Expressions Of Hate Research Articles

SOCIO-POLITICAL LANGUAGE USE AND YORÙBÁ PROTEST SONGS: A STYLISTIC APPROACH.

Song is a universal phenomenon and significant aspect of Yorùbá literature usually constructed systematically using words that reflect either negative or positive linguistic connotation. Existing studies established their scope of usage in several areas of endeavors but have hardly addressed their negative implication for using them in socio-political scenario of Nigeria which sometimes seems to be counterproductive and having overbearing effect on peace and stability of the Nation. The paper adopts Marxist theory for its ability to explain reason for political and economic crisis in government and what the oppressed members of society must do to liberate themselves from such crisis. Eight protest songs were purposively selected from the Nigerian political scenario of the past for having sufficient usage of the Yorùbá protest songs imbued with curse, hate expressions, abuse, derision and ridicule/sarcasm. In order to strike a balance, four corrupt coinages of the Christian songs and the other four corrupt coinages of the Yorùbá traditional songs were eventually subjected to stylistic analysis. In all, politics, financial fraud and jubilation were expressed and contextualized in curse, ridicule/sarcasm, derision, hatred and abusive utterances all of which are capable of destabilizing peace and unity of the country. Yoruba protest songs in this paper are corrupt coinages of both Christian and Yorùbá traditional songs used to express socio-political issues in Nigeria and conveyed through curse, hate expressions, derision, sarcasm, abusive utterances and also reflect ingenuity-constrained stylistic choices.

Reading Psalm 35 in Africa (Yoruba) Perspective

Psalm 35 appears to be one of the scariest Psalms because of the various expressions of hate and the Psalmist invoking wrath and death on his enemies. In the Western context, it is not one of the favourites of the Psalms. However, in a Yoruba context, Psalm 35 is one of the favourites because of its use for purposes of defence, victory, and protection. The purpose of this article is to discuss how Psalm 35 is used in a Yoruba context to meet the peculiar need of Yoruba people against enemies. Although there are similarities and differences between Psalm 35 and Yoruba ofo oro ogede, the similarities actually influence Yoruba Christians and non-Christians to use Psalm 35 like ofo or madarikan, orogede with a firm belief that it contains a more mysterious power from God than the Yoruba ofo, ogede and madarikan. Psalm 35 is, therefore, read, memorized, chanted, sung or inscribed in parchment to express the African faith, and their personal origin from God. Psalm 35 is also read in order to motivate God to perform a miracle as he has done originally with the people of ancient Israel. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2019/v32n3a9

Economy of pain: When to regulate offensive expression

Expression that assaults another’s identity or human dignity, as with hate speech, presents a vexing case for regulatory protection. This article proposes a method of expressive elasticity as a means to balance individual protection with expressive liberty in a rigorous and neutral manner. The method of expressive elasticity treats harm to individual recipients as a function of social utility. To maintain neutrality on the content of ideas, social utility is defined as the optimal number of individual participants in public discourse. Offensive expression should be regulated only when it reasonably lessens the likely amount of future contributors to the marketplace of ideas. The object is to restrict offensive expression that signals a hostile or prejudiced public space that a reasonable recipient would recoil from. Elasticity generally refers to the responsiveness of one variable to a change in another variable. Elasticity, as util ized in this article, is a view to the responsiveness of individual participation to the amount of external harm received. When individuals can absorb the external harm and their potential participation remains unchanged, there should be no government intervention. Elasticity should be recognized as inversely related to the private costs imposed on offensive expression. When a speaker is publicly reviled because of a hateful message, then the private marketplace has appropriately indicated that the targeted person is not the one devalued by society. When the private costs for hateful expression are insufficient, however, public sanction may be necessary to ensure optimal levels of future participation.

Characterizing usage of explicit hate expressions in social media

ABSTRACTSocial media platforms provide an inexpensive communication medium that allows anyone to publish content and anyone interested in the content can obtain it. However, this same potential of social media provide space for discourses that are harmful to certain groups of people. Examples of these discourses include bullying, offensive content, and hate speech. Out of these discourses hate speech is rapidly recognized as a serious problem by authorities of many countries. In this paper, we provide the first of a kind systematic large-scale measurement and analysis study of explicit expressions of hate speech in online social media. We aim to understand the abundance of hate speech in online social media, the most common hate expressions, the effect of anonymity on hate speech, the sensitivity of hate speech and the most hated groups across regions. In order to achieve our objectives, we gather traces from two social media systems: Whisper and Twitter. We then develop and validate a methodology to identify hate speech on both of these systems. Our results identify hate speech forms and unveil a set of important patterns, providing not only a broader understanding of online hate speech, but also offering directions for detection and prevention approaches.

Hate Speech on Twitter: A Pragmatic Approach to Collect Hateful and Offensive Expressions and Perform Hate Speech Detection

With the rapid growth of social networks and microblogging websites, communication between people from different cultural and psychological backgrounds has become more direct, resulting in more and more “cyber”conflicts between these people. Consequently, hate speech is used more and more, to the point where it has become a serious problem invading these open spaces. Hate speech refers to the use of aggressive, violent or offensive language, targeting a specific group of people sharing a common property, whether this property is their gender (i.e., sexism), their ethnic group or race (i.e., racism) or their believes and religion. While most of the online social networks and microblogging websites forbid the use of hate speech, the size of these networks and websites makes it almost impossible to control all of their content. Therefore, arises the necessity to detect such speech automatically and filter any content that presents hateful language or language inciting to hatred. In this paper, we propose an approach to detect hate expressions on Twitter. Our approach is based on unigrams and patterns that are automatically collected from the training set. These patterns and unigrams are later used, among others, as features to train a machine learning algorithm. Our experiments on a test set composed of 2010 tweets show that our approach reaches an accuracy equal to 87.4% on detecting whether a tweet is offensive or not (binary classification), and an accuracy equal to 78.4% on detecting whether a tweet is hateful, offensive, or clean (ternary classification).

MEMBANGUN SISTEM KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA YANG KOLEKTIF LEWAT MEDIA TRADISIONAL

Every era has a style of leadership homeland of its own communication system, the freshest in the memory is the one-way communication system that uses the Suharto regime, the communication patterns of society become more closed and limited to this one picture of the communication system in the country. Currently, the development of communication Indonesia enlivened by the growing influence of digital media are in fact deliver Indonesian communications systems become more open, a lot of positive things that can pergola but not less any negative impact on the behavior patterns of public communication in the country. One negative impact is raised hyper personality behavior, expressions of hatred which mushroomed, spreading freedom hoax news and social conflicts that originated from the issues that were distributed via digital media. This article will reveal the traditional media in the country which is a collectivist society Indonesian media. Indonesia is a country characterized by mutual cooperation and collective and this characteristic has not completely faded, there are many people which maintains the traditional media as a collective channel for the common good, gave a small portion of the new media included in their environment. This article will present an overview of traditional media in some areas in East Java with descriptive writing method, trying to describe the data on observations and interviews later authors explain by juxtaposing concept Communication Systems Indonesia. It could be 76 | The Journal of Society & Medi a 1 ( 2 ) concluded that the traditional media is still very effectively used to establish communication patterns collectivist, together and work together in accordance with the character of Indonesian society. Certainly, from this article, the authors advise the government should appreciate each community that preserves the traditional media as the media collectivist indigenous peoples.

Historical legacies and political agency: hate speech in contemporary Cyprus

AbstractThe article analyses expressions of hate speech/behaviour between the two main Cypriot communities – Greek and Turkish. Research and discussion on hate speech is theoretically and empirically informed by the notions of nationalism and otherism which have moulded hate speech perceptions in Cyprus. The major finding is that hate speech between Greek and Turkish Cypriots although subsiding in recent years can be easily triggered by political and social actors by references to history and/or isolated violent incidents. Hate speech is rooted in historical legacies, conservative and nationalistic world‐views, takes several forms and permeates Cypriot society, although most times is not explicitly expressed and does not take a violent turn.

Islamophobia as a Deterrent to Halal Global Trade

Islamophobia continues to be on the rise in Europe and other regions, such as Australia, Canada and the United States. It is now a global phenomenon which has multiple manifestations and is generated at different layers of society, and does not only affect citizens1 in non-Islamic countries, but has recently shown a new expression: the target has shifted towards Islamic economies, and more specifically towards the halal trade. Emerging economies in the region of Asia-Pacific and the Gulf are net importers of halal products (particularly foodstuff), which, paradoxically, are produced in non-Islamic economies. A report commissioned by the Dubai government, and researched and written by Thompson Reuters and Dinar Standard,2 valued the halal food and beverage (F&B) market at US$ 1.37 trillion in 2014. That represented 18.2% of the total global F&B market. In addition, the youthful population of the Muslim world - with 60% under the age of 30 - indicates that demand for halal products and services is likely to continue its upward growth curve and become an increasingly influential market over the next decade. This tremendously attractive market niche, combined with the slow growth of the economies of Europe, Canada, Australia and the United States, has prompted many industries to seek halal certification and to adapt their products and services to the requirements of Muslim consumers worldwide, including the significant minorities already living outside Islamic economies.3 However, some newcomers to the halal global market have found that there is another obstacle to overcome, apart from those already present in global trade: Islamophobia. In this article, I will explore the many expressions of Islamophobia aimed at stopping the growth of the halal market, and the different policies and attitudes of governments and institutions when confronted with the need to balance economic growth with cultural misunderstandings and hatred. I found systematic attempts to undermine the halal food industry made by some European Members of Parliament, claims of animal cruelty sparked by animal rights groups, bans on halal sacrifice in the meat industry, the “boycott-halal” on-line campaign, alleged funding of terrorism, threats and other expressions of hatred that have managed to prevent many businesses from accessing the emerging halal market.

Ambient Hate: Racist Graffiti and Social Apathy in a Rural Community

AbstractThis article examines racist street graffiti found in the rural city in which the author lives, especially in the environs of schools. Local authorities' commitment to the timely removal of such graffiti is questioned, and the ambiance in which expressions of hate are considered an unremarkable aspect of the social environment is examined. As Australia experiences influxes of migrant and refugee groups, plus increasing numbers of temporarily‐resident overseas students, many municipalities, rural and urban, are seeing major changes in their demographics. Such changes can exacerbate social tensions that can, in turn, be subsumed into the social matrix.

Hate speech and the normative foundations of regulation

Racist incidents on American university campuses in the 1980s triggered a storm of publications by scholars who coined the phrase ‘hate speech’ for the legal lexicon. Some of the offences had already been subject to legal or institutional penalties for harassment or vandalism. Several universities nevertheless adopted broad codes of conduct to penalise hateful expression. For two decades, however, the US Supreme Court had been marching in the opposite direction. It was interpreting the Constitution's First Amendment to prevent federal or state government from punishing speakers solely on grounds of the viewpoints they express.

Conceptualizing 'Hostility' for Hate Crime Law: Minding 'the Minutiae' when Interpreting Section 28(1)(a) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998

This article adds to the small but growing body of hate crime legal scholarship in the United Kingdom by examining the meaning of the term ‘hostility’ as prescribed under section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. The article highlights the confusion which has occurred within the lower courts as to the distinction between section 28(1)(a), which proscribes ‘demonstrations’ of hostility, and section 28(1)(b), which proscribes offences ‘motivated’ by hostility. In addition to this confusion has been a clear reluctance to apply section 28(1)(a) by some judges in cases where the demonstration of hostility appears to be incidental, as against causal, to the offence committed. The article argues that in order to provide greater clarity in law, the words ‘demonstrates … hostility’ must be interpreted to include, not only acts that are motivated by, or which are intended to express prejudice or hatred, but any conduct carried out during an offence where the offender is aware his behaviour is likely to be perceived by right-minded individuals as indicating hostility towards the victim’s identity. The article concludes that such a broad approach to conceptualizing hostility is justified based on the need for the state to expressly denounce all public displays of identity-based prejudice. The approach also acknowledges the harmful effects that all expressions of hate (motivated by hostility or not) have on victims, minority communities and to the cohesiveness of Britain’s multicultural society.

“Gone too soon”: did Twitter grieve for Michael Jackson?

PurposeGrieving resulting from death is a painful process and individuals invariably seek support to help them through this difficult period. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role microblogs play in providing social support following the death of a public figure, Michael Jackson, “the King of Pop”.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 50,000 tweets from the first 12 days after Jackson's death were harvested from Twitter. A content analysis using a coding instrument characterizing a set of social support categories was conducted. Categories not related to social support were also inductively constructed and applied to the tweets.FindingsTwitter was primarily used for providing informational support, followed by emotional support. Surprisingly, categories not normally associated with grieving, such as spreading of rumours, expressions of hatred, and spam, also occupied a large proportion of tweets.Practical implicationsResults suggest that microblogging has the potential to facilitate the grieving process and in some aspects of social support. However, information quality could be an issue that calls for better information management tools.Originality/valueThere has been little work done in examining microblogs as platforms for grieving in general, and more specifically, for providing social support during bereavement. The present research is timely, as we seek to understand the role microblogs play in the grieving process.

Ambivalence: Its development, mastery, and role in psychopathology

The term ambivalence-meaning the coexistence of love and hate toward a person or object-is commonly used both in the vernacular and in psychiatry. However, how ambivalence contributes to understanding and treating some important psychiatric disorders has not been well defined. This article reviews Bleuler's original use of the concept, as well as contributions by Freud and other theorists, as background. The author proposes that mastery of ambivalence-depolarization of the primary drive expressions of love and hate so that a degree of ambivalence toward a loved object can be tolerated-is a fundamental developmental task. The significant role that ambivalence plays in some major psychiatric disorders-schizophrenia, borderline personality, and depression-is illustrated with case material and discussed.

Significado, función y solución del odio en jóvenes: un análisis por sexo

El objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en conocer cuál es el significado, la función y la forma de solucionar las situaciones más significativas de odio que han experimentado hombres y mujeres jóvenes a lo largo de su vida. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo, se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de tipo intencional, compuesta por 400 estudiantes universitarios, cuyas edades oscilan entre los 17 y 23 años, repartidos equitativamente por sexo. Se aplicó un cuestionario que consta de 6 preguntas abiertas que permiten evaluar la concepción y formas de solución del odio en los participantes: ¿qué es el odio?, ¿en qué situaciones surge el odio?, ¿para qué odian las personas?, ¿qué consiguen las personas al odiar?, ¿qué evitan las personas al odiar?, y ¿cómo resuelven las personas una situación de odio? hombres y mujeres definen el odio como un sentimiento de carácter negativo, que genera rencor y que puede llegar a ser expresado o reprimido. Los hombres ven el odio como una reacción psicológica y fisiológica que dirigen al exterior, mientras que las mujeres lo aprecian como un sentimiento que pueden orientar hacia sí mismas, como una cuestión de autodestrucción. Ambos sexos concuerdan en que las posibles soluciones del odio pueden ser aquellas socialmente aceptadas, como la comunicación, la obtención de ayuda, la expresión plena del odio, el amor, la búsqueda de defensas y el olvido de la situación, mientras que otras posibles alternativas que podrían no ser aceptadas como las mejores en el contexto social, serían la agresión y el atentado contra la vida de la persona odiada.

An analysis of tweets in response to the death of Michael Jackson

PurposeGrieving resulting from the death of a loved one or someone familiar is a painful process and individuals invariably seek support to help them through this difficult period. In this study, the paper investigates the role microblogs play by exploring the types of messages following the death of a public figure, Michael Jackson, “the King of Pop”.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis was conducted using 50,000 tweets harvested from Twitter from the first 12 days after Michael Jackson's death. A coding instrument characterizing a set of categories that users posted about Jackson's death was inductively constructed, and then applied to the entire dataset of tweets.FindingsAbout 50 per cent of tweets fell into categories commonly associated with expressions of emotions or thoughts due to death. However, as the single largest category, Twitter was used primarily as a platform for sharing news and other information. Surprisingly, categories not normally associated with grieving, such as spreading of rumours, expressions of hatred and spam, also occupied a high proportion of tweets.Originality/valueThere has been little work done in examining microblogs as platforms for giving and receiving support in general and, more specifically, for the expression of grief. Therefore, the present research is timely, as it seeks to understand the role microblogs play in the grieving process.

Erna and Melanie Klein.

Erna was one of the child patients treated by Melanie Klein in Berlin, employing her recently discovered play technique. Since Erna died in Chile, the authors considered the IPA Congress in Santiago an opportunity to present a paper as a homage both to Erna and, especially, to Klein. She learned much from that very disturbed child, which she later used to sustain the ongoing development of her theories. The paper explores biographic data relevant to understanding both the case and the theories. It analyses the case material to follow Klein in the discovery and the handling of the child's transference and the harsh expressions of hate, jealousy and envy, which are brought in, with sad consequences, by strong persecutory feelings. Klein's comparison of this case with that of Freud's Wolf-man is also considered, mostly to show that the similarities were less than originally claimed, and that Klein, perhaps, was introducing a theoretic shift which led her technique to gradually change from 'Nachträglichkeit' to the 'signification-resignification' pair, akin to Strachey's concept of the mutative interpretation. Lastly, the comprehension of Erna's strong psychotic traits and the links with later developments of the theory on psychosis are studied.

Erna and Melanie Klein

Erna was one of the child patients treated by Melanie Klein in Berlin, employing her recently discovered play technique. Since Erna died in Chile, the authors considered the IPA Congress in Santiago an opportunity to present a paper as a homage both to Erna and, especially, to Klein. She learned much from that very disturbed child, which she later used to sustain the ongoing development of her theories. The paper explores biographic data relevant to understanding both the case and the theories. It analyses the case material to follow Klein in the discovery and the handling of the child's transference and the harsh expressions of hate, jealousy and envy, which are brought in, with sad consequences, by strong persecutory feelings. Klein's comparison of this case with that of Freud's Wolf‐man is also considered, mostly to show that the similarities were less than originally claimed, and that Klein, perhaps, was introducing a theoretic shift which led her technique to gradually change from ‘Nachträglichkeit’ to the ‘signification‐resignification’ pair, akin to Strachey's concept of the mutative interpretation. Lastly, the comprehension of Erna's strong psychotic traits and the links with later developments of the theory on psychosis are studied.

Cyberhate

American extremists have traditionally cultivated technology to enhance efficiency and promote goals. This article concentrates on how domestic right-wing and other extremists have used computer networks to these ends. Although the concept of a guerrilla insurgency through “leaderless resistance” became a factor in right-wing extremist movements before the Internet's advent, cyberspace hastened its popularity. The Internet has been useful to hatemongers and extremists because it is economical and far reaching, and online expression is significantly protected by the First Amendment. Various court decisions have established that not all communication is protected, in cyberspace or elsewhere. Although the government cannot regulate Internet expression because it offends sensibilities, it can regulate expression that constitutes crimes that fall under various unprotected areas of speech. Courts have convicted hatemongers who use the Internet to communicate threats rather than merely ideas. Private service providers and foreign governments have greater latitude to prohibit offensive and hateful expression that does not constitute a threat.

"Certain Fundamental Truths": A Dialectic on Negative and Positive Liberty in Hate-Speech Cases

I INTRODUTION The following conversation between a civil libertarian and a new-left First Amendment theorist occurred as part of the ABA's conference on the present and future of the Bill of Rights. The discussion was precipitated by the case of Matthew Hale, a white supremacist who--to put it mildly--likes to attract media attention. He set himself up as the leader of a racist church called the World Church of the Creator, and immediately went about attempting to put an articulate, polite face on the organization, much in the way that David Duke tried to appear less threatening during his run for Congress in Louisiana. But there is only so much window-dressing that Hale can do, since he is obviously a rabid racist. His website contains numerous exhortations to loyalty and holy war; shopworn canards about blacks, Jews, and other ethnic minorities (called the mud races by Hale); a bizarre theology based on the Sixteen Commandments and vehement denunciations of Christianity; long-discredited bogus bio logical theories about racial differences; and a boilerplate disclaimer that the group does not condone violence. (1) Hale's little corner of cyberspace is representative of a burgeoning number of websites maintained by white supremacists and other hate groups. (2) The World Church of the Creator site alone contains links to dozens of other racist sites, (3) including those maintained by the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, the American Nazi Party, and the White Aryan Resistance. But Hale and his organization have certainly established a higher profile than other hate groups on the Internet, particularly with their efforts to market racism to children with a kids' website featuring white-supremacist games and puzzles--fun for the whole family! (4) Hale also happens to be a graduate of Southern Illinois University Law School. Because of the publicity he had managed to attract, Hale's application to become a licensed attorney in Illinois was a media event, and the decision of the character and fitness committee of the Illinois Supreme Court, declining to certify his fitness for admission, generated immediate controversy. (5) Alan Dershowitz offered to represent Hale in his challenge to this order, an offer which, as far as I know, was not taken up. (6) Hale petitioned for review by the Illinois Supreme Court. He was denied, (7) and he then petitioned for certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court, which he was again denied. (8) The Hale case is important not only to lawyers who represent unpopular applicants for admission to practice law. It has broader significance as a test case for much of the recent theorizing about the application of the First Amendment to hateful expression. Hale's application to practice law also provides a wonderful illustration of how the new left critique of the First Amendment would play out in practice, since the Illinois bar committee swallowed the new left position hook, line, and sinker. The committee emphasized the constitutional values of racial equality and human dignity that were threatened by Hale's asserted expressive liberties and concluded that the value of equality must supersede the value of free speech. (9) This is exactly what some of the new left critics had been urging courts to do in hate-speech cases. (10) For example, Man Matsuda, one of the pioneers of the critical race theory movement and the new left critique of the First Amendment, has suggested carving out an admittedly content-b ased, sui generis category of racist speech that can be regulated by the state. (11) Charles Lawrence, another scholar of central importance to the progressive critics, proposes a more realistic, less categorical jurisprudence, in which constitutional values of racial equality and human dignity are given pride of place alongside the expressive liberties secured by the First Amendment. (12) Again, this is precisely the suggestion adopted by the Illinois bar committee, which balanced the free-speech rights asserted by Hale against the equality interests his admission would threaten, and found Hale's claims wanting. …

Erna and Melanie Klein.

Erna was one of the child patients treated by Melanie Klein in Berlin, employing her recently discovered play technique. Since Erna died in Chile, the authors considered the IPA Congress in Santiago an opportunity to present a paper as a homage both to Erna and, especially, to Klein. She learned much from that very disturbed child, which she later used to sustain the ongoing development of her theories. The paper explores biographic data relevant to understanding both the case and the theories. It analyses the case material to follow Klein in the discovery and the handling of the child's transference and the harsh expressions of hate, jealousy and envy, which are brought in, with sad consequences, by strong persecutory feelings. Klein's comparison of this case with that of Freud's Wolf-man is also considered, mostly to show that the similarities were less than originally claimed, and that Klein, perhaps, was introducing a theoretic shift which led her technique to gradually change from 'Nachtraglichkeit' to the 'signification-resignification' pair, akin to Strachey's concept of the mutative interpretation. Lastly, the comprehension of Erna's strong psychotic traits and the links with later developments of the theory on psychosis are studied.