveillance and a higher safety level can be found in the volume and sensitivity of explosives and flammable substances on a daily basis participate in the processes of production. Considering aforementioned clearly imposes the task of preventive action and preventing accidents and diminishes the effects of their possible manifestation (if they occur). This paper considers the most characteristic of industrial accidents that have occurred in the defense industry from the point of view of their phenomenological characteristics, with a view to identifying the causes of these phenomena and take measures to correct them, in order to prevent repeated and similar events. As the most relevant, addressed the issues of prevention of accidents and safety activities of operators in terms of prevention and elimination of consequences. Also, paper presents singled out the conclusions derived by treating these very complex and in modern times most of the current problems, which requires the full attention of all security subjects in the country, in order to prevent extremely dangerous and even disastrous consequences for security facilities in the Republic of Serbia and the destruction of valuable and scarce resources.

ADVANCED SYSTEM CONTROL FOR HYDROGEN PLASMA CONVERSION OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS RECYCLABLE LIQUID WASTE

This paper presents the design of some equipment within an installation for plasma processing of liquid hazardous waste with hydrogen. The authors present the design and simulation in Solidworks and Ansys of hydrogen plasma torches components used for heat treatment of hazardous industrial liquids, the development in Matlab & Simulink of algorithms for controlling the power sources of torches and the non-interactive multivariable control system through thermoregulatory with PID and PID one step ahead control laws from the power supply of the reactor, and the dimensional design and functional simulation of the pump blade that ensures the circulation of the cooling liquid (water) in the torch.

NSGA-II vs NSGA-III for the Sustainable Multi-Objective Process Plan Generation in a Reconfigurable Manufacturing Environment

Abstract Since global economic competition, a new generation of manufacturing systems has been developed for changing market needs while minimizing harmful environmental impacts. Reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) can increase the system sustainability and reactivity to satisfy the market needs. In this paper, we consider an environmental oriented multi-objective problem for a sustainable reconfigurable manufacturing system (S-RMS). First, in the case of a single unit process plan generation, a non-linear multi-objective integer program (NL-MOIP) is presented, where four objectives are optimized respectively, the total production cost, the total production time, the amount of the greenhouse gases emitted from energy consumption and the hazardous liquid wastes. Second, to solve the problem, adapted versions of the well-known non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm respectively NSGA-II and NSGA-III are presented. Finally, to illustrate the comparisons between both meta-heuristics, some experimental results are presented and analyzed.

تقييم معارف وآراء وسلوكيات السكان اتجاه المخاطر والتحديات البيئية بالمغرب من أجل حماية الموارد الطبيعية والتدبير المستدام للنفايات

يعتبر السلوك غير المسؤول للإنسان من أهم العوامل التي أدت إلى تفاقم المشاكل البيئية حول العالم. ففي المغرب كما في باقي الدول النامية تسببت الأنشطة البشرية في تدهور الأوساط البيئية والموارد الطبيعية. وأكد عدد لا يحصى من الأبحاث بأن تحسين سلوك الناس هو مفتاح نجاح المشاريع الرامية للحفاظ على الموارد الطبيعية وتدبير النفايات. تهدف هذه الدراسة تقييم معارف وأراء وسلوكات السكان حول أهم التحديات البيئية بمنطقة بني ملال-خنيفرة التي تعتبر منطقة استراتيجية بالمغرب لكونها تحتوي على غابات غنية إحيائيا وتضم ثلث القدرة المائية كما تنتج تلثي الطاقة الكهربائية بالمغرب. بينت نتائج الدراسة أن السكان المحليين بجبال الأطلس لديهم بعض المعارف حول البيئة ولكنهم لا يزالون يعتمدون من أجل عيشهم على أنشطة تهدد الأوساط الطبيعية والتنوع الإحيائي: كقطع الأشجار الغابوية والرعي الجائر واستصلاح الغابات من أجل الفلاحة والقبض وقنص وقتل بعض الحيوانات. كما بينت الدراسة كذلك أن المواطنين رغم توفرهم على معارف مهمة حول الماء والطاقة والنفايات فإن ممارساتهم وسلوكياتهم لا تتطابق مع هذا الوعي. فأغلب المستجوبين لا يحرصون على ترشيد استخدام الماء والطاقة أو التدبير المستدام للنفايات. واعتمادا على نتائج هذه الدراسة فقد تم اقتراح عددا من الحلول العملية لإشراك المواطنين وإكسابهم سلوكيات صديقة للبيئة. اعتمادا على نتائج هذه الدراسة التي بينت أن السكان يعتمدون أساسا على المساجد والمدارس كمصدرين أساسيين للمعرفة والأخبار، فقد قدمنا مشروعا حول المساجد والمدارس الإيكولوجية يعتمد على استعمال الطاقة النظيفة وتدوير المياه وتوعية الناس.

Oleophobic textiles with embedded liquid and vapor hazard detection using differential planar microwave resonators

Protective clothing must repel hazardous liquids such as oils, acids, and solvents, which often exhibit low surface tension. The low surface tension liquid repellency of textiles is currently characterized qualitatively, considering only the first thirty seconds of wetting. This study demonstrates that embedded sensors within protective fabrics can more fully characterize liquid repellency while simultaneously detecting the hazardous substance. The liquid repellency of oleophobic textiles was detected in-situ using differential planar microwave resonator structures. A differential split ring resonator was designed with resonant responses at 4.4 and 4.6 GHz with a sensitivity of 50 MHz per unit ε. Fabrics were rendered oleophobic by dip-coating. The liquid repellency was monitored in-situ using droplets of heptane, octane, decane, dodecane, and water. Wetting transitions and droplet evaporation were identified in real time. The 4.4 GHz resonance peak’s shift was used to measure the liquid repellency, whereas the 4.6 GHz resonator monitored the liquid’s vapor as it absorbed into a gas-sensitive elastomer. The microwave response was tracked over 10 h every 15 s, and this transient data could identify the liquids based on their wetting and evaporation rates. Such sensors could be readily embedded in oleophobic textiles and enhance personal protective equipment.

Statistics of catastrophic hazardous liquid pipeline accidents

The sparse data of catastrophic pipeline accidents implies large fluctuations in the empirical distribution's upper tail, which makes it hard to estimate the true probability. To address this problem, the block-maxima(BM) method and the peaks over threshold (POT) method from extreme value theory have been applied to describe the tail behaviors of the hazardous liquid pipeline accidents occurred in the United States, 1986–2019. The regularity of the scaling in the tails of the estimated power-law distribution indicates that the most catastrophic events are not abnormal values, but consistent with the global pattern of hazardous liquid pipeline accidents. Moreover, there are similar regularities in the severity of pipeline accidents with different measurement scales, which are consisted with the scale-free property. GEV model and GPD model have been built to estimate the probability of catastrophic hazardous liquid pipeline accidents. Compared with classical statistical models, these two models are more accurate. Another potential practical application of the fitted models is that they can be used to directly evaluate the pipeline safety management regardless of the details of pipeline accidents. The results provide a new insight to calculating the environmental risk triggered by hazardous liquid pipelines and deliver pivotal information to pipeline managers so that potential pipeline accidents could be immigrated or prevented scientifically.

In Situ characterization of Reactive Lithium Metal Interfaces in Solid-State Batteries

Solid-state lithium metal batteries have garnered significant interest in recent years due to the potential for solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) to enable a lithium metal anode by suppressing dendrite growth and eliminating hazardous liquid electrolytes. However, the development of solid-state lithium metal batteries has been limited by numerous challenges that exist at the interface between lithium and SSEs. These issues typically manifest as lithium metal penetration through the electrolyte, void formation at the interface, or interfacial decomposition to form an interphase. Here, we characterize the Li/SSE interfaces between reactive oxide and sulfide SSEs in situ and operando during the cycling of symmetric cells. Using a modified cell geometry with the oxide SSE Li1.4Al0.4Ge1.6(PO4)3 (LAGP), we are able to monitor interphase growth and crack propagation throughout cycling with an optical microscope. Cycling at higher current densities reveals significantly more interphase growth in LAGP, accelerating crack growth and cell failure. Operando synchrotron X-ray tomography of symmetric cells using the sulfide SSE Li10SnP2S12 reveals the dynamic processes of both interphase and void formation at the interface. Segmentation of voids and interphase enables us to quantify the volume of these phases and relate these parameters to changes in electrochemistry. These results demonstrate the importance of interfacial stability from both a chemical and mechanical standpoint.

An online real-time estimation tool of leakage parameters for hazardous liquid pipelines

Hazardous liquid pipeline (HLP) leaks not only result in energy waste and environmental pollution, but also pose a threat to people's lives and property. The estimation of leakage parameters is an essential part of risk assessment and environment pollution assessment. However, current common leak detection methods are mainly based on physical models with assumptions and are susceptible to noise. Limited historical leakage data render it impossible to develop a leak model in advance. To address this problem, this study establishes a pipeline digital twin model that simulates a pipeline leak to generate leakage data. A conditional variational auto-encoder (CVAE) framework is proposed to estimate the leakage parameters based on data detected by upstream and downstream meters once the HLP leak occurs. CVAE can treat the high-dimensional detected data as labels to overcome the dimensionality problem. Based on the CVAE framework, an online real-time leakage parameter estimation tool for HLP is formed. To qualify the performance of the approach, a sensitivity analysis for the structure of the CVAE framework is evaluated. Finally, four examples demonstrate the effectiveness, stability, and applicability of the proposed method.

Photothermal Floats for Evaporation Enhancement and Waterfowl Deterrence

Many industries store hazardous liquid waste in open ponds prior to treatment or as a means of disposal. In some cases, these ponds may present a hazard to migrating waterfowl. Present methods of deterring birds, such as plastic ‘shade balls’, reduce evaporation, making them ineffective where evaporation is desirable. To combat this effect, we applied photothermal materials to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) containers to create “photothermal floats”, which absorb solar irradiation and promote, rather than deter, evaporation. In this study, inexpensive materials (granular activated carbon, fiberglass, and carbon air filters) were coated onto HDPE containers. Carbon foam, a buoyant material, was used alone. These materials were tested for their effects on evaporation rates in a laboratory environment at low light intensities (150 W∙m−2). Granular activated carbon (GAC) displayed the largest improvement in evaporative performance, increasing the evaporation rate by 64 ± 7% compared to a control with standing water and 199 ± 7% compared to uncoated HDPE. Materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area analysis, water retention analysis, contact angle goniometry, and reflectance. We observed significant and unexpected differences between materials in all parameters and their connections to measured evaporation rates. These novel and inexpensive material combinations may provide a new tool for water managers who need to maintain or improve evaporation rates while deterring waterfowl.

Analysis of Inspection Scheduling Program on Condensate Atmospheric Storage Tank Using Risk Based Inspection

The technology development in the oil and gas industry is moving quite rapidly. It also brings the need of better safety requirement. In order to implement government regulations regarding the level of equipment safety, maintenance scheduling should be carried out for the requirements of the equipment used. The object of this research is the Atmospheric Storage Tank. Atmospheric storage tank is used to store hazardous liquids in the form of condensate oil. Damage to atmospheric storage tanks could cause considerable environmental damage. Inspections are carried out using risk based inspection. It is an inspection method of management of equipment or work units based on the level of importance of the equipment or work unit. The results indicate that the magnitude of the risk at the date of the RBI is 0.044 m2. The storage tank will be accessed in the 6th year after RBI analysis. The total risk at the target date after the Inspection is 0.047 m2.

Определение параметров пролива при растекании пожароопасных жидкостей в результате аварии

Пролив пожароопасных жидкостей на свободную поверхность является одним из наиболее опасных сценариев аварии, приводящей к пожару. Для решения задачи по оценке параметров такого пролива было использовано численное интегрирование уравнений сохранения методом Годунова, на примере растекания пожароопасной жидкости по бетонному основанию. Возможности метода численного интегрирования позволяют спрогнозировать размеры пролива на текущий момент времени. Результаты расчета показали, что пролив объемом 245 м в течение 4-5 мин достигает равновесного состояния, после чего площадь зеркала пролива практически не увеличивается. Nowadays, various containers are used for storage and transportation of fire hazardous liquids. It is impossible to eliminate completely the possibility of tank depressurization and the scenarios associated with their destruction should be taken into account when developing technical solutions and organizational measures aimed at minimizing the possible consequences of such accidents. As a result of the flammable liquid spreading a mirror of the flood can form, from which subsequently the evaporation of combustible products occurs, which, when mixed with air, forms explosive mixtures. At a fuel concentration in the cloud above the upper limit of flame propagation, a fire development characterized by a flash fire is possible. If the concentration of vapors in the mixture with air is inside the concentration region of the flame propagation, a deflagration explosion is possible. In both cases, a flood fire can occur characterized by the formation of a high temperature flame. The initial task in predicting such accidents is to determine the surface area of the spilled liquid from which evaporation can occur. To solve this problem it is necessary to solve the hydraulic problem associated with the fluid spreading on a free surface having hydraulic resistance. Similar problems were solved in the practice of building design while determining the parameters of water movement along a dry riverbed. One of the forms of solution is the method of numerical integration of the conservation equations with the Godunov method, which is effective in solving problems of gas dynamics, as well as hydraulic problems. The calculation results showed that this method is applicable to the considered problem of forming a fire hazardous liquid flood on a free surface. Also, the results of the work indicate that a very significant volume of the fire hazardous liquid flood (245 m) reaches quickly enough a quasi-equilibrium state with a flood thickness of 0.03 ч 0.04 m.

Detection of Hazardous Liquids Using Microwave Data and Well-Known Classification Algorithms

The recent increase in terrorist attacks realized using liquid explosives has made it important to develop quick and reliable methods that can distinguish between nonhazardous liquids and other liquids that can be used in these explosives. Since the stability and sensitivity properties of microwave systems are high, microwave frequency band is preferred to differentiate hazardous liquids from non-hazardous liquids. In this study, a noncontact system based on electromagnetic response measurements of liquids in microwave frequency band is proposed to develop a classification approach that can be used in liquid scanners. Naive Bayes, linear discriminant analysis, qualitative data analysis, support vector machine, sequential minimal optimization, K-nearest neighbors classification algorithms are used to classify liquids and their classification performances are analyzed. The results of the set of classification experiments prove the success of the proposed measurement method. As the results prove, K-nearest neighbors is the most appropriate classification algorithm for hazardous liquid detection. Since it can be easily implemented and its detection process is fast, a classification system based on the proposed approach can be very useful in airports and shopping malls.

A self-converted strategy toward multifunctional composites with laser-induced graphitic structures

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has provided a facile and effective strategy for graphene formation via one-step laser scribing on polymer structures. However, the direct utilization of LIG toward multifunctionalization for high-performance fiber-reinforced polymeric composites (FRPs) is rarely explored. Aiming to integrate the laser-induced graphitic structure (LIGS) with FRPs through the most facilitated approach, herein, we innovatively report a self-converted strategy for manufacturing multifunctional LIGS-hybridized FRP-composites (LIGC). By incorporating the laser irradiation process on either pristine or fully-cured epoxy prepregs at different stages of composite manufacturing, two paths of LIGS formation have been naturally developed to respectively implant the designable graphitized patterns interlaminarly or superficially. Benefiting from systematic processing-dependent-structural analysis, diversified properties of LIGC can be modulated for simultaneously achieving the optimized electrical conductivity (~0.74 kΩ/sq) as well as the negligible mechanical degradation (<1.58%) compared with neat composites. By virtue of bimodally selectable processes along with tunable properties, the novel LIGC structure is highly advantageous with multifunctions, including sensing (monitoring resin-cure, mechanical-deformations, & hazardous liquids), self-defensing (de-icing & fire retardancy), and energy-harvesting (supercapacitors).

A Combined AHP-PROMETHEE Approach for Intelligent Risk Prediction of Leak in a Storage Tank

This paper describes the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) method for predicting the risk of leakage in a storage tank. This is the first time AHP and PROMETHEE have been used in this way. Important decisions about day to day operations are continually made in a petroleum environment. Storage tanks in refineries contain large volumes of flammable and hazardous liquids. Decision processes need to evaluate and select alternatives with a higher probability of resulting in a hazard, among many different alternatives. The new model described in this paper will aid decision-makers to predict which tank is likely to develop a leak and determine what criteria (source of risk) could result in a leak. Although the case study deals with a specific risk prediction problem, the combination of AHP and PROMETHEE methods can be applied to other decision problems.

Modelling ice and wax formation in a pipeline in the Arctic environment

In the Arctic environment, the fluid temperature in the pipeline can drop below the freezing point of water, which causes wax and ice to form on the pipeline surface. Solid formation on the pipeline surface can lead to flow assurance and process safety issues, such as blockage of the pipeline, pipeline component failure, and release of hazardous liquid. Remediating the plugging requires a shutdown of pipeline operation, which incurs tremendous cost and delays the entire production system. In order to prevent blockage, the pigging operation can be used to remove the deposits on the pipeline surface on a regular interval. Ice and wax depositions in the pipeline are a slow process. However, if the deposition grows too thick, pipeline blockage can still occur after pigging operation. So, ice and wax deposition rates are required to be estimated accurately. This paper investigates ice and wax deposition rates in a 90,000 m pipeline. A fundamental model for both ice and wax deposition is proposed using the first principles of heat and mass transfer.

Eco Friendly Pipe Hose Cleaning System

It is inevitable that the oil in a hydraulic system will contain contamination in particle form. The sources and types of oil-borne contaminants are well known and will include particles of silica’s, metals flakes, elastomers and fibers of hydraulic hose material. Sizes and concentration of particulate contaminants are indicated. There is considerable interest among manufacturers and users of hydraulic systems in establishing acceptable limits of contaminations in which particular systems will operate satisfactorily. Such information would be used to 1) Specify the degree of filtration required in the system 2) Specify the contamination sensitivity of the system 3) Define the contamination tolerance level of the system To this end, it is necessary to gather reliable data on the performance of system components under controlled contaminated oil conditions. Thus, we designed a new Eco-friendly portable setup which does not use hazardous liquids to clean hose. Instead the setup uses a fresh, clean pressurized atmospheric air; hence there is no harmful effect on human health and contamination of environment.

Duration Analysis of Emergency Shutdown Incidents Regarding Hazardous Liquid Pipelines

AbstractPipelines serve as critical infrastructure, and shutdowns of any duration can cause interruptions to sensitive supply chains. This paper develops a model using 789 incidents involving a haz...

Unforeseen Shock Hazards Resulting From Code Compliance: A Case Study at an Above-Ground Pipeline Valve Station

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is a regulatory collection of general and permanent federal agency rules. This case study is specific to two sections pertaining to the control of corrosion and electrical protection of underground pipe lines and valve stations. The transportation of hazardous liquids is covered by 49 CFR 195 and the transportation of natural gasses by 49 CFR 192. Meeting compliance is obtained with the installation of devices and systems that electrically isolate a cathodically protected pipe line and valve stations from nearby grounded structures and equipment. This study focuses on a cathodically protected pipeline isolation system that exposed a worker to a higherthan- expected voltage level and unexpected hazard when work was performed at a valve station after the installation of a required isolation device.