Phenomenon Of Hate Speech Research Articles

SOCIOPRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HATE SPEECH IN HILARION HEAGY’S CONVERSION NEWS ON TWITTER

This research discusses the phenomenon of hate speech in Hilarion Heagy's conversion news on Twitter. Hilarion Heagy, a former Orthodox priest who later embraced Eastern Catholicism before ultimately converting to Islam, has sparked significant controversy within religious circles, eliciting varied reactions, especially on social media. This research addresses a significant gap in the literature by examining hate speech in the context of religious conversion. Therefore, this research aims to identify types of hate speech and find out the intent behind hate speech. This research utilizes the National Police Chief's circular number SE/6/X/2015 to identify types of hate expressions and uses Searle's illocutionary speech act theory to explain the meaning behind hate expressions. In this research, data was taken from comments on Twitter related to the news of Hilarion Heagy's conversion. The results of the research found that the expressions of hatred in the news about Hilarion Heagy's conversion were related to religious issues. The outcomes found five types of hate speech, with the most performed being Blasphemy (17 times), followed by Provoking (11 times), Defamation (10 times), Insult (7 times), then the least one being Spreading fake news (5 times). As for the types of illocutionary acts, the most dominant was Assertive (40 times), followed by Directive (7 times) and Expressive (3 times). There were no Commissive and Declaration types found at all.

Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Karakter Keislaman Dari Qs Al Hujurat Ayat 11-12 Dalam Menghadapi Fenomena Hate speech Di Lingkungan Pergaulan Peserta Didik

The verses of Qur’an, which are the way of life for a Muslim, teach the rules for communicating in relationships. In the midst of the flow of digital communication and the shift in Islamic and national character values that we are currently facing, language styles and ways of communicating between individuals have deviated from what they should be. The aim of this research is to conduct a literature review related to instilling character values based on QS. Al Hujurat verses 11-12 in dealing with the phenomenon of hate speech in students' social environment. The research method used is a literature review. Data was obtained by collecting various research articles that have similar research interests. The results of this research show that the phenomenon of hate speech or hate speech in simple form among students can be prevented by instilling character values based on QS. Al Hujurat verses 11-12 so as to minimize disputes between students.

Enhancing hate speech detection in Indonesian using abusive words lexicon

Hate speech is a major challenge in Indonesia, a diverse country with multiple languages and a dynamic online landscape. This research explores the phenomenon of hate speech and its detection, particularly in language contexts with limited resources. We introduce a new abusive words lexicon, created by collecting words from various sources, adapted for Indonesian, Javanese and Sundanese. Our study investigates the practical implementation of this lexicon. We conducted extensive experiments using different datasets and machine learning models, aiming to improve hate speech detection. The results consistently show a positive impact of the lexicon, which significantly improves detection, especially in languages with fewer resources. But this research paves the way for further exploration. The lexicon can be expanded, broadening its scope. Additionally, we suggest investigating more sophisticated models, such as transformerbased models, to more effectively detect hate speech. In a world where hate speech is a growing problem, our research provides valuable insights and tools to combat it effectively in Indonesia and other countries.

L’odio online: un fenomeno dai molteplici volti. Alcuni possibili antidoti

Hate can take many forms, as demonstrated by the hate speech phenomenon. Indeed, the network, because of its structural characteristics, created the ideal conditions for the proliferation of violent and aggressive narratives and languages which, as often happens, find their target in people more vulnerable than others. So, the goal is to comprehend which tools – in and outside the digital space – can be used in order to limit its expansion, or even better, to prevent its spread.

Between freedom and hate/ selected aspects of criminal law regulation of hate speech crimes /

The publication presents the phenomenon of hate speech in the context of the regulations of Polish criminal law, which mainly refers to hate crime, in particular art. 119, 256, 257 of the Criminal Code (hereinafter the CC). It was preceded by a short description of the evolution of hate speech in Poland, which leads to an analysis of the contemporary socio-political situation in Poland and an assessment of the legal status. around the ongoing public discussion on this issue, including the constant presence of hate speech in the public space. The conducted historical and social arguments lead to the discussion of hate speech crimes identified by the Polish legislator in Art. 119, 256 and 257 of the Penal Code In order to bring closer the contemporary penalisation of hate crimes, the author uses the historical regulations in force in Poland, which are, in a way, the sources of contemporary legislation in this matter. On the basis of the doctrine and jurisprudence, the contemporary validity of the provisions on hate speech crimes was discussed. The reader's attention was also focused on the evolution of the contemporary regulation of the discussed criminal offenses in the context of the planned amendments to the penal code and the parliamentary and civic bills reported on this matter. The analysis of the criminal law aspects of hate speech crimes leads to conclusions regarding the presence in public debate of various forms of expression involving hate speech, the conflict between the freedom of speech (freedom of expression) and hate speech used in communication by politicians and ordinary people in the democratic structure of the rule of law, and the role of and the obligations of the legislator who, with some inconsistency, intervenes in this space, trying to assure the society of the need for changes in this respect or the lack of it. Hence, there are also various ideas and draft changes to the law in this area, incl. by extending the scope of penalizing the behaviors indicated in art. 119 of the Penal Code motivated by the need to increase the protection of victims.

The eradication of hate speech on social media: a systematic review

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of the diverse academic proposals and initiatives for preventing and eliminating hate speech on the internet.Design/methodology/approachThe foundation for this study is a systematic review of papers devoted to the analysis of hate speech. It has been conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and applied to an initial corpus of 436 academic texts. Having implemented the suitability, screening and inclusion criteria, this corpus was refined to a sample of 74 articles.FindingsThe main subject categories studied in this corpus of academic research are legal issues and social media. In the majority of the articles, the use of hate speech via social media is associated with five typologies: religion, cyber racism, political slurs, misogyny and attacks on the LGTBI community. The absence of ethical reflection is one of the major shortcomings of IT-focused research and analysis devoted to online hate speech.Practical implicationsTo date various systematic reviews have been presented, and they focus on detecting or describing hate speech. These have used either the search appraisal synthesis analysis framework or the Cochrane network. The PRISMA protocol was applied for this study, and both Scopus and texts in German were included. To date no major, rigorous systematic review has been undertaken of proposals to combat hate speech.Originality/valueThe link between hate speech and poverty has not been studied in depth within the academic sphere. Tolerance and ethical compassion are not granted the attention they merit when it comes to analysing the phenomenon of hate speech.

HATE SPEECH IN INDONESIA: A FORENSIC LINGUISTICS

This study intends to examine the scientific article about the phenomenon of hate speech in pandemic era in Indonesia from forensic linguistics view. By using a meta-analysis technique on Google Schoolar, an official website intended as a collection of scientific articles in Indonesia. A total of 150 articles were accessed from Google Scholar. To assure the review's focus, a selection process for inclusion and exclusion criteria was carried out before it began. There are 20 eligible articles to be reviewed. Findings showed that most of the researchers used social media as the source of data, most of the researchers used the theory of speech act to analyse the data.

Codes, Patterns and Shapes of Contemporary Online Antisemitism and Conspiracy Narratives – an Annotation Guide and Labeled German-Language Dataset in the Context of COVID-19

Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, existing conspiracy theories were refreshed and new ones were created, often interwoven with antisemitic narratives, stereotypes and codes. The sheer volume of antisemitic and conspiracy theory content on the Internet makes data-driven algorithmic approaches essential for anti-discrimination organizations and researchers alike. However, the manifestation and dissemination of these two interrelated phenomena is still quite under-researched in scholarly empirical research of large text corpora. Algorithmic approaches for the detection and classification of specific contents usually require labeled datasets, annotated based on conceptually sound guidelines. While there is a growing number of datasets for the more general phenomenon of hate speech, the development of corpora and annotation guidelines for antisemitic and conspiracy content is still in its infancy, especially for languages other than English. To address this gap, we have developed an annotation guide for antisemitic and conspiracy theory online content in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic that includes working definitions, e.g. of specific forms of antisemitism such as encoded and post-Holocaust antisemitism. We use the guide to annotate a German-language dataset consisting of $\sim \! 3,700$ Telegram messages sent between 03/2020 and 12/2021.

Identifying Hate Speech Trends and Prevention in Indonesia: a Cross-Case Comparison

Abstract This article provides an analysis on Indonesia’s hate speech phenomenon within the past two decades. It identifies shared characteristics across hate speech campaigns and how state and non-state actors have addressed them. In doing so, the article compares three campaigns targeting: the Ahmadiyya (2005–2011), Shi’a (2006–2012) and Jakarta’s Chinese Christian Governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (2016–2017). It finds that despite their unique dynamics, each campaign shared several commonalities. They were enabled by rising religious conservatism, sustained support from politicians, and competition for socio-economic capital; their framing strategy similarly used a threat-to-survival narrative, leveraged state regulations, and involved amplifying their voices through online spaces; and they had similar long-term impact which, despite an absence of mass violence, normalised the deprivation of vulnerable minorities’ fundamental rights.

Sociopragmatic Analysis of Filipino Celebrities’ Posts and Fans’ Comments

The phenomenon of hate speech occurring in one's nation and the relationship between social media celebrities and their audience is very interesting to draw. Social media has changed how people interact, comprehend, and respond to online discourse. This paper looks at the topics posted by celebrities as sources of information through the lens of the dimensions of online persona and hostile fan comments through impoliteness theory and Crystal's theory of language and technology, respectively. The data were collected from the leading social media platforms in the Philippines, namely, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The study shows that toxic online discourse was pervasive during the entire election period. Most celebrities use the public dimension (41%) and social media fans frequently on graphology (88%), bald-on record (33%), and sarcasm or mock politeness strategy (33%). The study also found two primary trigger mechanisms: the surrounding context of the social media celebrity's post and the social media fans' behavior in their use of language.

A Framework for Online Hate Speech Detection on Code-mixed Hindi-English Text and Hindi Text in Devanagari

Social Media has been growing and has provided the world with a platform to opine, debate, display, and discuss like never before. It has a major influence in research areas that analyze human behavior and social groups, and the phenomenon of social interactions is even being used in areas such as Internet of Things. This constant stream of data connecting individuals and organizations across the globe has had a tremendous impact on the functioning of society and even has the power to sway elections. Despite having numerous benefits, social media has certain issues such as the prevalence of fake news, which has also led to the rise of the hate speech phenomenon. Due to lax security throughout these social media platforms, these issues continue to exist without any repercussions. This leads to cyberbullying, defamation, and presents grave security concerns. Even though some work has been done independently on native scripts, hate speech detection, and code-mixed data, there exists a lack of academic work and research in the area of detecting hate speech in transliterated code-mixed data and in-text containing native language scripts. Research in this field is inhibited greatly due to the multiple variations in grammar and spelling and in general a lack of availability of annotated datasets, especially when it comes to native languages. This article comes up with a method to automate hate speech detection in code-mixed and native language text. The article presents an architecture containing a Tabnet classifier-based model trained on features extracted using MuRIL from transliterated code-mixed textual data. The article also shows that the same model works well on features extracted from text in Devanagari despite being trained on transliterated data.

Hejt wobec osób z niepełnosprawnościami w mediach społecznościowych

In January 2021, the well-known stand-up artist Aleksandra Petrus, after making a very emotional statement, decided to temporarily suspend her Facebook account due to the hate she suffered as a short person. This event shows that disability is one of the features that causes online hatred and causes suffering for the person who creates and publishes online content on social networks, blogs and websites. This prompted me to conduct netnographic research on hating people with disabilities in social media, which as a result of the Covid-19 epidemic have become much more used also by people with disabilities. The main goal of the article was to recreate what comments are considered hate by people with disabilities – creating their channels, profiles on social media or blogs. Then I will analyze the collected entries in order to characterize the phenomenon of hate speech in Poland against people with disabilities on social networks.

Lack of Critical Approach in the Hate Speech Research as Ideological Practice in Indonesia

Hate speech is a global phenomenon that surge in almost all countries in the last few years. This, for one thing, is triggered by the presence of social media, so people tend to express their feelings directly without thinking much. The high political tension also makes it easy for hate speech to be expressed and become viral. In Indonesia itself, it is not uncommon for ethnicity, religion, race, and inter-group relations issues to color the phenomenon of hate speech. So far, this article is a systematic review of hate speech research in Indonesia as it aims to map research trends on hate speech, starting from the main topics discussed, to several methodological issues. Data were analyzed using the CALL (computerassisted language learning) approach, by utilizing the NVivo 12 application combined with Lancs Box 6.0. The article data was taken from all DOAJ and Google Scholar-indexed articles in Indonesian. There are at least 44 articles related to hate speech in Indonesia that have been researched by previous researchers from various scientific disciplines, ranging from communication sciences, education, languages, computers, law, and religion. From all the articles reviewed systematically, it can be seen that the phenomenon of hate speech in Indonesia has a close relationship with a variety of social life which is quite complex. However, among the existing studies, the application of a critical approach is still very limited in the context of the hate speech phenomenon. This fact is due to the fact that the understanding of hate speech in Indonesia has so far been seen as personal whereas hate speech itself is very ideological.

Ujaran Kebencian Terhadap Islam di YouTube di Indonesia Periode Januari-Juni 2021

The phenomenon of hate speech against religions including Islam in Indonesia is a serious problem. One of the ways to spread hate speech against Islam is by using social media such as YouTube. This problem is already regulated in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning ITE (Information and Electronic Transactions) in Article 28 Paragraphs 1 and 2 and Article 45A Paragraph 2. This study aims to observe the phenomenon of hate speech in general and hate speech against Islam in particular, on YouTube social media in Indonesia during the period January-June 2021. This study is qualitative in nature and based on library research. The study found that the phenomena of hate during the period under study, in general, increased. However, such an increase is not stable. It highly increases during the General Election season in 2019. During the period January-June 2021, the study at least three accounts which directly attacks Islam, namely, Muhammad Kece, Joseph Paul Zhang, and Saifuddin Ibrahim. The nature of hate speech against Islam carried out by those three accounts comes in the form of insulting, harassment, slander, provocation, and hoaxes. Islam prohibits hate speech and stipulates it as a criminal act with the category of ta'zir. The Indonesian government has also taken firm steps to eradicate hate speech on social media. However, this problem has not been resolved properly due to the difficulty of controlling the use of social media.
 Keywords: Hate Speech; Islam; YouTube

Ujaran Kebencian Terhadap Islam di YouTube di Indonesia Periode Januari-Juni 2021

The phenomenon of hate speech against religions including Islam in Indonesia is a serious problem. One of the ways to spread hate speech against Islam is by using social media such as YouTube. This problem is already regulated in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning ITE (Information and Electronic Transactions) in Article 28 Paragraphs 1 and 2 and Article 45A Paragraph 2. This study aims to observe the phenomenon of hate speech in general and hate speech against Islam in particular, on YouTube social media in Indonesia during the period January-June 2021. This study is qualitative in nature and based on library research. The study found that the phenomena of hate during the period under study, in general, increased. However, such an increase is not stable. It highly increases during the General Election season in 2019. During the period January-June 2021, the study at least three accounts which directly attacks Islam, namely, Muhammad Kece, Joseph Paul Zhang, and Saifuddin Ibrahim. The nature of hate speech against Islam carried out by those three accounts comes in the form of insulting, harassment, slander, provocation, and hoaxes. Islam prohibits hate speech and stipulates it as a criminal act with the category of ta'zir. The Indonesian government has also taken firm steps to eradicate hate speech on social media. However, this problem has not been resolved properly due to the difficulty of controlling the use of social media.
 Keywords: Hate Speech; Islam; YouTube

Komunikasi Konflik Pada Pelaksanaan Dan Pasca Pilpres 2019 Di Media Sosial Twitter

Communication and interaction in social relations have the potential to create conflict, due to differences in opinion, knowledge, and so on. Like the conflict that occurred between supporters of the Jokowi-Amin and Prabowo-Sandi presidential candidates in the Indonesian presidential election 2019. The conflict occurred because of different interests, hopes and differences in choices between groups. The conflict is getting sharper when religious polarization is raised in it. The research was conducted through a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, using literature study data collection techniques. This study aims to describe conflict communication in the implementation and after the 2019 presidential election on social media is Twitter. The results showed that the delivery of hate speech is getting sharper in the 2019 presidential election. Swear words of hatred are reciprocated in order to satisfy the desire for support for the presidential candidate of his choice. Even the phenomenon of hate speech is increasing ahead of the 2024 presidential election, especially during the Covid 19 pandemic era, through the identity symbols with insult orientation, bad accusations, swearing and scolding, or considering the opposing party stupid, and giving bad labels.

ANALYZING 'HATE SPEECH PHENOMENON' RESEARCH IN INDONESIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

This study aims to analyze some hate speech phenomenon reviews in Indonesia. It compares how these two reviews are carried out to indicate how each source contributes and integrates the topic. The research uses a qualitative method with a systematic review. They were analyzed using a literature review matrix with the abstract data, such as author, years published, topic, and effects and findings. The PRISMA checklist (reporting guide for systematic review) is also applied to validate the observed systemic review. The research findings demonstrate that the clarity and transparency of the observed literature reviews need to be improved.

On Simulating the Propagation and Countermeasures of Hate Speech in Social Networks

Hate speech expresses prejudice and discrimination based on actual or perceived innate characteristics such as gender, race, religion, ethnicity, colour, national origin, disability or sexual orientation. Research has proven that the amount of hateful messages increases inevitably on online social media. Although hate propagators constitute a tiny minority—with less than 1% participants—they create an unproportionally high amount of hate motivated content. Thus, if not countered properly, hate speech can propagate through the whole society. In this paper we apply agent-based modelling to reproduce how the hate speech phenomenon spreads within social networks. We reuse insights from the research literature to construct and validate a baseline model for the propagation of hate speech. From this, three countermeasures are modelled and simulated to investigate their effectiveness in containing the spread of hatred: Education, deferring hateful content, and cyber activism. Our simulations suggest that: (1) Education consititutes a very successful countermeasure, but it is long term and still cannot eliminate hatred completely; (2) Deferring hateful content has a similar—although lower—positive effect than education, and it has the advantage of being a short-term countermeasure; (3) In our simulations, extreme cyber activism against hatred shows the poorest performance as a countermeasure, since it seems to increase the likelihood of resulting in highly polarised societies.

Teenager Attitude Toward Hate Speech Phenomenon in Aceh Society

This research deals with Teenager Attitude toward Hate Speech in Aceh Society. This research aims to describe teenager attitude toward the phenomenon of Hate speech in society and How their motivation to share the hoax information. This research instruments are: observation and questioner, the questioner was used to obtain the Teenager attitude toward hate speech phenomenon in society. Research design that used in this study was descriptive qualitative research. There are fifty teenagers as respondents in this research, the research analysis by using an interactive model of miles and Huberman. Based on data analysis, it was found that there are three kinds of attitude that response by English Foreign Language Learners (EFL) In Langsa;1 cognitive attitude, 2) affective attitude, and the motivation in sharing the information found into three categories :1) social need,2) Self Actualization, 3) Just for fun.

HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL NETWORK SITES: PERPETRATOR AND SERVICE PROVIDERS’ LIABILITY

The article investigates the phenomenon of hate speech on social network sites and gives an overview of the national and international legal instruments which are available to combat hate speech. After an overview of the nature of hate speech andthe early international attempts to curb it, hate speech in South Africa is investigated. The question is posed whether statements of hatred made on the Internet, especially if published from sites such as Facebook which is external to South Africa, can leadto liability for perpetrators in South Africa. International responses to hate speech in cyberspace are then investigated with specific reference to the possible liability of Internet service providers for hate speech posted by third parties on their websites. Itis shown that, although service providers in the United States enjoy more protection than those in European Union, Canada and South Africa, hate speech on social network sites can be legally curbed. It is concluded that the myth that the Internet as a godless, lawless zone can and must be dismissed.