Hatshepsut Research Articles

Феномен правління жінок-фараонів Хатшепсут та Таусерт: легітимація влади

Introduction. This article explores the phenomenon of female pharaohs' reign in Ancient Egypt, focusing on the rule of Hatshepsut and Tausert during the New Kingdom. The research delves into the historical context, cultural significance, and peculiarities of power legitimization during their reigns. By analyzing primary sources, including inscriptions, statues, and archaeological artifacts, this study aims to shed light on the unique circumstances that allowed these women to ascend the throne in a society traditionally dominated by men. The accession of Queen Hatshepsut, 18th Dynasty, challenged prevailing expectations, which required the use of various additional instruments to legitimize her power: adopting male portrayals, emphasizing divine lineage, implementing an extensive building program, military and trade expeditions, and more. Later, Queen Tausert, 19th Dynasty, who ruled during a period of political turmoil and decline, employed similar strategies. Tausert's reign serves as a contrasting example, characterized by her association with her deceased husband, Seti II, as a means of maintaining legitimacy. The article explores the complexities of Tausert's rule, including her attempts to consolidate power, overcome the influence of the powerful Theban priesthood, and the challenges she faced as a female ruler during uncertain times. Methods.The methods of textological and critical analysis were used in the work with sources, and the translation of Egyptian hieroglyphic texts into Ukrainian was also carried out. Through a comparative analysis of the reigns of Hatshepsut and Tausert, we can understand the broader socio-political dynamics of Ancient Egypt, the shifting structures of power, religious policies, and society's attitudes towards gender roles. Conclutions. The result of these research is the creation of new hypotheses regarding the interpretation of the phenomenon of the reign of female pharaohs in Ancient Egypt. This allows a comprehensive consideration and understanding of an important aspect of the legitimation of power during the crisis periods of the political history of Ancient Egypt.

Enigma of the niches in the eastern wall of the Royal Mortuary Cult Complex in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari

The paper offers an explanation of the misalignment of blocks and their decorations in two cultic niches in the vestibule of the Chapel of Hatshepsut in the Royal Mortuary Cult Complex. Detachment of the niches from the adjacent walls, discrepancies in their dimensions, and intentional absence of jambs have led the author to conclude that the niches were reconstructed in this spot after having been removed from their original location in another part of the temple. As the previously matching elements were reassembled in the new location during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut, the correct reconstruction of their decoration proved impossible, as the decorated blocks were irreversibly damaged.

Queen Hatshepsut and the Opet Festival

Queen Hatshepsut and the Opet Festival

From Tenochtitlán to Punt: When People Encounter the Distant and Unknown, a Cognitive Approach

Abstract This article aims to analyse the behavioural response generated by people who came into contact with civilisations and places whose existence was previously unknown or only remotely registered in their collective knowledge. Three major cases have been taken into consideration: a.) the “discovery” of America during the sixteenth century CE when Europeans entered in contact with Aztecs, Cakchiquels, and Andeans; b.) the encounters with the civilisations in Tahiti and Hawaii during the eighteenth century CE, and c.) the ancient Egyptian arrival at Punt during the fifteenth century BCE under the reign of queen Hatshepsut. Although spatially and chronologically separated by thousands of miles and hundreds of years, in all of these cases the “encounterers” (i.e., the ones who were moving towards the unknown or distant and contemporaries who were writing their own history) tended to project a self-perceived supremacy over the encountered people, configured as a spontaneous feeling of their supremacy over the local population (hence a “counterfeit” emic notion). In all the above cases, the “encountering” event gave rise to the creation of an “apotheosis” myth, in which the encounterers were supposed to be seen, and believed in, as “gods coming from the sky.” Applying concepts from the cognitive science to these historical events, the article aims to scrutinize the mental categories that tended to generate such a belief of divine superiority projected in the vision of the Other. Rather than being marginalized as an episodic event, the formation of an apotheosis myth can be interpreted as part of a global process, which emerges in the human mind-frame, solicited by mental processes and in contact with a number of similar external outputs.

Wooden Rockers Were Open Mould for Mudbrick or Concrete Ones

The true purpose of a wooden “rocker” from a foundation deposit in the tomb of Queen Hatshepsut at Dier el-Bahri is proposed that it was an open mould for a mudbrick or concrete rocker. The solid rockers produced by such a mould have grooves that act as rope channels so that they can be attached to a stone (or sledge under the stone) by ropes to roll or turn the stone easily. We proposed how the wooden rocker could be used to produce solid rockers, then tested this method experimentally to get mudbrick or concrete rockers with grooves.

Graffito of the Scribes of the Royal Necropolis of the 21st Dynasty from the Hatshepsut Temple at Deir el-Bahari

Summary A hieratic graffito from the temple of Queen Hatshepsut refers to the names of the members of the well-known family of the scribes of the royal necropolis, descendants of the scribe Tuthmosis and his son Butehamun. This graffito can be dated to the period of the early 21st Dynasty, as at least three of the sons of Butehamun are mentioned here, alongside one of his grandsons by the name Meniunefer (III).

A record of the transport of stone blocks on ostrakon DeB/F.608

Ostrakon DeB/F.608 was found in the area of the Temple of Tuthmosis III at Deir el-Bahari. There are good reasons, however, to link it to the building of the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut and more precisely to the transport of stone blocks by a crew of eight men. Five of them can be identified as foreigners, presumably Asiatic slaves brought to Egypt as a result of military campaign(s) in the early Eighteenth Dynasty.

New Dipinti in the Birth Portico of the Hatshepsut Temple at Deir el-Bahari

The subject of the present paper are two hitherto unpublished hieratic dipinti from the Birth Portico of the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari. One of them had been written on the north wall of the portico and can be related precisely to the second phase of restoration undertaken in the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut in the post-Amarna period, and more specifically to the reign of Ramesses II. The other inscription, written on the south wall of the portico, can be ascribed to a certain Minnakht and his colleague Ired, presumably builders of the temple. In addition, a comment on other dipinti on the walls of the portico and its pillars has been included.

النهایتان الغامضتان لملکة وملک أثارا جدلاً واسعًا فی التاریخ المصری القدیم

تتناول هذه الدراسة الغموض الذى انتهت به حياة الملکة حتشبسوت والملک توت عنخ آمون (الأسرة الثامنة عشر – الدولة الحديثة) وکلا منهما قد أثارا جدلا کبيرا فى التاريخ المصرى القديم منذ تولى العرش حتى الوفاة حيث أن لکل منهما منافسين أقوياء يدعون أحقيتهم فى الحکم. بالإضافة إلى ذلک ظروف الحياة الغامضة لکل منهما مما أثارا جدلا واسعا عن أسباب الوفاة وهل کانت اغتيالا على يد المنافسين. وهذه الدراسة تناقش الأسباب المحتملة للوفاة على ضوء الإکتشافات الحديثة والتقدم العلمى مما أتاح إعادة فحص مومياء کلا منهما بالآشعة المقطعية بجهاز CT scan والصور الثلاثية الأبعاد (بالآشعة الکمبيوترية) The Computer Tomography ثم الفحص بالحمض النووى DNA– إلا أن ذلک لم ينفى قطعيا احتمال أن يکون سببا آخر للوفاة. This study deals with the mystery of the life of Queen Hatshepsut and King Tutankhamun (the 18th Dynasty –The New Kingdom of Egypt), both of which have stirred great debate in ancient Egyptian history since the throne until death, Both have strong rivals who claim to be in power . As well as the mysterious life conditions of each of them, which sparked a wide debate about the causes of death and whether it was assassinated by competitors. This study discusses the possible causes of death in the light of recent discoveries and scientific progress, which allowed the re-examination of the mummies of each of them by CT scan of the CT scan and images of three-dimensional (Computer Tomography) and the examination of DNA, thus The causes of death are still vague for both the Queen and the King.

A New Statue of Senenmut Identified in Manchester

Publication of the fragmentary lower portion of a limestone seated statue, now in the Manchester Museum (acc. no. 4624), from the 1907 EEF excavations at Deir el-Bahri. Although the name of the individual is not preserved, surviving titles, phraseology and the assertion that the statue was given m ḥswt nt ḫr ḥmt-nṯr ‘as favour of the God’s Wife’ allow the piece to be identified as belonging to Senenmut, the well-known courtier of Queen Hatshepsut, and dates it to the early part of his career before Hatshepsut assumed full kingship.

Mammals in the iconography of the Temple of Queen Hatszepsut: introduction to the project

The project “Mammals in the iconography of the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut”, initiated by the author in the 2011/2012 season, encompasses a detailed documentation of the animals depicted in various parts of Hatshepsut’s temple in Deir el-Bahari as a prerequisite for in-depth research. The study follows a multi-disciplinary approach within faunal analysis, and is complemented with technological observations on the execution of relief representations from the temple. At this stage of the project, a general taxonomic identification of the animal representations is nearly complete and a further detailed study of each taxon has been undertaken. Both complete animals (mainly mammals for now) and animal raw materials were studied in addition to the contexts and scenes in which they appear.

Preserving the architectural heritage in ancient Egypt at the Pharaoh's period

Undoubtedly, everyone knows what happens to our civilizations today, its destruction, negligence or scatters, sometimes; it has been stealing to sale outside its geographical boundaries. These civilizations bequeathed to us by our ancestors, it shows their greatness and how they were excelled in buildings, it shows their skill in construction as well. God has favored our land in Near East with several ancient civilizations, it was contiguous geographically, and sometimes those civilizations were conflicted or communicated together. It is remarkable what we have reached by our ancient Egyptian antiquities, which represents a significant architectural heritage left to us as a legacy of ancient Egyptian, it indicate their civilized thought, it has witness to greatness and strength of those Egyptian, and we see now how it has been neglect restored or stolen, or scatters on ground. Certainly ancient Egyptian has realized greatness of their Heritage which their parents and grandparents leaved to them; ancient Egyptian kings have put their planes to make of their great monuments, to return its architectural glory, in case it has destroyed by any destruction natural, or by human such as Hyksos. I assured that , ancient Egyptian concerned with and that is clear at several ancient Egyptian texts , for example, as we see in time of, Queen Hatshepsut (1472-1457 B.C), King Thutmose III (1479-1424 B.C), King Amenhotep III (1388-1348B.C) and King Rameses II (1279-1212B.C) beside many others different periods . On this important topic, I will explain words which indicate the restoration in ancient Egyptian texts, and I will declare how they had restored their ancient different buildings in Egypt, and how they reserved their legacy to us, I will researches this idea through an analytical study of ancient Egyptian texts مما لاشک فيه وکما يعلم الجميع کل ما تتعرض له أثار حضارات العالم القديم الآن، سواء من تخريب أو تدمير أو إهمال أو عبث أو سرقة وتهريب لخارج حدودها الجغرافية، تلک الآثار ترکها لنا أجدادنا شامخة وعظيمة تدل على عظمة الإنسان الذي أبدع في صنعها، وتوضح مهارته الفائقة في البناء والتشييد وعظمة تفکيره في بناء حضارته . ومن المعروف أن الله قد أختص منطقة الشرق الأدنى القديم بعدة حضارات متجاورة جغرافيا، ومتزامنة أو متلاحقة زمنيا، تواصلت حضاريا في کثير من الأحيان، و تصارعت في أحيان أخرى. ومن الملاحظ ما وصلت إليه حال الآثار المصرية القديمة والتي تمثل تراثا معماريا کبيرا ترکه لنا المصري القديم کإرث حضاري شاهد على عظمة وقوة تلک الحضارة المصرية، ونلمس ذلک في إهمال ترميمها أو سرقتها، أو الإساءة إليها بتحطيمها وبعثرتها. ومن المؤکد علميا أن المصري القديم قد أدرک عظمة ما ترکه الآباء والأجداد له، ولذلک وضع الملوک القدماء على عاتقهم مهمة ترميم الآثار وإعادة رونقها المعماري، في حال إذا لحق بها أي تدمير أو تخريب إما بسبب طبيعي مثل عوامل التعرية و ما شابه، أو لتدخل عنصر بشرى غازي لمصر مثل الهکسوس، أو لتعرضها فى أزمنة ضعف حکام البلاد للسرقة والنهب، ونستدل على حرص المصري القديم على ترميم أثاره من عدة نصوص مصرية قديمة، ومن بينهم على سبيل المثال لا الحصر نصوص تدلل على حرص الملکة حتشبسوت (1472-1457 ق.م)، والملک تحوتمس الثالث (1479-1424ق.م)، والملک أمنحتب الثالث ( 1388-1348ق.م) والملک رعمسيس الثانى(1279-1212ق.م) وغيرهم کثير . حول هذا الموضوع الهام سنوضح التعبيرات الدالة على الترميم، وسائل الترميم في مصر القديمة، کيفية أعادة أرث الأجداد ومبانيهم إلى ما کانت عليه وذلک من خلال دراسة تحليلية للنصوص المصرية القديمة.

Comparison of Aquatic Life Depicted in Illustrations and Plaster Casts of the Punt Relief from the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir El-Bahari

Comparison of Aquatic Life Depicted in Illustrations and Plaster Casts of the Punt Relief from the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir El-Bahari

The tombs of Asasif: archaeological exploration in the 2013/2014 season

In the 2013/2014 season, a Polish team from the University of Wrocław started work in the northern part of the Asasif necropolis, near the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari. An archaeological survey was carried out on the Asasif slope. Cleaning work and documentation were undertaken of the architecture of four private tombs: MMA 509/TT 312, MMA 512, MMA 513/TT 314 and MMA 514, as well as the archaeological finds thereof. The rock-cut tombs belong to a Middle Kingdom necropolis and were all reused in later times, especially in the Third Intermediate Period and Late Period.

The Dental Identification of the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut

Recently, an Egyptian archaeologist, Dr Zahi Hawass, found few mummies. He was convinced that one of them was Hatshepsut, the famous Egyptian queen. After many researches, this one was clearly identified thanks to a single tooth.

Orthopaedics in the dawn of civilisation, practices in ancient Egypt.

Orthopaedics in the dawn of civilisation, practices in ancient Egypt.

Plant Exploration: From Queen Hatshepsut to Sir Joseph Banks

The worldwide exchange of fruits has been facilitated by traders, travelers, sovereigns, conquerors, diplomats, missionaries, and botanists. The beginnings of organized plant exploration date to the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt, who, as early as 2000 bce, brought back exotic trees and plants in their foreign campaigns and illustrated them on their temple walls. Queen Hatshepsut (ca. 1500 bce) sent out ships to bring back trees from the land of Punt (northeast African coast). The exchange of plants throughout antiquity was a by-product of trade routes between East and West as well as though the campaigns of conquerors including Alexander, the warriors of Islam, Genghis Khan, and the crusades. The age of exploration starting at the end of the 15th century was inspired by the search for a sea route to the spice-rich East. The encounter of Columbus with the Americas brought about an explosive exchange of New World and Old World plants. The rise of science in the 17th and 18th centuries was associated with botanical exploration involving travels and expeditions, including Hans Sloan to the West Indies, James Cunningham to China, Georg Eberhard Rumpf (Rumphius) to the Moluccas, and Sir Joseph Banks to Newfoundland, Labrador, South America Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia, the Malay Archipelago, Hebrides, and Iceland.

Perspectives on Germplasm

The very early years of the beginnings of agriculture are understandably difficult to chronicle. How, and why does one become a farmer? Perhaps someone noted that a stand of plants with grains or fruit bore edible materials over and over again. Someone else may have found that seeds could be saved. Others may have discovered that it was easier to stay in one place than to move about constantly. Increasingly sophisticated tools for planting, cultivating, and harvesting would be developed. Structures for seed storage, and methods for confining animals for domestication would follow. The perception that some plants performed better than others would lead to selection and the development of the first identifiable varieties. These would also become desirable for trading and therefore the movement of early germplasm from one location to another would be the rudimentary beginning of germplasm exploration and acquisition. Documented collection trips came later. One of the earliest known is a collecting trip sent by Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt to an almost legendary place called Punt to collect incense trees for the royal gardens. This occurred about 1500 BC (Fig. 1). Thutmose III, Pharoah after Hatshepsut, sent a collecting trip to Syria, in about 1450 BC, which brought back seeds, fruit, and plants of various species (Fig. 2). Over the ensuing centuries, plants and animals were transported from place to place. For example, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) probably originated in the Middle East and traveled to Egypt, where it was first recorded in tomb paintings during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, about 2500 BC (Fig. 3) (Keimer, 1924; Harlan, 1986). It moved around the Mediterranean Basin and was recorded in Persia (550 BC) and Greece (430 BC). It was recorded in Rome (164 AD), where it became very popular. There were several named varieties of different types. It was The value of germplasm has been described in various ways: as the raw material, or the life blood, of plant breeding, as the key to the maintenance of diversity of living forms on earth, as an indicator of the origin of cultivated species. This paper will focus primarily, but not completely, on the first description, that germplasm serves as the source of genes for disease resistance, for environmental adaptation and tolerance, for yield improvement, for appearance and beauty, and other traits that enable plant breeders to bring about the improvement of our crop species and thereby insure the continued productivity of agriculture including horticulture. Of course, the ultimate goal is the availability, of generous supplies of food, feed, fiber, and ornament for the people of the world. The conversion of the human life style from the hunter-gatherer phase to the more sedentary production of food, or agriculture, is commonly accepted to have taken place about 10 millenia ago. At that time, everything that grew was germplasm, because there were no named cultivars. It was the beginning. In modern times, we tend to think of germplasm as consisting of landraces and wild forms introduced into the mainstream of breeding and production and that cultivars are the settled forms that are to be changed by the introduction of genes from new, not quite ready for prime time, forms. But, in fact, germplasm is still everything that grows. Our sources of genetic variation are domestic, modern, and heirloom cultivars, cultivars and landraces from somewhere else, genetic stocks, and wild relatives, both near and distant. We also should add to that list the accumulating stocks of DNA in various libraries. This paper is divided roughly into three parts. The first is historical, to chronicle some of the notable events of the past, to assess their significance, and to set the stage for the activities of the present and of the future. The second part is a discussion of the important aspects of modern germplasm activity: collection, storage, evaluation, application, and distribution. The third part is an assessment of modern trends in germplasm acquisition and plant breeding and how they may impact upon the future. Fig. 1. Temple wall drawing of two ships of Queen Hatshepsut's fleet showing incense trees being loaded on board.

NEW INTRODUCTIONS AND THE USE OF GENETIC RESOURCES

An outline of the background of plant introduction past and present from the wild, is given and emphasis placed on the need to conserve the plants from which the germplasm we use is derived both in the wild and in cultivation. The importance and maintaining and expanding genetic resources of ornamental plants in gene banks and national and international collections is also emphasized. The effect of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the CITES regulations on new plant introductions is also discussed in relation to future breeding and selection of ornamental plants. 1. Historical introduction Wheat, oats, rye, flax, millet, buckwheat and other species of use to mankind have been cultivated since the dawn of history and gradually selections with attributes such as high yield were made either by chance or by design. It is very unlikely that, at a time when survival was the main concern, plants were grown simply for their ornamental value but gradually, as civilisations developed, plants were collected and introduced from the wild for their aesthetic and ornamental qualities as well as for culinary and medicinal purposes. The earliest plant hunting expedition currently recorded is one authorised by Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt who, in 1495 BC, sent Prince Nehani to the Land of Punt (Somalia) to bring back living plants of “incense trees” (probably myrrh, Commiphora myrrha) to grow in the garden of the temple of Amon at Thebes. This was undoubtedly for it’s economic, rather than ornamental potential, but soon plants were being collected for other, probably scientific, reasons by her nephew Thutmesis III and carvings depicting these plants (mostly unidentified to date) may be seen on the temple walls at Karnak today. Since Queen Hatshepsut’s time the introduction of ornamental plants to Europe increased from a trickle of medicinal species and culinary herbs spread through the Roman Empire and by mediaeval monasteries to an influx of decorative species from Asia Minor (particularly Turkey), the Balkans and North America during the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century. From this time onwards plants from many parts of the world were introduced, particularly into northern Europe, sent or brought back by missionaries, sea captains, doctors, traders, administrators, botanists, horticulturists, explorers and even pirates! In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, these plants introductions, often brought back by collectors and expeditions sent out by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and the Royal Horticultural Society in Britain, as well as by private enthusiasts and nurserymen like James Veitch, reached a peak with thousands of new species arriving in cultivation in Europe from China, Japan, North and South America, Africa and Australasia. One collector, Ernest (“Chinese”) Wilson was credited with introducing over 1,000 new species!

COOL IMAGES: Building Simulacra

As anyone who's been to Athens knows, the Parthenon, built in the fifth century B.C., is a crumbling shadow of its former self. Not so on the Net, where Carolina Cruz-Neira, a virtual reality expert at Iowa State University in Ames, and her colleagues have used computer modeling to restore this temple—and a handful of other buildings symbolic of important architectural eras— to their full color grandeur. Net tourists can see still images, manipulate models, or take a fly-through movie tour of the monuments, ranging from a reconstruction of the circa-1500 B.C. Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut's temple to Paris's Notre Dame, revamped to its 12th century state. The tours are virtual in one other way: Unlike on a real visit to these famous places, on the Web you're the only one in the building. www.icemt.iastate.edu/∼timmyg/miller/index.html