Hazard Risk Analysis Research Articles

Selected applications of satellite technologies in rail transport

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are increasingly being used in various modes of transport, including rail transport. When this technology is applied to railway traffic control, it is essential to ensure a high level of safety and reliability. The approval of a railway traffic control system requires a safety analysis, which includes hazard analysis and risk analysis. This also includes GNSS-based solutions in terms of their compliance with safety integrity requirements, i.e. THR (Tolerable Hazard Rate) and SIL (Safety Integrity Level) parameters, as defined in normative documents. In the case of railway traffic control systems, the level of dependability of the determined train position, referred to as position integrity, is very important in ensuring safety. Position integrity is affected by many factors, including: errors due to SIS (Signal-In-Space) propagation, multipath errors, signal interference or GNSS receiver errors. In order to improve position integrity, among other things, new data processing methods can be used to improve the accuracy and reliability of measurements. The paper presents the concept of satellite signal processing for precise determination of the position of objects in selected railway systems. The Kalman filter based model of satellite signal filtration and its selected applications, which were tested in the real condition, was presented. The application of Kalman filtration indicated in the paper is a universal method that improves the estimated measurement parameters and can be used in many applications of satellite systems for railway tasks. The applicability of satellite systems to automatic train operation, defect positioning in automatic and manual flaw detection tests, determining track spatial orientation and train integrity control have been considered. The conducted tests confirmed the correctness of the adopted concept and the model of satellite signals filtration developed for this purpose. According to the authors, the described methods can also be used in many other tasks related to rail transport.

VOLCANBOX: A software platform for volcanic hazard assessment

Volcanic eruptions have an intrinsic multi-hazard nature, in which a variety of volcanic products (lava flows, fallout, lahars, and pyroclastic flows) and associated hazards (seismic shocks, landslides, tsunamis, or floods) may interact and impact sequentially. Volcanic hazard assessment relies on probabilistic approaches based on the past eruptive history, from which scientists identify eruptive scenarios and their expected recurrence. However, not enough attempts have yet been made to address volcanic hazard assessment in a systematic way, based on principles that may be equally applicable to different volcanoes and volcanic zones regardless of their particular nature. Hence, we present VOLCANBOX, a new multiplatform (GNU/Linux, MacOS, Windows) system designed to conduct long-and short-term volcanic hazard assessment and risk analysis in a systematic and rational manner, aimed at reducing volcanic risk by anticipating future eruptions. VOLCANBOX includes several sets of software tools designed to evaluate long and short-term volcanic hazards, to conduct vulnerability analysis, and to assist decision-makers during the management of a volcanic crisis. VOLCANBOX can be implemented before an emergency, in order to identify optimum mitigating actions and how these may have to be adapted as new information is obtained. VOLCANBOX is aimed at experts in volcanic hazard and risk assessment and management and is designed to facilitate the interaction and cooperation between scientists, policy makers and civil protection agencies to anticipate volcanic disasters in a timely manner, by quantifying volcanic hazards, understanding volcanic unrest, forecasting volcanic eruptions, and identifying the most probable scenarios in a simple and clear manner.

Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Onsite Survey for External Human-Induced Events Aspect of the Nuclear Power Plant in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Every stage of the West Kalimantan Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) building process prioritizes safety. The external, human-induced events (HIE) aspect is one part of the NPP site survey, as some risks in the site evaluation procedure could compromise the safety of the activity implementers. As a result, a risk assessment study relating to occupational safety and health (OSH) is necessary. This study aims to determine the quantity of risk from NPP site survey activities in terms of the HIE aspect. The risk assessment method involves a literature review and collecting data from field verification using a quantitative method that refers to the risk assessment based on BATAN Standard 006.1:2019 to support the implementation of the OSH management system. Following that, the analysis begins with a hazard risk identification risk analysis to determine the risk probability scale and consequence scale acquisition that may result from the hazards. The research findings from the conducted assessment of risk related to the nonroutine HIE site survey show ergonomic, mechanical, and biological hazards that were developed during the preparation, field review, and reporting processes. The risk rating is category A, with a risk scale of 2, indicating acceptable risk and effective control measures. These data and information support site evaluation license requirements for Indonesia as it plans for the construction of NPPs.

The impact of safety attitude on hazard identification and risk analysis: evidence from event-related potentials

ABSTRACT A questionnaire survey and an event-related potential (ERP) experiment were used to reveal the impact of safety attitudes on risk perception. The results revealed that during hazard identification, the N130 amplitude of subjects with negative safety attitude was significantly higher, which implied that subjects with negative safety attitude were more likely to feel confused. During risk analysis, subjects with positive safety attitude were more inclined to overestimate the probability and damage degree of risks; subjects with positive safety attitudes displayed higher P150 and late positive potential amplitudes, which indicated that subjects with positive safety attitudes devoted more attention to risks in the early stage of risk analysis and had a more intense affective response in the later period. The risk judgment ability of subjects with positive safety attitude was affected by time pressure, and they exhibited higher risk judgment accuracy only under no time pressure.

Hazard Risk Analysis and Cathodic Maintenance Timing With Total Producvtive Maintenance Approach

XYZ is a major player in natural gas distribution in Indonesia, with an extensive pipeline connecting production sources with a wide range of consumers, including households, industries, and power plants. The network ensures an efficient and safe gas supply throughout the region, with good distribution control for reliable service. However, corrosion problems in pipes can threaten the integrity of the system. To overcome this, PT. XYZ implements precautions such as protective coating and cathodic protection. Risk analysis and scheduled maintenance help reduce the impact of corrosion and minimize maintenance costs. The findings of this study reveal that optimal treatment can be established by analyzing potential risks through certain methods. The approach allows for the identification of possible hazards and helps in determining the most effective treatment measures.Thus, organizations can take appropriate precautions to reduce risks and ensure efficient maintenance. Total Productive Maintenance TPM, which recommends that maintenance be carried out every 3 days, has succeeded in reducing the maintenance cost of PT. XYZ Previously, the company incurred maintenance costs from Rp. 60,600,000 to Rp. 55,200,000 per month with an efficiency of 9.78% through the analysis of the maintenance budget. With the right precautions, PT. XYZ ensures efficient maintenance to maintain the smooth distribution of natural gas in a sustainable manner.

A performance-based approach to developing capabilities for building resilience to climate hazards in transportation systems

Purpose This paper discusses a multifaceted approach to developing specific and general climate resilience in a state transportation system that focuses on organizations and physical infrastructure. The paper focuses on resilience building to the dynamically evolving climate-related threats and extreme events in a transportation agency. This paper aims to enable agencies to understand better how their systems are exposed to different hazards and provide the information necessary for prioritizing their assets and systems for resilience improvement. Design/methodology/approach This paper leverages long-term climate hazard databases, spatial and statistical analyses and nonprobabilistic approaches for specific and general climate resilience improvement. Spatial and temporal variability assessments were conducted on granular historical records of exposure obtained from Spatial Hazards Events and Losses Database for the United States data set to identify emerging hot spots of exposure. These were then assessed in combination with various asset specific vulnerability parameters, presented with examples of pavements and bridges. Specific metrics were obtained for the various aspects of vulnerability in the context of a given asset to estimate the overall vulnerability. A criticality-vulnerability matrix was then developed to provide a prioritization model for transportation systems. Findings This paper provides insights into the evolving nature of exposure, vulnerability and risk assessments and an approach to systematically account for climate change and the uncertainties associated with it in resilience planning. The Multi-Hazards Exposure, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment tool presented in this paper conducts climate hazard exposure, vulnerability and risk analysis on pavements, bridges and culverts and can be applied by any transportation agency. Research limitations/implications This study does not address operational aspects of the transportation system nor include future climate scenario data, but uses the historical records available at hand for resilience planning. With better climate projection data available in the future, the approach should be enhanced by leveraging scenario-based planning. Practical implications This paper is of potential value to practitioners and researchers interested in developing resilience building capabilities to manage the effects of climate-related hazards and extreme events as well as unknown threats on infrastructure and organizational performance. Originality/value This paper bridges an important gap in infrastructure resilience approaches by systematically accounting for the dynamic nature of climate change and the system level context of vulnerability beyond the physical condition of assets.

Analisis Risiko Bahaya K3 pada Pekerjaan Fasilitasi Tera/Tera Ulang dan Reparasi Timbangan Bukan Otomatis Mekanik (TBOM) Menggunakan Metode JSA dan HIRARC

Legal metrology has the role of providing assurance of the correctness of measurement results and legal certainty in the process of trade transactions that use Measuring, Measuring, Weighing, and Equipment (UTTP) tools for determining quantities as a basis for determining the price of goods and services. The implementation of legal metrology activities to ensure the correctness of measurement results is regulated in Law Number 2 of 1981 concerning Legal Metrology which aims to protect the public interest / consumers through guaranteeing the correctness of measurement results as well as order and legal certainty in the use of units of measure, unit standards, measurement methods and measuring, measuring, weighing and weighing equipment. Therefore, a study was conducted entitled Risk Analysis of OHS Hazards in the Facilitation of Tera / Retest Work and Repair of Mechanical Non-Automatic Scales (TBOM) Using the JSA and HIRARC Methods with a case study of the Tera Tera Retest Facilitation work at BSML Regional IV. Testing is done manually using scales up to 150 kg to ensure the correctness of the measurements. With the high risk experienced in testing and repair, risk mitigation is carried out with the HIRARC method with the results of 3 Medium Risk (medium risk) down to none, as well as 5 Low Risk (light risk) to 11 Very Low Risk to 11 risks from the initial 6 risks in the Tera Tera Re-facilitation of the Tera Session in the Market.

Contamination, morphological and chemical characterization, and hazard risk analyses of microplastics in drinking water sourced from groundwater in a developing nation

Groundwater (GW) plays a crucial role as the primary source of potable water in numerous developing nations. However, the increasing presence of microplastics (MPs) represents a concealed danger, threatening activities that guarantee safe drinking water in these countries. Despite this, there is limited awareness about the widespread existence of MPs in these regions of the world. In this study, we investigated the contamination levels, distribution, morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and associated public health risk of MPs in groundwater samples from six coastal districts of Bangladesh using stereomicroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). MPs were prevalent at all sampling stations, with average concentrations of 24.63 ± 16.13 items/L and a range of 4–75 items/L. The majority of MPs (97.6%) were fibers, indicating a likely origin from fabric disintegration during drying, washing, discarded fishing nets, personal care items, and municipal waste. Smaller-sized MPs (<0.5 mm), transparent and violet-colored, were predominantly observed. Additionally, FTIR confirmed the presence of plastic polymers, including low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PETE). Despite the high visibility observed or focus given for PETE, PE was found to be abundant. These are thought to have come from runoff from agricultural fields, seeping from landfills where plastic trash is disposed of, synthetic fabrics, and inappropriate plastic product disposal. Estimated dietary intake was recorded as 1.85 particles/person/day (i.e., 675 particles/year), suggesting the possible health risk to consumers. Hazard analyses based on the polymeric risk score revealed diverse risks associated with polymer levels, with PETE indicating a medium risk and other polymers, e.g., HDPE, LDPE, and EVA at 39%, 31%, and 17%, respectively, showing a minor risk to human health from drinking water from the studied sources. This is the first study from the regions, and the findings will be valuable for identifying sources, implementing control measures, shaping policies, and safeguarding public health against plastic pollution.

Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis of Liquid Effluent Treatment Plant Apply in Chemical Process Industry

The chemical process industry is one of the categories of highly polluting industries and generates strong wastewater of high COD along with hazardous waste which requires effective treatment and disposal/reuse of effluents. In this review, the various sources of wastewaters in the chemical industry are identified and the best available technologies to remove them are critically evaluated. The aim of the present research work was to determine the behavior of various parameters of the chemical wastewater. During the entire study evaluate, monitor, and check various environmental parameters whether they are complying with a given standard or not given by regulatory authority at chemical Industry,. The India based industry produced bulk drugs, fatty acids, fatty alcohol, food additives, personal care products, and others. The monitoring data of the effluent treatment plant will give information on the pollution control by the company and the management of waste. Overall analysis showed that there is no significant difference in pH, BOD, COD, and ammoniacal Nitrogen. The use of conventional treatment methods along with membrane reactors and advanced post-treatment methods resulting in a Coagulation wastewater treatment technology appears to be the best

Risk assessment of crane operation hazards using modified FMEA approach with Z-number and set pair analysis

In view of two key deficiencies of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) in crane operation hazard risk assessment—information loss and hazard grade lack, a crane operation hazard risk assessment model based on the Z-number and set pair analysis (Z-SPA) is proposed. In this research, the Z-number is used to address the information uncertainty. To reduce the risk losing evaluation information in the conversion of the Z-number into a crisp number, it is translated into an interval number. In this assessment model, the grades of crane operation hazards are determined using grade discrimination rules and a score function of a connection number based on set pair analysis. Two case studies are presented to exemplify the effectiveness of the approach. The first case validates the proposed method, and the second case illustrates the application of the modified FMEA to crane operation hazard risk analysis. Furthermore, the assessment results are analyzed and compared with previous studies to highlight the superiority of the proposed model.

Natural hazard risk analysis in the framework of water safety plans.

The available literature on natural hazard risk analysis focused on the implementation of water safety plans (WSPs) is surprisingly quite poor, despite the significant increase in the number and severity of disasters and adverse effects on drinking water supply systems generated by natural hazards. At the same time, WSPs that conveniently account for natural hazards with a comprehensive approach 'from source to tap' are still scarce as they typically occur at larger spatial scales and adequate prevention, mitigation and adaptation require efficient inter-institutional collaborations. The aim of this paper is to highlight the main bottlenecks for water utilities to include natural hazards in the development of their WSPs. The research adopted a stakeholders-oriented approach, involving a considerable number of water utilities (168), water sectoral agencies (15) and institutions (68) across the Adriatic-Ionian Region through a stepwise process that generated joint SWOT analysis, the development of a decision support system (DSS) focused on WSPs procedures and tabletop exercises. The final outcomes generated strategic documents (REWAS - Adrion Road map for resilient water supply) that highlighted the necessity for efficient cross-sectoral and inter-institutional cooperation in the development of well-founded and robust WSPs to address natural hazard risk analysis for water supply systems (DWSS).

Study on sandstorm hazard evaluation for inland nuclear power plant site

With the development of nuclear power industry, the environmental conditions of alternative nuclear power plant sites are becoming more and more diversified, and the inland area can be also selected as potential nuclear power plant site. Dust storm is one of the typical external hazards needed to be considered for inland sites. This study proposes a framework for evaluating the dust storm hazard at a nuclear power site. In this paper, we perform the dust storm hazard analysis based on the probabilistic approach to evaluate the annual exceedance frequency of dust storm under different intensities. An inland area is studied as an example, and the historical data are used for the analysis. We do the hazard analysis to obtain the probability that the dust storm intensity exceeds a range of threshold values within the target site. The final result is given as sandstorm hazard curves, which show the annual exceedance frequency of different dust storm intensities. The hazard curves can be helped to decide design basis or used in external hazard risk analysis for inland nuclear power plant sites.

An optimization method of multiscale storage tank target detection introducing an attention mechanism

Under the combined action of the expansion of the chemical industry zone and urban boundaries, urban areas exposed to danger are also increasing. As containers for chemical storage, storage tanks are potential sources of hazards. Conducting target detection for hazard risk analysis is essential. YOLOv5, a single-stage algorithm with good performance, accurately identifies most storage tanks with clear contours and evident positions; however, the identification effect is not good for storage tanks with small targets or unclear boundaries. This study proposes an optimized model based on the YOLOv5 model. First, the Coordinate Attention (CA) mechanism is introduced to make the model focus on the effective information of the target. Second, to improve the detection effect of small targets, the model adds a small target detection head and performs multiscale target detection. Finally, the EIOU loss function is employed instead of the CIOU loss function in the original model to improve the algorithm’s accuracy and speed. Experimental results show that the optimized model significantly improves the detection effect on small targets compared with the original YOLOv5 model. The number of small targets detected by the optimized model is significantly increased compared with the original model, and the size of the smallest targets detected by the optimized model is reduced by about twice compared with the original model. The model’s accuracy, recall rate, and mean average precision (mAP@0.5) are improved, which can be better applied to the detection of storage tanks.

RANCANGAN STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR (SOP) PEKERJAAN PENGELASAN SESUAI KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA (K3) MENGGUNAKAN METODE JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)

Idin Putra Jaya's Welding Workshop is a welding workshop engaged in the manufacture of iron fences. In operation there are still hazards found. Based on historical data from 2020 to 2022 there are 6 types of work accidents that often occur. Seeing the conditions of work accidents that occur, it is necessary to analyze the risk of work accidents and provide hazard control. The method used in this study is Job Safety Analysis (JSA) to find out the results of the risk analysis of work accidents in welding workers. To find out the design of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for safe welding work. Analysis of the risk of work accidents in welding workers is as follows: analysis of work stages, hazard risk analysis then given hazard control. There are 3 parts of work including cutting, welding and smoothing. In the cutting section there are 5 stages of work, 14 hazard risks and 18 hazard controls. In the welding section there are 8 stages of work, 17 hazard risks and 25 hazard controls. In the refining section, there are 3 stages of work, 5 hazard risks and 11 hazard control risks. Standard Operating Procedures for safe welding work are as follows: SOP for the cutting section consists of an analysis of the hazards of the cutting process, preparation of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), preparation of cutting tools, start of work and end of work. The SOP for the welding section consists of hazard analysis of the welding process, preparation of PPE, preparation of welding equipment, start of work and end of work. The SOP for the refining section consists of hazard analysis in the refining process, PPE preparation, preparation of refining tools, start of work and end of work.

Risk Analysis of Potential Hazards by FMEA & Boston Rectangular Matrix in FF-Steel Mills

Risk Analysis of Potential Hazards by FMEA & Boston Rectangular Matrix in FF-Steel Mills

Treatment of Adverse-Risk and Refractory/Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Patients with FLAG-IDA ± Venetoclax and CLAG-M: A Monocentric Experience

Background: ELN 2022 risk classification of AML includes three risk categories and guides treatment choice. Adverse-risk patients, encompassing secondary (sAML) and therapy-related AML (tAML), show lower response rates to upfront traditional intensive chemotherapy (IC) combining anthracycline and cytarabine (3+7 regimen). In refractory/relapsed (R/R) cases, no standard IC approach is established, in particular as a bridging therapy to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) that, whenever feasible, remains the only curative strategy. Recently, alternative IC such as CLAG-M (cladribine, cytarabine, G-CSF and mitoxantrone) and FLAG-IDA (fludarabine, cytarabine, G-CSF and idarubicin) were considered for adverse-risk and R/R patients, and were associated with encouraging results including our recent experience with CLAG-M. Specifically, the addition of the bcl2 inhibitor venetoclax (VEN) to FLAG-IDA was associated with deep remissions and a high rate of transition to transplantation (56%). As publications on intensive approaches in these high-risk patients remain sparse in the literature, we report our single-center experience with FLAG-IDA ± VEN compared to our updated experience with CLAG-M in this setting. Methods: We retrospectively collected data on patients with adverse and R/R AML who were treated with either CLAG-M or FLAG-IDA ± VEN at our center from January 2015 to July 2023. We assessed data for baseline characteristics, response to administered treatment as well as univariate and multivariate analyses for specific hazard of survival. Results: Fifty-two patients were enrolled. Thirty patients were treated with CLAG-M (median age 64.0 y [33, 79] and 22 with FLAG-IDA ± VEN (median age 55.5 y [26, 79], p 0.008), 55% of whom received VEN. The distribution of AML types as de novo, sAML and tAML was as follows: 50%, 30% and 20% in CLAG-M; 81.8%, 13.6% and 4.5% in FLAG-IDA ± VEN (ANOVA, p 0.04). Overall, 15 (28.8%) and 37 (71.2%) were newly diagnosed (ND-AML) and R/R cases, respectively: 11 (36.7%) and 19 (63.3%) in CLAG-M; 4 (18.2%) and 18 (81.8%) in FLAG-IDA ± VEN (p 0.115). In R/R, median time to relapse (in months) after first remission was 22 [6, 97] in CLAG-M and 15.0 [4, 36] in FLAG-IDA ± VEN, and median number of prior lines was 1 [0, 4] and 1 [0, 2], respectively. As for ELN 2022 risk groups, 14 (46.7%) and 12 (54.4%) were classified as adverse in CLAG-M and FLAG-IDA ± VEN , respectively (p 0.811). Gene mutations comprised, respectively, the following high-risk defining alterations: 2 (6.7%) and 2 (9.1%) RUNX1; 3 (10%) and 6 (27.3%) ASXL1; 7 (23.3%) and 3 (13.6%) TP53. After induction course, 19 (63.3%) patients in CLAG-M and 19 (86.3%) in FLAG-IDA ± VEN obtained a complete remission (CR). Early deaths (0-30 days) were observed in 4 (13.3%) and 1 (4.5%) patients, respectively. Overall, observed treatment-related toxicities were mild: no unusual infections were seen; median duration of neutropenia (< 0.5 G/L) in days was 30.0 [12, 212] in CLAG-M and 25 [20, 85] in FLAG-IDA ± VEN (p 0.34); median duration of thrombocytopenia (< 100 G/L) was 33.0 [22.0, 212] and 27.5 [22.0, 187] (p 0.38), respectively. Thirteen patients in each group (CLAG-M 43.3%, FLAG-IDA/VEN 59.1%; p 0.086) proceeded to ASCT with a median time in days to transplantation of 100 [31, 212] and 103 [36, 124], respectively. After median follow-up of 365 days [11, 2640] in CLAG-M and 410 [26, 3100] in FLAG-IDA/VEN, 8 (26.7%) and 13 (59.1%) patients were alive (p 0.066). We then performed hazard-risk analyses. In the univariate analysis, these variables were associated with survival: female gender (HR 0.4 [0.17, 0.94], p 0.03); complex karyotype (HR 2.78 [1.07-7.17], p 0.03); ELN 2022 adverse/intermediate (HR 3.82 [0.90-16.21], p 0.05); TP53 mutation (HR 2.84 [1.20-6.71], p 0.013) and ASCT (HR 0.34 [0.16-0.71], p 0.003). In the multivariate analysis, the following variables remained independently associated with survival: ASCT (HR 0.27 [0.12-0.60], p 0.001) and TP53 mutation (HR 3.15 [1.24-8.0], p 0.01). Conclusion: In this cohort of high-risk patients, FLAG-IDA ± VEN and CLAG-M induced high remission rates than prevoiusly reported. These regimens were associated with limited toxicity and bridged to transplant 50% of patients. In addition, ASCT offered a survival benefit, specifically in the FLAG-IDA ± VEN group, although numbers were limited. The presence of a TP53 mutation was associated with inferior outcomes.

Hazard Risk Analysis in the Laboratory of Qolbu Insan Mulia (QIM) Hospital Using the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) Approach

Activities in hospitals have risks originating from physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, psychosocial, and waste factors. Qolbu Insan Mulia Hospital is a health service facility where sick and healthy people gather, which allows work-related accidents and occupational diseases to occur. The laboratory of Qolbu Insan Mulia Hospital is part of the medical support services, which provides hematology, serology, immunology, urine, blood chemistry, drugs, endocrinology, faces, blood transfusion, tumor marker, microbiology, and electrolyte testing services. This study aimed to determine K3 risk management using hazard identification risk assessment and risk control (HIRARC). This research is qualitative research. The techniques used in data collection were field observation, document review, and in-depth interviews. The research results show that in the laboratory there are 17 sources of potential danger consisting of physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, mechanical, electrical, psychosocial, and waste hazards. In conclusion based on a high-level risk level of 71%, medium 23%, and low 6%, while the control efforts are in the form of administration, manipulation, and PPE.

Risk Assessment and Control of Geological Hazards in Towns of Complex Mountainous Areas Based on Remote Sensing and Geological Survey

Mountainous areas have become among the most developed areas of geological hazards due to special geological environmental conditions and intensive human engineering activities. Geological hazards are a main threat to urbanization, rural revitalization, and new rural construction in complex mountainous areas. It is of great strategic significance to conduct large-scale geological hazard investigation and risk assessment in urban areas, control the risk of geological hazards at the source and propose risk control measures. In this paper, we established the technical methods of geologic hazard risk assessment and control in complex mountain towns by taking Longlin Town in the mountainous region of Gansu Longnan, China as the study area, with the Quanjia bay debris flows and Panping Village landslides as the typical pilot investigation and assessment. The methods consist of six stages—risk identification, hazard disaster model investigation, risk analysis, vulnerability assessment, risk evaluation and risk management and control measures and proposals. On this basis, the results of geological hazards with different precipitation frequencies (5%, 2%, 1%) are presented. The results show that 75.23% of the regions remained at low risk levels; 24.38% of the regions increased a risk level with decreasing precipitation frequency, and 0.39% of the regions remained at extremely high risk levels under different precipitation frequency conditions. For the Quanjia bay debris flows and Panping Village landslides case, we discussed the geological hazards risk source control contents, management and control technologies, engineering and non-engineering measures of disaster prevention and control for urban disasters and specific disaster areas. This research can provide technical support and reference for disaster prevention and mitigation, and territorial spatial planning.

Safety Measures and Risk Assessment of High Powered Motor Rocket

High powered motor rockets are used for various professional and semi-professional applications like high altitude research, payload delivery, education and outreach. For successful practices of these applications various safety measures, regulations and restrictions are considered. This research paper delves into the crucial aspects of safety measures and risk assessment associated with high-powered motor rockets, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the best practices and strategies for ensuring safe launches and operations. The study begins by analyzing the inherent risks associated with high powered motor rockets following up with hazard identification, risk analysis and evaluation along with their mitigation strategies and emergency response planning. Subsequently, the research delves into current safety standards and regulations governing high-powered motor rockets at the national and international levels, we have also taken an account of the design considerations, their manufacturing and quality control processes for high powered motor rockets. This paper also presents the analysis of successful rocket launches with identification of common practices and techniques along with the key factors that made them successful. Moreover, the research identifies advanced technological innovations for risk management and safety measures of high powered motor rockets. In conclusion, this research paper emphasizes the paramount importance of a comprehensive safety culture surrounding high-powered motor rockets. It consolidates essential safety guidelines and risk assessment frameworks to promote responsible and secure rocket launches. KEY WORDS: Payload, High altitude, Mitigation strategies, Hazard identification, Innovations.

Assessing Geotourism Aspects of Ungaran Geothermal Areas for Promoting Sustainable Energy through Volcano-Geothermal Tourist Destination

The indigenous nature of the Ungaran volcano-geothermal area allows us to bring the benefit to its nearest community. Geotourism can be an opportunity to introduce geological knowledge and foster the socio-cultural acceptance of society towards geothermal. This study aims to assess the potential of the study area as tourist destination. The research method is collecting data on geothermal manifestations and volcanic feature sites, quantitative assessment of geosites and geomorphosites, and preliminary hazard risk analysis. Study results identify six geosites: Gedong Songo area, Nglimut hot spring, Diwak-Derekan-Kaliulo warm spring, and Mawar camping area which features a volcanic landscape. Five of six geosites have high geotourism value of more than 0.5 in average, except for Kaliulo site. The recommendation of activities to do are leisure activities in nature, hiking, camping, thermal bathing, horseback riding, and geological excursion.Ttourists should be cautious of potential hazards risk from volcanic gases, hot and acid waters, slippery and unstable areas, landslides, rugged terrain, and extreme weather. A geotourism model is constructed to highlight each site and their attributes to Ungaran volcano-geothermal setting, tourism activities, and possible risks. By exploring the natural and geological richness offered by this destination, tourists will discover the uniqueness of volcano-geothermal tourism experience.