Hatching Period Research Articles

Effects of pre-, pro-, and synbiotic supplementation on the growth performance and feed conversion rates of Indonesian native chicken – The offspring of in ovo L-gln fed hen

A research was conducted to elucidate the effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation in drinking water on the performance of Indonesian Native Chickens (INC), the offspring of in ovo 1.5% L-gln hens. A randomized Block Design of 4 treatments (P0=control; P1=Prebiotic (10 g Inulin in 1 l tap water); P2= Probiotic (2 g Promix in 1 l tap water), and P3=Synbiotic (10 g Inulin + 2 g Promix in 1 l tap water) with 3 times of replication blocks was used. An amount of 180 one-day-old (DOC) of INC from 3 hatching periods was used in the research, which was selected from newly hatched chicks as the offsprings of laying hen resulted from the in ovo L-gln. The chicks were put in brooding boxes separately for each treatment unit (maximum 15 chicks per box) and placed in a rearing room (27-280C; 60% RH). The results indicated that supplementation of pre-, pro-, and symbiotic during the first 2 weeks through drinking water did not significantly affect the body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of INC; Afterward, measuring at weeks 4, 6, and 8, supplementation resulted in significantly heavier body weights and better FCR compared to those of control chicks. In conclusion, this study has shown that supplementation of pre-, pro-, and symbiotic exert positive effects on the growth and FCR of INC, and the best response is to symbiotic supplementation.

Effects of Hatch Window and Nutrient Access in the Hatcher on Performance and Processing Yields of Broilers Reared with Equal Hatch Window Representation.

Simple SummaryIn commercial hatcheries, hatched broiler chicks remain in the hatcher without feed or water until all chicks are pulled from the hatching cabinet. Subsequent hatchery holding and transport periods can further delay nutrient access, potentially causing dehydration and limiting the bird’s growth potential. This can possibly be mitigated by providing feed and water in the hatching cabinet to promote immediate nutrient access to chicks after hatching. In the current experiment, chicks hatched in baskets modified to supply feed and water were compared with those hatched in standard baskets in regards to their organ weights, growth performance to 42 d, and processing yields. Additionally, chicks were identified according to moment of hatch within the hatch window to evaluate this factor and its potential interaction with nutrient access. Chicks from hatching baskets with nutrient and water access had heavier body weights during the first 4 wk of growth, but were otherwise similar to chicks from standard baskets in growth performance and meat yield, regardless of the timing of their hatch. This indicates that broilers may be able to compensate for some degree of delayed feed and water access associated with their timing of hatch and subsequent holding and transport.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of feed and water availability in hatching baskets on broiler performance, processing yield, and organ weights while considering the influence of hatch window. Cobb 500 eggs were transferred into illuminated hatchers with two hatching basket types [control (CTL) hatching baskets with no nutrients provided or baskets containing feed and water (FAW)]. Chicks were pulled sequentially to establish four hatch window periods (HWP): early, pre-peak, post-peak, or late. Chicks were then held for 4 h at the hatchery without nutrient access and subsequently reared in 26 floor pens designated as CTL (n = 13) or FAW (n = 13), with 13 chicks from each of the 4 HWP per pen (52 chicks per pen). At 43 d, 16 males from each pen were processed. Chicks from FAW baskets were 1 g heavier (p < 0.001) than those from CTL baskets at placement and were heavier through 28 d (p = 0.003) but similar (p > 0.05) in body weight (BW) for the remainder of the 42 d. No differences (p > 0.05) in feed conversion ratio, mortality, or processing data were observed between CTL and FAW groups. Early-hatching chicks were lighter (p < 0.001) than those from all other HWP at placement, but were only lighter (p < 0.001) than the post-peak group by 42 d. In summary, it was found that hatching basket nutrient access increased the BW of broilers during the first 4 wk of growth, with no other effects on performance or yield. Also, earlier-hatching chicks were generally able to compensate for a lighter placement BW.

Evaluation of Effects of Harvest on Alligator Populations in Louisiana

ABSTRACTBiologists with the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Louisiana, USA, have managed statewide annual harvest of alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) for 35 years (1981–present). We collected and analyzed harvest data for Louisiana alligators to determine the effects of harvest on the population structure, focusing on the larger size classes (≥274 cm) of this slow‐growing species. Linear regression analyses revealed that body size‐class structure, based on overall average size and the percentage of animals harvested in the larger size classes was relatively stable. Annual aerial alligator nest counts indicated a continual growth of the population, and over time harvested alligators maintained a constant average size. Analyses of population size (based on number of nests and population modeling) indicated that the current annual harvest represents approximately 3% of the population. Linear regression analysis showed that annual hunter success declined only slightly during the study period, and the scheduling of the hunt season after the hatch period and recommended hunting in areas not frequented by breeding females provides economic opportunities for hunters to participate in a sustainable harvest that preserves the larger size classes of alligators in the population. Strict enforcement of existing laws was a key factor responsible for the success of this harvest program. Comparison of alligator population size and number of harvest‐related citations indicated that illegal harvest did not have a negative effect on population size, and linear regression analyses revealed that the rate of increase in citations was lower than the increase in populations over the study period. The results of this harvest program indicated that alligators can be hunted in a sustainable manner if hunting is conducted after the hatch period and occurs in areas that primarily exclude the harvest of adult females, and strict law enforcement curbs illegal activities that negatively affect populations. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

Telomere heritability and parental age at conception effects in a wild avian population.

Individual variation in telomere length is predictive of health and mortality risk across a range of species. However, the relative influence of environmental and genetic variation on individual telomere length in wild populations remains poorly understood. Heritability of telomere length has primarily been calculated using parent-offspring regression which can be confounded by shared environments. To control for confounding variables, quantitative genetic "animal models" can be used, but few studies have applied animal models in wild populations. Furthermore, parental age at conception may also influence offspring telomere length, but most studies have been cross-sectional. We investigated within- and between-parental age at conception effects and heritability of telomere length in the Seychelles warbler using measures from birds caught over 20years and a multigenerational pedigree. We found a weak negative within-paternal age at conception effect (as fathers aged, their offspring had shorter telomeres) and a weak positive between-maternal age at conception effect (females that survived to older ages had offspring with longer telomeres). Animal models provided evidence that heritability and evolvability of telomere length were low in this population, and that variation in telomere length was not driven by early-life effects of hatch period or parental identities. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction plate had a large influence on telomere length variation and not accounting for it in the models would have underestimated heritability. Our study illustrates the need to include and account for technical variation in order to accurately estimate heritability, as well as other environmental effects, on telomere length in natural populations.

Comparison of growth performances with three different Korean native chickens for a twelve-week post hatch period

Comparison of growth performances with three different Korean native chickens for a twelve-week post hatch period

Embryonic development, hatching time and newborn juveniles of Octopus tehuelchus under two culture temperatures

The development of cephalopods early life stages is strongly influenced by environmental variables, especially temperature. Octopus tehuelchus (d'Orbigny, 1834) is an Atlantic Patagonian fishery resource currently being studied as a new species for cultivation; however it is not known how temperature modulates its early life stages. In this work, egg masses were artificially incubated at 13 and 16 °C under controlled aquarium conditions. In each thermal treatment, the stages of embryonic development, embryo morphometry and survival throughout embryogenesis, as well as embryogenesis duration were recorded. After hatching, the morphological description of the juveniles was achieved and survival time in starvation was calculated for both temperatures. At 16 °C the mean embryonic duration was 85 days shorter than at 13 °C. For both thermal treatments, the highest mortalities occurred up to the beginning of organogenesis, and no significant differences in hatching success were observed. The temperature also showed the potential to increase or decrease the juvenile performance at the early post hatching period. This resulted in a significant reduction in size and weight of new born juveniles at 13 °C but also in an average increment of 7 days in their survival in starvation when compared to octopus reared at 16 °C. The chromatophore pattern was similar for both thermal treatments and was characteristic of juveniles of this species. The observed differences seem to show adaptive mechanisms that optimize embryos and juveniles viability under the different environmental temperatures that can be found in the northern Atlantic Patagonian coast. From a practical point of view, our findings are important to define the biological parameters and associated procedures for the cultivation of the early life stages of O. tehuelchus.

American Lobster, Homarus americanus, Reproduction and Recruitment in a New England Estuary

While egg-bearing (ovigerous) American lobsters are found in estuaries, it is not known if they are present when their eggs hatch. The major goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that a portion of the larvae that serve as new recruits to the Great Bay Estuary lobster population originate from females that are year-around residents. First, a total of nine ovigerous lobsters were fitted with acoustic transmitters and tracked from October through the following spring-to-early summer. We found that all lobsters overwintered in the estuary and were located again within 1 km of their fall positions the following May–June, when their eggs likely hatched. Second, sea sampling surveys carried out in the spring revealed that ovigerous lobsters in the estuary were carrying more developed eggs than their coastal counterparts. Third, through a series of laboratory-based studies, we calculated the putative hatch dates of egg clutches carried by estuarine and coastal lobsters and show that estuarine lobster eggs likely hatch 2–3 weeks earlier than eggs carried by coastal females. Finally, plankton tow surveys in the estuary revealed that stage I larval lobsters (zoeae) were present in the estuary from May to July, which encompasses the predicted hatching period for both estuarine and coastal eggs. Therefore, new recruits to the Great Bay Estuary lobster population likely come from both resident estuarine lobsters and coastal females.

Perancangan Mesin Tetas Telur Otomatis Menggunakan Sensor Suhu dan Sensor Udara

ABSTRACTThe design of quail egg incubators is intended to facilitate the hatching process. The heat source used in the incubator is produced from heaters that use incandescent lamps and humidifiers are used as humidity regulators. The temperature regulator uses a fan to maintain air circulation and reduce the temperature when the temperature has exceeded the setpoint. This tool is equipped with a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, an incubator motor is used for the egg turning process, a sound sensor is used to detect if an egg has hatched and a GSM module will send an SMS notification to the farmer. The whole system is controlled by Arduino Mega 2560. During the hatching period, the temperature needed to incubate quail eggs is 39oC and humidity is 60%. The eggs in the hatching machine are rotated once every 3 hours with a 45o rotation angle. This is so that the egg can be heated evenly. The hatching process takes 18 days, with a hatching success rate of 98% of 50 eggs. The use of power in the hatching machine is on average 62.44 watts up to 83.45 watts and for 1 hatching period for 18 days, that is 25.2392kWh.Keywords: Arduino Mega 2560, DHT11, humidifier, GSM module

Aspects of life history of the Afrotropical endangered Acisoma inflatum (Selys, 1889) (Odonata: Libellulidae) in Northeast Algeria

Summary Acisoma inflatum is a threatened dragonfly in the Mediterranean, where only a few relict populations remain. It is listed as endangered in North Africa, where no data on its biology, behaviour or ecology are available. These latter are important to understand how this species is adapted to local environmental conditions and for establishing effective conservation plans. In this study, the life history of A. inflatum is investigated in a north-east Algerian population. By combining field and laboratory investigations on embryonic development and regular collection of exuviae during the emergence season, it is revealed that the species has direct and synchronous embryonic development, with 75% of all eggs hatching after 10 days of oviposition, and a hatching period ranging from 9 to 15 days. Emergences were asynchronous with half of the larval population (EM50) emerging within the first 25 days of a 64-day emergence season, which matches a typical ‘summer species’ emergence pattern. Sex ratio at emergence was not significantly different from unity. Body size of exuviae did not show a significant pattern across the season. Exuviae males and females did not differ in their vertical stratification. Height of exuviae fixation during mergence was not random, but was rather positively correlated with support height where the relationship was logarithmic. Apparent lifespan of adults was not significantly different between sexes with a mean of 4.6 ± 2.9 days (± SD). Males and females reached their sexual maturity after two days of emergence. The information provided in this study has not been reported before and thus will be helpful in future conservation efforts.

In vitro efficacy of two commercial products of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. for controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus

The effects of two different products - Metarril® SP Organic (dry conidia) and Metarril® SC Organic (emulsifiable concentrated conidia in vegetable oil) - on eggs, larvae and Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females were here explored. Three concentrations (108, 107, and 106 conidia mL-1) for both products were prepared in water + 0.1% Tween® 80 (v/v); afterward, bioassays were carried out for all R. microplus stages by immersion in suspensions (Metarril® SP) or formulations (Metarril® SC). Metarril® SP suspensions showed low efficacy and did not affect biological parameters of treated engorged females; for eggs and larvae, only slight decreases in hatchability and larvae population were observed. Despite a delay in germination, Metarril® SC presented better results; for females, reductions in Egg Mass Weight (EMW) and Egg Production Index (EPI) were reported. On eggs, 108 conidia mL-1 increased Incubation Period (IP), shortened Hatching Period (HP) and decreased hatchability by up to 61%; for larvae, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1 reached 99.6 and 100% larval mortality respectively, 10 days after fungal exposure. Thus, further studies involving the use of oil-based formulations for ticks such as Metarril® SC need to be performed, especially to control the most susceptible stages (eggs and larvae).

Effect of insecticidal treatments on the effectiveness of protection of pea crops from bruchus (bruchus pisorum L.)

The article analyzes the effectiveness of protective measures of peas from pea beetles. Field experiments were conducted in 2010-2015 in LLC "Commodity economy" Engels district of Saratov region. It is established that the extended period of hatching of larvae and their short-term open stay on pea plants leads to low efficiency of processing at the larval stage and gives reason to consider as an option the use of insecticides against imago. The biological effectiveness of insecticides approved for use on peas was evaluated. The effectiveness of different terms and multiplicity of insecticidal treatments was studied. 5 insecticides from different chemical groups were used in the experiment: actara – neonicotinoid (250 g/kg thiamethoxam); synthetic pyrethroids Karate Zeon – (50 g/l lambda-cyhalotrin) and Fastak (100 g/l alpha-cypermethrin); combined drugs Borey – (150 g/l Imidacloprid+ 50 g/l lambda-cyhalotrin) and Eforia (141 g/l thiamethoxam+ 106 g/l lambda-Cyhalothrin). In the studies conducted to identify the optimal timing of insecticidal treatments, the highest biological effect was obtained on the variant with two treatments: the 1st treatment at the beginning of hatching of larvae + the 2nd treatment at the beginning of mass hatching of larvae. Comparing the percentage of damage to pea beans at different terms and multiplicity of treatments, as well as taking into account the yield obtained - the most optimal period of chemical treatments from bruchus-the beginning of hatching of larvae (10% of empty ovipositors). With a single treatment at the beginning of hatching larvae achieved the highest economic efficiency. Insecticidal treatments in this period, the highest yield of peas was obtained on the variant with the use of a two-component drug Borey-2.45 t / ha. On this variant, on average, for six years, the largest increase in yield to the control was obtained - 0.41 t / ha or 20%. The use of all studied insecticides is economically justified, but the highest indicators of net income and profitability were obtained when using the two-component drug Borey-the level of profitability of 86 %.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Dynamics of Numbers and Occurrence of Colonial Species of Birds in the Area of Ukrainian Antarctic Station Akademik Vernadsky

Abstract The research covers water area, island archipelagos and coastal line of the Antarctic Peninsula from 65°31ʹ S, 64°25ʹ W in the South to 65°03ʹ S, 63°53ʹ W in the North. There was time gap of 7 years between the researches (2011 and 2018), which allows to define tendencies in development of individual colonies and to make conclusion about success of existence of a given species. The work itself was carried out during the first half of January, that is in the time when the stage of brooding ends and the period of hatching starts. As of 2011, 12 nesting points of gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) with total number of 8,342 pairs were found in the region under investigation. Till 2018, quantity of the colony grew to 14, with total number of 14,105 pairs. For seven years, quantity of nesting points of aelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) almost did not change (4 colonies). Instead, total number of the species decreased somewhat: from 3559 pairsin 2011 to 3295 onesin 2018. Number of chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) in united stable locality for nesting also decreased from 26 pairsin 2011 to19 onesin 2018. Booth Island (65°04ʹ S, 64°02ʹ W) for chinstrap penguins and Green Island (65°19ʹ S, 64°09ʹ W) for gentoo penguins are the southern most points of nesting range of the species. Also, 7 colonies of antarctic shag (Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis) were revealed in the region under investigation. For seven years from 2011 to 2018 total number of the species in the region under investigation grew from 190 pairs to 299, and in most cases the antarctics shag forms settlements jointly with penguins.

In vitro Assessment of Period of Oviposition and Hatching in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum

Hyalomma anatolicum anatolocum is one of the most important tick species in India (Geeverghese and Dhanda, 1987), which assumed noticeable importance because of its role as the major vector of the hemoprotozoan parasites. Besides, the role of Hyalomma species in transmitting the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in humans has been established in different countries (Karti et al., 2004). Ticks produce severe economic losses through blood-sucking and acting as vectors of pathogens and toxins. In India alone, the cost of tick and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) in animals has been estimated to the tune of approx. Two thousand crores (Ghosh et al., 2007). Scanty literature is available pertaining to the life cycle of H. a. anatolicum in general and from Madhya Pradesh in particular. Therefore, the present study was designed to record the period of oviposition and hatching of eggs in H. a. anatolicum.

Greenbelly Stinkbug Biology in Different Temperatures

The green-belly stinkbug (Dichelops melacanthus) stands out due to its damage potential towards corn and wheat crops. The population distribution and size greatly influence the potential damage. The insect&amp;rsquo;s reproductive capacity depends on different temperature conditions during various crop seasons and its lifecycle. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of different constant temperatures on the D. melacanthus biology. The study was performed twice, once in the year of 2017, and again in 2019. The biological features were observed in temperature-controlled climate chambers with the following temperatures: 11, 16, 21, 26, 31 and 36 &amp;deg;C, each with a fluctuation of &amp;plusmn;1 &amp;deg;C, using a RH of 65&amp;plusmn;15% and photophase of 14 h. The evaluations were conducted from eggs to adults in terms of: nymphal hatch period, each instar duration, female fecundity and egg viability. There were no eggs hatching at 11 &amp;ordm;C and it also reached 100% mortality during the second instar at 16 &amp;deg;C. The eggs-to-adult duration for the temperatures 21, 26, 31 and 36 &amp;deg;C in the trial of 2017 was 58.4, 30.1, 18.2 and 16.3 days, respectively. In the same temperatures, but during the 2019 trial, the eggs to adult duration was 58.1; 29.7; 21.3 and 19.1 days, respectively. The reproductive capacity in the temperatures of 21 and 36 &amp;deg;C impaired the female fecundity and egg viability. The temperatures 26 and 31 &amp;deg;C favored the development of D. melacanthus.

Sex differences in serum steroid hormone levels during embryonic development in hen eggs

This experiment was conducted to explore the differences of serum steroid hormones with age and sex in hen eggs during incubation periods for identification of males and females. The concentrations of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in chicken embryos on 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 D, respectively. During the development of chicken embryo, egg weight loss was closely related to age but no sex. However, it was found that both age and sex significantly affected hormones and had obviously more effect on androgens levels. Besides E2 and T, other steroids such as E1, A4, and DHT were also significantly correlated with sex (P < 0.05). Notably, the level of T and the ratio of T to E2 were significantly higher in males than females (P < 0.05). The ratio of E1 to E2 displayed different trends in different sexes, which increased in males but decreased in females. The distribution proportions of androgens and estrogens kept stable level during the late hatching periods of 12 to 16 D. The sex differences of steroids were more obvious at the late hatching stage through PCA. These suggested that the serum hormones differences in male and female embryos played a vital role in sexual differentiation. These findings not only provided the theoretical basis for sex determination of fertilized eggs in egg-laying hen strains, but also contributed to develop a non-invasive way to sex determination of fertilized eggs to meet the modern commercial application.

First evidence of a new spawning stock of Illex coindetii in the North Sea (NE-Atlantic)

Global changes drive abundance and distribution of species worldwide. It seems that at least some cephalopod stocks profit from global changes as indicated by increases in biomass and/or expansion of their geographical distribution, as appears to be the case for the commercially important ommastrephid squid Illex coindetii, in the North Sea. Based on the recently increased abundance of this species seen in research trawl hauls, here we present the first evidence of a summer spawning stock of Illex coindetii in the North Sea and derive a description of its life cycle. Neither mated females nor spent males were reported from the area previously. In quarter 1 the majority of Illex coindetii were immature (maturity stage 0) and maturing (maturity stage 1–3) while in quarter 3 almost exclusively mature and spent individuals (maturity stage 4–6) were caught. We observed up to three spermatangia bundles attached to females in quarter 3, indicating that spawning and reproduction takes place in the North Sea and that the species is already established in this area. Estimated egg hatching dates suggest a prolonged hatching period and therefore likely a long spawning season, although cold temperature seems to limit year round reproduction. The intensity of individual migrations from adjacent waters into the North Sea is unknown and therefore the number of individuals staying permanently in the North Sea could not be estimated. It is consequently still unclear whether the North Sea individuals of I. coindetii constitute a new separate stock.

Glycerol inoculation in eggs of young broiler breeders at different embryonic periods.

Small eggs have lesser amounts of nutrients to be used by the embryo, and the yolk glycerol is the main substrate for glycogen production, which is the main energy source in the last days of incubation. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the effect of a glycerol injection in light weight eggs at 2 different days of incubation. To this end, 336 light eggs (55.6 to 58.6g) from 32-wk-old broiler breeders were incubated. The eggs were divided into 3 treatment groups: 1 group inoculated with saline solution on the 17th d of embryonic development (E17) (control group), the second group injected with a 6mg glycerol/mL solution at E17, and the third group injected with 6mg glycerol/mL on the 18th d of incubation (E18). Incubation parameters, liver and muscle glycogen, and broilers performance at 7 d of age were evaluated. Glycerol administration in ovo did not influence hatchability, period of embryonic death or early hatching. Chicks exposed to glycerol in ovo feeding (IOF) used more yolk than birds inoculated with saline solution. Glycerol inoculation at E18 enhanced liver glycogen deposition (P = 0.001) and also improved broilers performance at 7 d, although this improvement in performance and glycogen reserves was not observed when eggs were inoculated at 17 d of incubation. Birds receiving glycerol IOF at E18 showed higher feed intake and body weight gain when compared to the control group and the group inoculated at E17. It was found that glycerol inoculation in light eggs at the 18th d of incubation contributed to raise liver glycerol levels and also to improve broilers performance at 7 d.

Study on Oviposition and Hatching Period in Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) Microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) under Laboratory Conditions

Ticks are highly specialized distributed worldwide obligatehematophagous ectoparasites of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Amongst the species of ticks infecting cattle in India, Rhipicephalus microplus is the most widely distributed tick and established as the principal vectors of pathogens like Babesia and Anaplasma species (Ghosh and Nagar, 2014). Changes in the ovipositional and hatching pattern of these parasites are observed depending on the atmospheric conditions. Severalextrinsic factors Such as rainfall, temperature, humidity,floods, winds and physical damage affect the successful reproductive performance and survival of ixodid ticks after detachment from their hosts (Dipeolu, 1984). This study was aimed to evaluate the period of oviposition and hatching of eggs in engorged female ticks R.(B.) microplus collected from cattle in and around Indore.

ANALISA EFISIENSI KALOR PADA ALAT PENETAS TELUR

Machine hatches to constitute one of media which as box with in such a way construction face so heat in it doesn't be discarded in vain. Temperature in box can be managed appropriate needed hot degree up to hatch period. In ranch area in particular in duck ranch, faced problem is how for incubate duck egg in number a lot of and in the period of that coincides. Since duck parent ability in incubate its circumscribed egg, which is ± 15 eggs every parented ducks. This becomes because problem flesh requirement and duck egg at market that muchly. Machine dimension incubate capacity 100 with longing machine incubate are 600 mm, with Broad 450 mm, and Tall 450 mm and can keep temperature 38 o C until 41 o C so gets to be utilized on duck egg brood. kalor's charges on spatial incubator machine is as big as 47,48 kcal / h and energy that is given on incubator machine as big as 72,6 Watts. So gotten by happening kalor efficiency on incubator machine room of charges compare count kalor that needful incubator machine with kalor's charges that is given on incubator machine is as big as 76%.

Effect of Tributyltin on the Sex Ratio in Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

In this study, the effect of tributyltin (TBT) on the sex ratio in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) during the labile period covering both embryonic and post hatching periods was investigated. The gravid females was fed an artificial diet containing TBT chloride at an environmental levels of 25, 50 and 150ng/g feed from 16th day after the first parturition until next parturition. The newly hatched larvae from untreated females were also fed by the same diet for 11 days. TBT caused various abnormalities like body shape and fin deformations in gravid females and no parturition was seen. The male ratio significantly increased to 70.74, 87.50 and 87.18 % in the experimental groups of guppy larvae fed by 25, 50 and 150ng TBT/g diet, respectively. Survival and growth of the larvae were negatively affected by TBT treatment. These results clearly showed the masculanization of guppy exposed to TBT for the first time.