Hatchery Operations Research Articles

Differences in physicochemical properties of water from neighbourhood boreholes and their usefulness in <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> egg hatching

Water parameters and egg hatching success in water from three boreholes within close proximity were investigated. The studies were conducted to ascertain differences in their quality and ability to support Clarias gariepinus egg hatching. The boreholes were tagged 300m, 400m and 330m in relation to their distances from a perennial stream within the vicinity. Temperature and pH were investigated using digital metres. Dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and total hardness were determined using titration method. The water parameters were measured twice a week for 5 weeks. Percentage egg hatching, time to commencement and termination of egg hatching were studied in triplicates. The results obtained showed that pH, Dissolve oxygen (DO), Alkalinity and total hardness were significantly different (P 0.05). Total hardness fluctuated most at 21% coefficient of variation (CV). Egg fertilization success was not significantly different (P>0.05). Percentage egg hatching (68.8%, 92.8% and 87.3% for 300m, 400m and 330m) respectively was significantly different (P<0.05). Higher coefficient of variation in hardness enhanced egg hatching. It could be induced in hatchery operations. Time to commencement (1443, 1453 and 1517) minutes and termination of hatching (1962, 1957 and 2037) minutes were significantly different (P<0.05). Larval survival by day-3 post hatch was significant[y different (P<0.05). The study provided evidence of disparity in water quality among the boreholes and revealed differences in their ability to support Clarias gariepinus egg hatching. These suggest carefulness in choice of borehole water for fish egg hatching regardless of proximity of boreholes. Keywords: Catfish, Propagation, Water and Egg

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EFISIENSI PRODUKSI BENIH IKAN PATIN (STUDI KASUS PANDAWA LIMA FISHERIES FARM BOGOR)

The objectives of this research are; (1) to determine the factors effecting seed production of catfish in the Pandawa Lima Fisheries Farm Bogor, (2) to determine the elasticity of seed production of catfish in the Pandawa Lima Fisheries Farm Bogor, and (3) to determine the level of technical efficiency on hatchery operations of catfish in Pandawa Lima Fisheries Farm Bogor. The R/C analysis was employed to analyze income of catfish seed production for 30 cycles of production. Results showed that farm income is positive with a value of Rp 851,343.75 per cycle. The R/C value was 1.12 indicated that catfish hatcheries in Pandawa Lima Fisheries Farm is considered advantageous to cultivate.

Release of hatchery-reared brown trout (Salmo trutta) as a threat to wild populations? A case study from Austria

In spite of growing evidence pointing to ecological and genetic risks to wild fish populations, artificial propagation and stocking remain common practices for recreational fishery management. Moreover, even a cursory level of monitoring and evaluation of these risks is neglected, especially where fisheries are managed by private entities. Against this backdrop and with the goal of establishing a more integrated system of ecosystem-based management, this study aims to identify potential threats from the current practices and patterns of brown trout management in Austria. We surveyed 26 private brown trout hatchery operations in three Austrian provinces to examine and categorize the practices in the production of brown trout for stocking. Specifically, we examined the rearing practices and the “trading networks” among trout farmers for characteristics such as rearing history, operating principles, broodstock origins and maintenance, and output figures. Several risk-associated practices emerged, including introduction of brood from divergent lineages outside of Austrian watersheds, translocation and mixing of fish across major watersheds within Austria, and reinforced domestication across multiple generations of captivity. These practices jeopardize native populations by disrupting local adaptations resulting from mixing of native and non-native lineages, reducing genetic diversity within lineages from population bottlenecks, and lowering success of wild populations from domestication selection within the hatchery environment. The findings, which identify threats rather than directly measure impacts, are discussed within the context of concerns on the role of conserving intraspecific diversity for native brown trout fisheries. We conclude by suggesting the integration of ecological and genetic principles into propagation and stocking practices to achieve fishery management strategies more compatible with maintaining natural diversity and adaptive potential of brown trout in Austria.

EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF BROILER BREEDER EGG WEIGHTS ON HATCHING AND POST-HATCH PERFORMANCES IN MARSHAL BREED

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different Marshal breed broiler on hatching egg weights on hatching characteristics and post-hatch performances; and also to compare the cost of production of hatchlings to table size. A total of 900 hatching eggs (HE) from 40 weeks old parent stock were sorted, graded and purposively grouped on weight basis into small (&lt;50g), medium (50-65g) and large (&gt;65g) sizes (3 groups). Each group was allotted 300 eggs and replicated thrice, with each replicate having 100 eggs in a complete randomised design before incubation for 21 days. Candling of incubated eggs was done on day 18 on group basis and numbers of fertile eggs noted. The chicks were individually weighed and counted to determine hatchability, hatchling weight and cost of production. Thereafter, hatched chicks were allotted into the respective groups and replicated to determine the post-hatch performance. Each replicate has 45 chicks, intensively raised and were fed ad libitum with broiler starter mash for the first 4 weeks of life and broiler finisher mash from 4-8 weeks. Data generated include feed intake, final weight, mortality; weight gain, feed conversion ratio and unit cost of production of chicken were calculated. The data were analyzed by GLM of SAS and Duncan’s multiple-range test was used to separate significance of differences among treatment means at 5% significance level. The medium HE had the best fertility (93.00%), hatchability (95.67%) and cost of producing a chick (N 90.07) when compared with the small and large HEs. The large HE has the best results in terms of, final weight and weight gain, while medium HE has the best FCR, lowest mortality and least cost of production, which are significant at p&lt; 0.05. It is therefore recommended poultry breeders and hatchery operators should consider the use of medium weight (50-65g) HEs in their operations, so as to cut down the production cost.&#x0D; &#x0D;

In Memoriam

In Memoriam

Transcriptome profiling of the meristem tissue of Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) under severe stress of copper

Copper (Cu) is an essential metal involved in many physiological processes of living organisms. However, beyond a certain threshold, Cu can become highly toxic. For instance, in the summer sporeling production of the economic kelp Saccharina japonica, the excess Cu accidently released from the low-quality alloys of the refrigerating machine was deadly to the seedlings and led to the failure of hatchery operations. However, the molecular basis underlying high toxicity of Cu remains unclear. In this study, juvenile sporophytes were cultured in seawater containing different concentrations of Cu2+ (10, 100, and 200 μg L−1). Bleaching was observed in the meristem of individuals in the 100 and 200 μg L−1 treatment groups on the third day, indicating that Cu has caused severe harm at these concentrations. RNA-Seq was used to profile transcriptomic changes under different Cu2+ concentrations. Compared with the control, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was 11,350 (4944 up- and 6406 down-regulated) in the 200 μg L−1 treatment group and 2868 (1075 up- and 1793 down-regulated) in the 100 μg L−1 treatment group, whereas much fewer DEGs were detected in the 10 μg L−1 treatment group. Genes coding for glutathione-S-transferase and vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase and iodoperoxidase were found to be remarkably regulated, especially in the 200 μg L−1 treatment group. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that only down-regulated DEGs were enriched. There were 45 enriched GO terms and four enriched KEGG pathways common to the 100 and 200 μg L−1 treatment groups, which were associated with diverse essential biological processes such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, redox activity, and metabolism and biosynthesis of functional biomolecules, among others. Suppression of these biological processes at the transcriptional level likely contributes to the observed high toxicity of Cu2+ in S. japonica.

Economic Impact of McNenny State Fish Hatchery, Spearfish, South Dakota, USA

McNenny State Fish Hatchery, rural Spearfish, South Dakota, USA produces trout and salmon for stocking into public recreational fishing waters in South Dakota. Hatchery operations at McNenny are funded solely by the sale of hunting and fishing licenses and an excise tax on fishing equipment. This study evaluated the monetary contribution of hatchery expenditures and fish production to the local economy of South Dakota for calendar year 2017. The economic value of the fish raised at McNenny State Fish Hatchery in 2017 was calculated to be $6,609,576.03 USD. When added to the estimated McNenny share of angler expenditures in the Black Hills National Forest, the total local monetary impact of McNenny State Fish Hatchery operations and fish stocking was slightly more than $22 million. Based on annual hatchery expenditures, McNenny operations generated $51.68 of local economic output for every budgetary dollar spent in 2017.

Increasing egg availability through smallholder business models in East Africa and India.

Availability and consumption of eggs, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, is low despite their apparent benefits. We investigated constraints in egg production in four countries; Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, and India and identified five business models that are viable and sustainable. They are (a) micro-franchising, (b) microfinancing, (c) co-operative farming, (d) enterprise development, and (e) out-grower model. All of them involve smallholder farmers to increase egg production. These farmers have access to soft loans and use improved inputs and extension services to varying degrees. Inputs include resilient breeds of day-old chicks or point-of-lay hens, feed, vaccines, medicines, and housing. Outgrower and enterprise development models have a significant potential of rapidly increasing egg yields, achieve self-sufficiency, operate at or near scale, and provide a high income for the farmers. This study shows how a range of actors in commercial, not-for-profit and microfinance sectors with specialized skills, can facilitate the transformation of the egg production sector. Specific skills include brooding (hatchery operations), feed milling, aggregation, and training of smallholder farmers or large-scale rearing. The five archetypes we describe here are promising ways to increase egg availability in rural areas.

Effects of thermal disinfection and autoclave sterilisation on the quality of microalgae concentrates

Microalgae concentrates are important for hatchery operations but have been found to contain high concentrations of bacteria. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of four thermal disinfection and sterilisation treatments, low-temperature long-time (LTLT; 62–65°C, 30 min), high-temperature short-time (HTST; 72–75°C, 15 s), ultra-high-temperature (UHT; 120–150°C, 1–3 s) and high-temperature high-pressure (HTHP; 121°C, 0.2 MPa, 15 min), on concentrates of the microalgae, Chaetoceros gracilis, Chlorella vulgaris (fortified with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) and Nannochloropsis oculata. The concentrates had reduced bacterial counts following LTLT, HTST and UHT and were completely sterilised by HTHP. Furthermore, cell dispersibility was retained in all treatment groups except HTHP-treated C. gracilis. Rotifers that were cultured with HTHP-treated C. vulgaris and N. oculata experienced significant population increases, whereas the survival rate and growth of Artemia nauplii significantly improved when supplied with HTHP-treated N. oculata, indicating that HTHP enhances the digestibility of this microalga. HTHP did not affect the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the microalgae. These results suggest that HTHP-treated C. vulgaris and N. oculata could be used for the nutritional enrichment of rotifers and Artemia, while avoiding the risk of bacterial contamination, and would have an increased shelf life at room temperature.

Reuse of shrimp farm wastewater as growth medium for marine microalgae isolated from Red Sea – Jeddah

Abstract Microalgae can grow effectively on various wastewaters, including those generated in aquaculture as a result of operation of hatcheries and farming systems. These organisms are able to remove pollutants from their growth environment, while the biomass produced can be further exploited. Such biomass contains lipids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and other substantial nutrients and can be used as a live feed in shrimp farming or in fisheries, i.e. as live feed for zooplankton or as fish feed supplement after enzymatic and/or chemical treatment. In the current work, a shrimp farm wastewater (SFW) with high nutrient (P, N) concentrations was used as growth medium for six newly isolated marine microalgae strains from Saudi Arabian coastal waters, including Chlorella sp., Dunaliella sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Navicula sp. (two strains) and Tetraselmis sp.. The growth yields and kinetics parameters were compared to those obtained in synthetic f/2 medium. Among these strains, Navicula sp. (both strains) and Tetraselmis sp. were able to grow well on SFW, producing high lipid quantities (especially Navicula sp. 1) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid. However, microalgae lipids produced in SFW medium were in general more saturated than those produced in f/2 medium. It seems that several desaturases, of both the C16 and C18 group, and probably the C16:0 elongase, were inhibited in SFW medium modifying accordingly the fatty acid profile. Considering the overall physiological behavior of the strains, including biomass yields and fatty acid composition, we conclude that SFW can be valorized in a sustainable way for microalgae production in fisheries.

Why Keep Hatcheries? Weighing the Economic Cost and Value of Fish Production for Public Use and Public Trust Purposes

Resource allocation for fisheries management and conservation in the United States has not grown substantially in recent years, and there is ongoing debate over how limited resources should be used to create, maintain, or restore fisheries. Hatcheries have been in existence in North America since 1848, but their organization and role in fisheries management are not widely understood or appreciated. The continuing debate about hatcheries has painted them in broad strokes, with critics suggesting that hatcheries are altogether ineffective, unnecessary, too costly to operate, or do more harm than good to wild populations. Such characterizations fail to capture the diversity of hatchery operations and do not acknowledge the hatchery reform initiatives of the past 20 years or public expectations and legal requirements that influence the production and use of hatchery‐origin fish. In this paper, we describe the current number and distribution of fish hatcheries operated for public purposes in North America, provide insights on the costs and benefits of hatcheries operated for public use and other public trust purposes, provide initial cost comparisons to habitat rehabilitation or restoration, and consider the role of hatcheries into the future as a fisheries management tool.

Fry production and its marketing system of North-West fisheries extension project at Parbatipur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

In order to understand the present status of hatcheries, questionnaire interview and participatory rural appraisal tools were used in North-west Fisheries Extension Project (NFEP), Parbatipur during the period from July to December 2015. There are two hatcheries in NFEP, Parbatipur- a carp hatchery and a prawn hatchery. The production of spawn was around 611 kg in the year 2015. According to the target hatchery manager collected brood fish from rivers and other sources which he maintained in their brood stock ponds with proper management. The hatchery manager maintained proper age and weight of broods for spawning and followed the guideline of hatchery operation so that the quality of spawn and fry were good. It was found that the hatcheries produced fish seed of a variety of species such as Indian major carps, carpio, sarpunti, silver carp, grass carp, magur, shing as well as freshwater prawn. The hatchery production activities took place starting from February and continued up to September. The quantity of fish seed produce varied from 25 to 75 kg per hatching cycle depending on size and facilities of hatcheries. The price of fry in NFEP was being fixed by the hatchery manager. However, the price variation was seen due to seasonal variation, species and demand. The average price of fish seed was highest in monsoon and lowest in winter. A number of middlemen were involved in the fry marketing channel of NFEP at Parbatipur. They were responsible for increasing the price of fry at each stage of marketing channel.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2017, 3(3): 368-378

Fatty Acid Composition of Adult and Larval Sunray Venus Clams Macrocallista nimbosa: Environmental and Gametogenic Impacts

The sunray venus clam has been advanced as an alternative species to hard clams for aquaculture in Florida. Although interest and market potential are high, hatchery operators continue to experience problems with consistent year-round spawns. Gametogenesis in other species has been linked to changes in fatty acid (FA) profiles, which are in turn affected by temperature and diet. Knowledge of specific FAs that are important for the development of high-quality gametes has implications in determining optimal conditions for maturation systems. This study compared the FA profile of sunray venus clams (wild, cultured) collected from two locations during the natural fall spawning cycle to (1) determine which FAs are associated with gametogenesis and (2) assess the impact of exogenous influences. The FA profile of developing clam larvae was likewise examined to offer additional insight into endogenous and exogenous influences. Males and wild females exhibited fall spawning peaks, with the majority in gametogenesis in the spring. Males had a second spawning peak in February, and cultured females spawned continuously throughout the 6-mo study period. The FA profile appeared to be less associated with gametogenesis than with sex or exogenous influences. Decreases in n-6 PUFAs (inverse relationship) and increases in n-3 PUFAs (positive relationship) were associated with gametogenesis in males and wild females, but not cultured females, perhaps because of the protracted spawning period. Differences were noted between the sexes, regardless of month or location, with females having a higher amount of total FAs, MUFAs(16:1 n-7), and SFAs (16:0 and 14:0), but lower n-3 PUFAs (22:6 n-3). There was little difference in the FA profile of clams collected at the two locations, although the wild population tended towards higher total FAs and n-3 PUFAs. Diet (chlorophyll a concentration and turbidity) appeared to have a stronger link with changes in FA profile and gametogenesis than temperature. Discernable differences were observed in the FA composition (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) of larvae and 5-day postset that reflected the impact of both endogenous and exogenous (diet) influences. These results indicate that algal species with select FA profiles may increase maturation, particularly in females, leading to more consistent spawns.

Size selection from fishways and potential evolutionary responses in a threatened Atlantic salmon population

AbstractThe evolutionary effects of harvest on wild fish populations have been documented around the world; however, sublethal selective pressures can also cause evolutionary changes in phenotypes. For migratory fishes, passage facilities may represent instances of nonlethal selective pressure. Our analysis of 6 years of passage data suggests that certain fish passage facilities on the Penobscot River have been exerting selective pressure against large‐bodied, anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). At the second and third dams in the river, a 91‐cm salmon was 21%–27% and 12%–16% less likely to pass than a 45‐cm salmon, respectively. Fish size positively influences egg survival and number and is a heritable trait. Therefore, in a wild‐reproducing population, exclusion of large fish from spawning areas may have population‐level impacts. In the Penobscot River, most returning adults derive from a hatchery program that collects its broodstock after passing the first dam in the river. Analysis of fork lengths of salmon returning to the Penobscot River from 1978 to 2012 provided mixed support for evolution of size at maturity in different age classes in a pattern that may be expected from interactions with conservation hatchery operations. Additionally, slow‐maturing and iteroparous individuals that represent the largest salmon size classes were essentially lost from the population during that time, and Penobscot River fish have shorter fork lengths at maturity than Atlantic salmon in undammed systems.

Heating Degree-Days for Estimating Energy Consumption in Poultry Houses and Incubators in Nigeria

ABSTRACTEnergy is consumed for heating in poultry hatchery operations such as incubation of eggs and brooding of chicks even in a tropical country like Nigeria. Hourly dry bulb temperature data for 18 places spread over the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria, for a 15-year period (either 1994–2008 or 1995–2009). Using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet 2007 version, heating degree-days for the 12 months of the year for the 18 locations were computed for the base temperatures: 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38 and 40°C. Values of heating degree-days can be substituted in equations relating energy consumption to heating degree-days to predict energy requirements for poultry houses or incubators. From the results of the annual heating degree-days for the eighteen locations, the three places having the lowest heating degree-days and hence cost of heating are Yola, Bauchi and Owerri whereas the places where heating degree-days are the highest are Jos, Kadu...

Present status and problems of fish seed marketing in Sylhet district, Bangladesh

Correction: On 3rd May 2017, the PDF was replaced with a correction on page 51. In the figure at the top of page 51, Channel 6 was added.This study was conducted to explore the present status and problems of fish seed marketing system in Sylhet district, Bangladesh. Data were collected through questionnaire interview from the selected areas during April to September 2016. Brood fishes were collected from wild sources as well as hatchery produced brood fishes also used for seed production. Good length, weight and age of brood fishes were selected for spawning and induced breeding. In nursery, hatchlings were reared for 30-40 days and 37.7% nursery owner practiced single cycle production/year where the average stocking density of seed was found 24.65±3.94 g/decimal (mean±SD). Six different fish seed marketing channels were identified where hatchery owners, nursery owners, forias (retailer) and fish farmers were main stakeholders. The highest (6520 Tk/day) and lowest (355 Tk/day) average income were found in hatchery owner and fish farmer, respectively. Oxygenated bag, big aluminum bowl/container and plastic barrels with continuously agitate the water were used for seed transportation. Maximum 17.67% seed mortality was noticed in hatchery owner and minimum 5.67% in fish farmers. Late breeding season, lack of capital, lack of technical knowledge on hatchery operation and management, poor transport facilities, high transportation cost, high labor cost, lack of training and high price of spawn are identified as some major problems.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.4(1): 45-54, April 2017

Optimization of conditions for the cryopreservation of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) sperm

Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is a promising aquaculture species in China with an increasing market demand. To serve the growing demand of male broodstock for artificial fertilization and the preservation of valuable strains for selective breeding, we tried to develop a species-specific cryopreservation protocol for yellow catfish sperm in this study. Important factors such as cryoprotectant, freezing height above the liquid nitrogen (LN) surface, dilution ratio, equilibration time, thawing temperature and cool storage before freezing were standardized. Among the cryoprotectants tested here, 10% Me2SO was the most suitable for sperm cryopreservation. Freezing at 7 cm above the LN surface for 10 min yielded the highest post-thaw motility. Further evaluation showed that dilution ratio of 1:3 and 1:5 produced higher post-thaw motility than semen diluted at 2:1, 1:1, 1:9 or 1:19. Equilibration times from 0 to 30 min did not cause significant differences in both equilibrated and post-thaw motility. Also, cool storage up to 24 h did not affect the suitability of sperm for cryopreservation. After thawing, sperm could be stored at 4 °C for 2 h without a reduction in motility parameters. With the combination of optimized freezing conditions, the fertilization and hatching rate of cryopreserved sperm were 87.1 ± 5.2% and 78.5 ± 7.4%, respectively, which were similar to those of fresh sperm (91.8 ± 3.5% and 83.7 ± 2.5%). In general, the cryopreservation protocol optimized here would facilitate breeding practice and hatchery operation in this economically important fish.

Morphological variation of Nile tilapia populations from major water bodies of Uganda

With increasing demand for improved farmed Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fish seed, there is heightened demand for quality and proven broodstock by hatchery operators throughout the country and in the East African region. Uganda, fortunately, is endowed with vast natural Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) stocks in lakes Albert, Edward and George, as well as in Albert Nile River. To aquaculturally benefit from the different attributes of different stocks/strains, it is important to establish the existing strains in a manner that is phenotypically discernible where such differences are apparent. In this study, we used a suite of morphological traits to identify strains of Nile tilapia among 425 individuals sampled from the four major water bodies, lakes – Albert, Edward-George, Kyoga and Victoria. Morphological variation was investigated using multivariate approaches including principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and cluster analysis of 22 morphometric characters. These analyses indicated that there was high morphological variation among the different populations of Nile tilapia and the fish could be grouped into their respective sampled areas based on these morphological differences. Most of the variation (86.97%) was associated with the fish body size, the peduncle length and the interorbital distances. Findings imply that there are four major Nile tilapia strains in Ugandan waters that will be subjected to aquaculture performance evaluation before being used in the genetic improvement programme to produce improved Nile tilapia fish broodstock/seed for use in fish farming. Differences among populations may reflect genetic differences and/or environmental factors. Keywords: Morphometrics, Oreochromis niloticus , strain identification

Constraints to adoption of improved hatchery management practices among catfish farmers in Lagos State

Aquaculture has shown capacities to serve as means of livelihood, improve living standards, provide employment and generate foreign exchange in many countries. Recent investment in Nigerian aquaculture has been target towards catfish farming. However, small quantity and poor quality fish seeds are one of the problems limiting production. Consequently, Lagos State government introduced improved breeding and hatchery management practices as a package to fish hatchery operators with the aim of improving fish seed quantity and quality in the state. Nevertheless, the dissemination of the package has not yielded the desired result. This study assessed the constraints to adoption of improved hatchery management practices among catfish farmers in Lagos State. With structured questionnaire, 150 catfish farmers, randomly selected from 12 local government areas spread across Lagos State were interviewed. Despite that majority of the respondents strongly agreed or agreed to the fact that improved hatchery management practices have positive impacts on breeding, hatching, and survival of fish fry, majority of them affirmed that high cost of acquisition, high technicality in using the improved management practices as well as inadequate information about the improved management practices are primary reasons for non-adoption of some of the improved practices. Some of the limitations faced by the respondents include insufficient capital, lack of technical expertise to use the methods adequately, non-availability of inputs, expensive cost of facility maintenance, poor information dissemination and insufficient technical support from the extension agents and the state government. Although the adoption of improved practices has not been total, due to these constraints, the farmers’ knowledge of the improved hatchery management practices is broad. There is a need for the state government to subsidize the improved hatchery technologies and inputs, in addition to making them available to the farmers; frequently organize training workshops, and motivate more farmers to adopt the technology by providing credit facilities, incentives, and significant inputs.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA BUDIDAYA IKAN AIR TAWAR DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN

The aims of this research are (1) determine the feasibility, (2) estimate the contribution of fisheries to the household income and (3) formulate business development strategies for seeding and enlargement of the tilapia catfish and carp comoditiesy Sleman regency.Purposive sampling was used and the following locatios District Ngemplak, Moyudan, and Minggir. Data collection was perfomed proptionally interviewing 15 farmers in hatchery operations and enlargement of catfish, tilapia, and carp. The feasibility analysis tools used was the analysis of costs and revenues, financial analysis that includes the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Benefit Cost (Net B/C), Payback Period (PP), and Break Event Point (BEP). Descriptive analysis was used for contributions to household income. The formulation of the strategy was carried out by the SWOT matrix analysis.The feasibility analysis result are NPV hatchery of catfish Rp. 193.091.118, NPV enlargement of catfish Rp 17.943.762, NPV hatchery of tilapia Rp 60.162.636, NPV of enlargement of tilapia Rp 31.850.378, NPV hatchery of carp Rp 44.981.614, and NPV enlargement of carp Rp 39.507.351. IRR hatchery of catfish 66%. IRR enlargement of catfish 29%. IRR hatchery of tilapia 63% IRR enlargement of tilapia 77%, IRR hatchery of carp 33% and IRR enlargement of carp 52%. Net B/C hatchery of catfish 1,57, Net B/C enlargement of catfish 1,08, Net B/C hatchery of tilapia 1,48, Net B/C enlargement of tilapia 1,65, Net B/C hatchery of carp 1,09 and Net B/C enlargement of carp 1,63. The payback period below 3 years. Fish farming contributes to the monthly family income at 48,87% and is above the minimum regional wages in Sleman. Thus the cultivation of freshwater fish in Sleman is feasible because it is profitable and can incease the family income. Aquaculture business development strategies can be applied based on the SWOT matrix and the feasibility result that include innovation, taking advantage of the simplicity of production and infrastructure factors that support freshwater fish farming and increasing the role of entrepeneurs and the stakholders through the development if technology and information.