Hatch Weight Research Articles

High dietary copper induces oxidative stress and leads to decreased egg quality and reproductive performance of Chinese Yellow broiler breeder hens

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary copper (Cu) on production, egg quality, and hatchability of Chinese Yellow broiler breeder hens and growth performance of their offspring. A total of 576 30-week-old hens were randomly allotted into 6 groups, each with 6 replicates (8 cages for each replicate with 2 birds per cage). The basal diet contained 3.50 mg/kg Cu, and the other 5 treatment diets contained 8.5, 13.5, 23.5 43.5, and 83.5 mg/kg Cu, respectively, additionally supplemented with Cu on the basal diet. The trial lasted for 15 wk. Qualified egg rate of birds fed 23.5 or 83.5 mg/kg Cu was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those given 3.5, 8.5, or 13.5 mg/kg Cu. Plasma malondialdehyde concentration showed quadratic effect (P = 0.002) which that decreased first then increased with dietary Cu increased. Highest values of Cu content and hepatic activity of Cu-ATPase occurred in hens fed 83.5 mg/kg dietary Cu with linear (P = 0.001) and quadratic (P = 0.001) effects. Shell strength and proportion on 18th day of live embryos of hens fed 13.5 mg/kg Cu were the greatest compared with other groups respectively (P < 0.05); rate of qualified eggs for hatch and hatchability of fertilized eggs of hens fed 83.5 mg/kg Cu were the least (P < 0.05). In conclusion, both inadequate (3.5 mg/kg diet) and excess (83.5 mg/kg) of dietary Cu can induce oxidative stress in hens and lead to decreased egg quality. Hatchability and growth performance of offspring were decreased when breeder hens were fed excess Cu in spite of greater hatching weight. The appropriate dietary Cu level for Chinese Yellow broiler breeder hens during the egg-laying period is 15.7 to 21.2 mg/kg (1.81–2.44 mg Cu fed per day) when based on Cu level and Cu-ATPase activity in the liver. This dietary Cu requirement is approximately doubled (∼40 mg/kg, ∼4.60 mg Cu per bird per day) for maximal response of eggshell thickness.

Pengaruh Ratio Jantan Dan Betina Terhadap Fertilitas Dan Daya Tetas Telur Ayam Kampung

Abstract. Chicken livestock development can increase rapidly, if the supply of seeds can run well, followed by regular management, feeding, breeding and disease prevention. So far the exact ratio of males and females is unknown, especially by rural communities so hatching failures often occur. This study aims to determine the ratio of male and female to fertility, egg hatchability and egg hatching weight of native chicken. The experiment was carried out using 8 males and 60 females as elders, and divided into four treatments and two replications with the ratio of males and females, A (1:5); B (1:7); C (1:9); D (1:11), Continued hatching of 120 eggs with 15 treatments each. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). If between treatments showed significant differences, it was continued with the Honestly Significant Difference test (BNJ). The results showed that the highest fertility was in group B (96.66) and the lowest in group D (56.66). The highest hatchability was in group B (96.66) and the lowest in group D (56.66). The highest hatching weights were in group B (23.18) and the lowest in group D (21.33). This study can be concluded that the ferlititas, hatchability of eggs is much better in group B and the hatching weight of native chicken eggs is much better in group B.

Chronic High Glyphosate Exposure Delays Individual Worker Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Development under Field Conditions.

Simple SummaryGlyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) can be found worldwide throughout conventional agroecosystems due to their unique and effective mode of action. Their use is generally not considered harmful to honey bees, and, consequently, foragers may encounter food sources that are potentially contaminated with GBH residues. However, recent studies found GBH to cause sublethal effects in bees, and therefore give rise to concern. While most related research has addressed such effects under laboratory conditions, field-realistic approaches under free-flying conditions are scarce. Here, we explore if GBH influences several important performance parameters at the colony level using standard and modified regulatory testing methods. Colony conditions (i.e., colony weight gain, individual worker bee survival, and overwintering) were not affected when subjected to chronic GBH exposure in a realistic range (high and low). In line with previous laboratory results, the high range of treatments revealed a delayed brood development of workers and reduced hatching weight of adults when compared with the control group. However, we concluded that more drastic effects on honey bee health did not seem to appear, as a broad range of performance parameters remained completely unaffected. In future research, the underlying mechanisms of the developmental delay that was confirmed here should be carefully investigated.The ongoing debate about glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) and their implications for beneficial arthropods gives rise to controversy. This research was carried out to cover possible sublethal GBH effects on the brood and colony development, adult survival, and overwintering success of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) under field conditions. Residues in bee relevant matrices, such as nectar, pollen, and plants, were additionally measured. To address these questions, we adopted four independent study approaches. For brood effects and survival, we orally exposed mini-hives housed in the “Kieler mating-nuc” system to sublethal concentrations of 4.8 mg glyphosate/kg (T1, low) and 137.6 mg glyphosate/kg (T2, high) over a period of one brood cycle (21 days). Brood development and colony conditions were assessed after a modified OECD method (No. 75). For adult survival, we weighed and labeled freshly emerged workers from control and exposed colonies and introduced them into non-contaminated mini-hives to monitor their life span for 25 consecutive days. The results from these experiments showed a trivial effect of GBH on colony conditions and the survival of individual workers, even though the hatching weight was reduced in T2. The brood termination rate (BTR) in the T2 treatment, however, was more than doubled (49.84%) when compared to the control (22.11%) or T1 (20.69%). This was surprising as T2 colonies gained similar weight and similar numbers of bees per colony compared to the control, indicating an equal performance. Obviously, the brood development in T2 was not “terminated” as expected by the OECD method terminology, but rather “slowed down” for an unknown period of time. In light of these findings, we suggest that chronic high GBH exposure is capable of significantly delaying worker brood development, while no further detrimental effects seem to appear at the colony level. Against this background, we discuss additional results and possible consequences of GBH for honey bee health.

Prediction Model of Chick Hatching Weight with Restricted Ridge Regression

In this study, it is aimed to obtain prediction model for chick hatching weight by using shell ground color, shape characteristics, shell characteristics, white + yellow weight and weight loss property values during hatching of quail hatching eggs. Multicollinearity is one of the most common problems in prediction models. It is defined as linear dependence between explanatory variables in linear regression analysis. In this case, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator is not a predictor with minimum variance between unbiased estimators. Accordingly, the parameter estimates are away from the real value. One proposed approximation approach to eliminate this problem is restricted ridge regression.&#x0D; According to the findings obtained from 523 chick hatching eggs, elongation, egg shell weight, shell weight + embryo waste (g), absolute weight loss after transfer (g), relative weight loss after transfer (%) and absolute weight loss in 0-14 days (g) were determined as factors affecting chick hatching weight. In the linear modeling approach, which is used to determine these factors, multicollinearity problem is revealed. Therefore, in order to obtain a stable set of parameters, restricted ridge regression analysis was applied and estimations with lower standard errors than standard errors of the parameters obtained from the (least squares) LSQ approach were obtained.

Breeding biology and biometrics of Silver-beaked Tanager Ramphocelus carbo connectens in south-west Brazilian Amazonia

We present new data on the breeding biology and biometrics of Silver-beaked Tanager Ramphocelus carbo in south-west Brazilian Amazonia. R. carbo is widely distributed in South America, but its reproductive ecology is little studied. We made observations on the species in a terra firme forest fragment in the capital city of the state of Acre, between 1999 and 2020. We monitored 12 nests between 2012 and 2020, built at a mean height of 1.3 m above ground. Clutch size was two eggs, incubated for 13 days. We monitored the development of 11 nestlings: minimum hatch weight was 1 g and young fledged with a mean mass of c.18.9 g. The constant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.48 with a growth asymptote of 22.1 g. Daily survival rate was 91% and 98% during the incubation and nestling periods, respectively. Mayfield success in the incubation and nestling periods was 28% and 74%, respectively. Apparent nesting success in the incubation and nestling periods was 62% and 82%, respectively. We recorded a minimum longevity of 11 years, six months and 28 days. The subspecies R. c. connectens breeds mainly in the rainy season (October–January) overlapping with the moult period.

EFFECT OF MAGNETIC WATER AND FLOCK AGE ON SEMEN EVALUATION AND HATCHABILITY TRAITS IN GOLDEN SABAHIA STRAIN

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of magnetic water and flock age on semen parameters, egg quality traits, some hatching traits and hatchling internal organs weight for Golden Sabahia strain chickens. Two hundred and eighty females with twenty eight males from this strain at two different ages 35 and 50 weeks were used in this experiment. Besides, 80 cocks (20 cocks / group) used for semen evaluation. Birds of each age were divided into two groups, the 1st drank non magnetic tap water (TW) and the 2nd group drank water exposed to magnetic field (MFW). The main results could be summarized as follows: 1- In Golden Sabahia strain, drank elder cocks with MFW significantly improved ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, motility percentage and number of live sperm compared with elder cocks non-drinking magnetic water. 2- Interaction between magnetic water and flock age reveals that the best improvement of egg weight and shell weight % were observed for MFW × old group. 3- Fertility and hatchability percentages improved for eggs produced from hens drank magnetic water compared with control groups. Also, drank elder chickens magnetic water (MFW × old) significantly improved fertility % compared to (TW × old ) group. 4- At 18 day of incubation, the relative weight of yolk sac was higher in eggs produced from birds drank magnetic water compared with those drank non magnetic tap water (P≤0.05). 5- Drinking chickens with MFW realized the heaviest chicks body weight at hatch and significantly increased of chick length when compared with the control group for this strain. Also, drinking elder hens with magnetic water improved chick length (MFW × old) compared to (TW × old) and (TW × young) groups. 6- Magnetic water had no influence on internal organs weight of chicks at hatch and egg shell weight at 14 and 18 day of incubation. It was concluded that treated Golden Sabahia strain with magnetic water improved semen parameters, egg quality traits, fertility and hatchability percentages especially for older age.

Selective Breeding to Improve Productive and Reproductive Performances and Survivability of Indigenous Sakini Chicken

Indigenous chickens are quite popular in Family Poultry Production System (FPPS) in Nepal, but are constrained with their low productive performance. The present study evaluated the productive and reproductive performance of Sakini chicken in different filial generations and sexes. In addition, research also aimed at understanding the effect of generations on above performances. Initially, base populations (G-0) of Sakini were maintained by collecting eight weeks old birds from different agro-ecologial zones of Nepal. Performance of the birds of G-0 was evaluated based on weekly body weight (12-24 weeks), laying performance, fertility, hatchability, hatch weight and survivability. Selected birds of base population (G-0) were used to produce first (G-1), second (G-2) and third (G-3) generations through selective breeding in each generation. Similarly, body weights at hatching, 12 weeks, 16 weeks, 20 week and 24 weeks were significantly (p&lt;0.001) improved from G0 to G3 and were also significantly (p&lt;0.001) differ for sex (males were always heavier than females). Likewise, there was significant (p&lt;0.05) improvement in egg production (per hen per year), age at first lay (days), body weight at sexual maturity, egg number and egg weight at 90 days of laying in progressive generations. Fertility, hatchability and survivability significantly (p&lt;0.05) improved in selected generations in comparison to base population, whereas, no significant difference was obtained within the different selected population. Thus, indigenous Sakini chicken under this experiment performed better with respect to survivability, fertility and hatchability in later generations that provides ample scope of advancing selective breeding activities within the indigenous population in order to bring significant improvement in the overall productive performance of Sakini chicken in Nepal.

LAMA PENYIMPANAN DAN PEMANFAATAN LARUTAN DAUN SIRIH (Paper Betle Linn) SEBAGAI DESINFEKTAN ALAMI TERHADAP DAYA HIDUP EMBRIO, DAYA TETAS SERTA BOBOT TETAS TELUR PUYUH

ABSTRACTThis research was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of storage time and concentration ofsolution of betel leaf as a natural disinfectant in quail hatching eggs. This study used a factorialCompletely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely factor A consisted of ole (storage time 5and 7 days), factor B consisted of (dyeing betel leaf solution with treatment P0 = Without treatment, P1 =100 grams of betel leaf + 500 ml of water, P2 = 100 grams of betel leaf + 1000 ml of water, and P3 = 100 grams of betel leaf + 1500 ml of water). The material used in this study was 320 eggs of quail and 2 unitsof hatchery with a capacity of 200 eggs. The results of this study indicate that the interaction of treatmentbetween factor A and factor B, as well as the treatment of each individual, did not have an effect on thesurvival of the embryo, hatchability and the hatch weight of quail eggs.Keywords: Embryo, hatchability, hatch weight,betel leaf, quail.

Contribution of Bacterial Gut Symbionts to Digestion and Development in Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The spined soldier bug is a generalist predatory bug on many pest larvae across the world. The alimentary canal of this predator harbors facultative bacterial symbionts with unknown roles in the digestion and the development of their host. The present study deals with symbiotic roles in the production of digestive enzymes and development of Podisus maculiventris. Activities of general proteases and α-amylases of the midgut were assayed using the substrates hemoglobin and starch, respectively, in the antibiotic-treated and control insects. None of the aforementioned digestive enzymes were significantly suppressed in the absence of symbionts. Fecundity and adult longevity were influenced in antibiotic-treated adults. The total number of eggs/female and adult longevity in antibiotic-treated adults was lower and longer, respectively, than those of adults reared on the artificial or natural diet. However, suppression of bacteria resulted in no changes in pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, egg hatching, and adult weight. It seems that gut bacteria do not play a crucial role in digestive enzymes production. Nevertheless, they may be involved in the survival of the spined soldier bug.

Effect of Spraying Japanese Quail Eggs with Garlic Oil on Hatching Performance and Hatch Weight

Effect of Spraying Japanese Quail Eggs with Garlic Oil on Hatching Performance and Hatch Weight

Prediction and optimization of slaughter weight in meat-type quails using artificial neural network modeling

Carcass yield of meat-type quails is strongly correlated with the weight of the birds at slaughter (slaughter weight [SW]; body weight at 45 D of age). Moreover, prediction of superior animals for SW at the earlier stages of the rearing period is favorable for producers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to predict and optimize SW of Japanese quails based on their early growth performances, sex, and egg weight as predictors through artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. To construct the ANN model a feed-forward multilayer perceptron neural network structure was used. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was used to arrange the predictors in the ANN model(s) according to their predictive importance too. In addition, the optimization process was conducted to determine the optimum values for the input variables to yield maximum SW. The best-fitted network on input data to predict SW in Japanese quails was determined with 7 neurons in the input layer, 11 neurons in the hidden layer, and one neuron in the output layer. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9404, 0.9359, and 0.9223 for training, validation, and testing phases, respectively. For the corresponding phases, SEM were also 51.8854, 52.2764, and 55.2572, respectively. According to sensitivity analysis, the most important input variable for prediction of SW was body weight at 20 D of age (BW20), whereas the less important input variables were weight of the birds at hatch and body weight at 5 D of age. The results of the neural network optimization indicated that all the input variables, except for BW20, were very similar but slightly higher than mean values (μ for each input variable). The results of this study suggest that the ANN provides a practical approach to predict the final body weight (SW) of Japanese quails based on early performances. Moreover, phenotypic selection for higher values of early growth traits did not ensure the achievement of maximum SW, except for BW20.

Effect of the Use of Noni Leaf Extract as a Natural Disinfectant on the Percentage of Hatchability and Day Old Quail (DOQ) Hatching

This study aims to determine the effect of noni leaf (Morinda citrifolia lignosae) extract as a natural disinfectant on the percentage of hatchability and the hatchability weight of quail (Coturnix-coturnix japonica). This study used 1,500 quail hatch eggs with a male and female parent ratio of 1: 4. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method, with five treatments and three replications each repetition consisting of 100 quail eggs with 10-gram weight. The treatments used were: T0 (control treatment), T1 (commercial disinfectant), T2 (noni leaf extract 10%), T3 (noni leaf extract 20%) and T4 (noni leaf extract 30%). The results of variance showed the average percentage of hatchability produced during the study, namely T0 (85%), T1 (83%), T2 (86%), T3 (84%), and T4 (93%). Furthermore, the average weight of hatchability produced, namely T0 (6.67 grams), T1 (6.76 grams, T2 (6.89 grams), T3 (6.84 grams) and T4 (6.89 grams). Overall administration of noni leaf extract had no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) on the percentage of hatchability and DOQ hatching weight of the quail.

HERITABILITAS BOBOT TELUR, BOBOT TETAS DAN BOBOT BADAN AYAM HASIL PERSILANGAN UMUR 1 MINGGU (DOC)

The aim was to determine the heritability of egg weight, hatch weight, age of a week body weight in crossbred chickens. This research was conducted from August-November 2017, in Tumbihe Village, Kabila District, Bone Bolango District, Gorontalo province. The research material was eggs and DOC originating from a cross between male Kampung chicken and female Leghorn chicken, Isa Brown strain, these eggs were weighed and hatched in a hatchery machine. The parameters measured were egg weight heritability, hatch weight, 1 week body weight in crossbred chickens. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results of this study are the heritability of egg weight in the population is 0.533 ± 0.03 and the variance coefficient is 6.16%. The heritability of hatch weight in the population is 0.532 ± 0.02 and the variance coefficient is 4.33%. While the heritability value of 1 week age weight in the population is 0.530 ± 0.02 and the variance coefficient is 3.26%.

Effect of Spirulina and Canthaxanthin Injection into Hatching Eggs on Hatchability Traits and Subsequent Growth Performance of Chicks

This work aimed to analyze the result of in-ovo injection at the 14th day of hatching period on hatchability, embryonic mortality (%) and subsequent growth performance additionally physiological status for hatched chicks. A 540 hatching Sinai eggs were collected, weighted (52 ± 1 g), distributed into 6 groups and incubated. At the 14th day of incubation, all eggs were candled then total fertile eggs of each group spliced into equal 3 replicates. Experimental groups were organized as follow: negative control (NC) without injection while the other groups were injected with sterile distilled water alone as a positive control (PC), spirulina (SP) with 2.5 and 5.0 mg/egg, canthaxanthin (CX) with 0.025 and 0.050 mg/egg, respectively. Results indicated that the highest value of hatchability (%) of fertile eggs was achieved by injected eggs with 0.050 mg CX/egg followed by in-ovo injection with 2.5 mg SP/egg in comparison with the PC and NC groups. In-ovo injection with 0.050 mg CX/egg resulted in a heavier chick body weight at 8 days after hatch and relative heart weight than other treatments and the control groups. Chicks produced from the eggs injected with 0.050 mg CX / egg recorded a significant improvement in BW at 28 days of age and subsequent BWG than other injected groups and NC during 0-28 days of age. The highest value of the survival ratio percentage was recorded for chicks produced from injected eggs with 2.5 mg SP/ egg. Total protein, globulin and HDL recorded higher (P≤0.01) values in chick's serum by injected hatching eggs with 0.025 and 0.050 mg CX/egg in comparison with NC group, however, total cholesterol and LDL recorded the lower value. It was concluded that, in-ovo injection Sinai hen's eggs with spirulina and canthaxanthin could be used to improve hatchability and decrease embryonic mortality (%) and enhance subsequent growth performance additionally physiological situation of hatched chicks.

Genetic heterogeneity of residual variance of hatch weight in Mazandaran native chicken

ABSTRACT 1. In current breeding programmes, uniformity of end products and producing animals that are robust to environmental challenges are desirable. Several studies have provided evidence of the presence of genetic heterogeneity of residual variance and proposed that it could be possible to increase uniformity of livestock productions by selection. The present study aimed to define the micro environmental sensitivity of dual-purpose chickens for body weight at hatch. 2. The data set consisted of 24,321 female and 21,547 male chickens’ records of hatch weight from 19 consecutive generations of Mazandaran fowl. The statistical analysis was carried out in a two-step approach: first, an animal model was fitted to the data and then, the impact of additive genetic effects on the residual variance of the studied trait was investigated. 3. The estimate of heritability for body weight at hatch was in the range of 0.23–0.25 for female and 0.14–0.16 for male offspring, respectively. The proportion of maternal environmental variance to phenotypic variance ranged from 0.24 to 0.27 for female and 0.17 to 0.24 for male offspring. Heritabilities in females were higher than males. Estimates of the heritability of residual variance ranged between 0.067 and 0.090. The genetic coefficients of variation were high ranging between 0.83 and 0.86. Genetic correlations between hatch weight and its residual variance estimates from bivariate analysis were −0.39 and −0.44 in females and males, respectively. 4. The results suggest that there is an opportunity to simultaneously improve body weight and the uniformity of body weight by selecting for lower residual variance in native chickens.

In ovo injection of branched-chain amino acids: Embryonic development, hatchability and hatching quality of turkey poults.

In this study, the influence of a branched-chain amino acid blend (BCAA composed of 3 l-leucine:1 l-valine:2 l-isoleucine) injected into the amniotic fluid was evaluated for embryonic growth, yolk-sac (YS) utilization and development of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and skeletal muscles of turkey embryos from day 24 of incubation (24E) to hatching, together with hatchability, poult quality and liver L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values at hatch. At day 22 of incubation, embryonated eggs (n=240) were assigned to three treatments, that is, eggs were not injected (control, NC) or injected with 1.5ml sterile solution with 0.9% salt (SA) or 0.2% BCAA blend (BCAAb). These solutions were injected manually into the amniotic fluid of the embryonated eggs. To determine weights and lengths (where appropriate) of the studied organs and tissues, four embryonated eggs and poults per treatment were selected at 24E and at hatch. While the BCAAb decreased the YS and embryo weight, hatchability and the liver L* value, it increased the weight and quality of poults and the weights of breast and thigh muscles at hatch. In conclusion, the in ovo feeding of the BCAA blend negatively affected hatchability but positively affected hatching weight and poult quality by improving development of skeletal muscles and by regulating energy metabolism.

Dietary supplementation of saponins to improve the quality and oxidative stability of broiler chicken meat.

A total of 384 broiler chicken of same hatch and uniform body weight were used to assess the role of saponins in meat quality. The soapnut shell powder obtained from Sapindus mukorossi was used as a source of saponins. Following a 4 × 2 factorial design broiler chicken diets were supplemented with four saponin levels (0, 100, 150, 200mg/kg diet) and each provided for 42 (0-42day) and 21days (21-42day) resulting into eight dietary treatments. The results revealed that dietary saponin supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) and progressively decreased the cholesterol, fat content, and peroxide values (after 30days of 0°C storage) of breast and thigh meat. There was a progressive and significant (P < 0.05) increase in the ABTS and DPPH values of broiler chicken meat with increasing dietary saponin levels. However, the effect of dietary saponin level of 150mg did not differ significantly from 200mg level. The peroxide values of breast and thigh meat after 30days of storage and TBARS values of fresh breast and thigh meat as well as after 30days of storage were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in control group compared to other groups supplemented with different saponin levels which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from each other. Further, significantly (P < 0.05) better antioxidant and lipid oxidation status was observed by supplementing saponins for 42days duration compared to 21days. Thus, it was concluded that the dietary supplementation of 150mg saponin/kg diet of broiler chicken for 42day duration results in better meat quality with better lipid oxidative stability.

Diet density during the first week of life: Effects on growth performance, digestive organ weight, and nutrient digestion of broiler chickens.

The current study aimed to investigate whether diet density affects growth performance and nutrient digestion during the first wk after hatch and digestive organ weight at 7 d of age. Effects were studied using a dose-response design consisting of 5 dietary fat levels (3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0, and 17.5%). The dietary fat level was increased through soybean oil inclusion. Amino acids, minerals, and the premix were increased at the same ratio as dietary fat. Consequently, diets were kept neither isocaloric nor isonitrogenous. Broiler chickens were weighed on d 0 and d 7 after hatch, whereas feed intake was measured daily. Excreta produced from d 0 to d 7 was collected at d 7. Dietary dry matter and nitrogen metabolizability, as well as fat digestibility were calculated as an average over 7 days. Broiler chickens were sampled at d 7 to determine carcass yield, breast meat yield, and organ weights. Average daily gain (P = 0.047) and average daily feed intake (P < 0.001) decreased linearly as diet density increased, while gain to feed ratio increased linearly (P < 0.001). An increased diet density resulted in a linear decrease of crop, liver, and pancreas weight relative to body weight (BW; P < 0.05). Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum length (expressed as cm/kg of BW) and empty weight (as % of BW) increased linearly with increased diet density (P < 0.05). Dietary dry matter metabolizability decreased linearly as diet density increased (P < 0.001), whereas fat digestibility and nitrogen metabolizability were not affected (P > 0.05). In conclusion, one-week-old broiler chickens respond to increased diet densities by increasing intestinal weight and length, while decreasing liver and pancreas weight. This may be an adaptive response to cope with an increased nutrient concentration in the diet.

Effects of In Ovo Methionine-Cysteine Injection on Embryonic Development, Antioxidant Status, IGF-I and TLR4 Gene Expression, and Jejunum Histomorphometry in Newly Hatched Broiler Chicks Exposed to Heat Stress during Incubation.

Simple SummaryIn the current study, we hypothesize that the In ovo concurrent injection of methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) may have positive effects on embryonic development, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) gene expression, antioxidant status, biochemical profile, and jejunum histomorphometry of newly hatched broiler chicks exposed to heat stress during the incubation period. As indicated, the In ovo injection of Met and Cys resulted in increased hatch weight, higher levels of total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione activity in the serum and tissues. At the same time, a decrease in the level of heat shock protein-90 and an increase in TLR4 and IGF-I expression in the tissues was observed. In addition, the In ovo injection of Met and Cys improved jejunum histomorphometric parameters of newly hatched broiler chicks. Generally, the concurrent In ovo injection of Met and Cys improved broiler embryonic development, antioxidant status, TLR4, and IGF-I expression and jejunum histomorphometric parameters in newly hatched broiler chicks exposed to heat stress conditions during incubation. Sulfur amino acids are typically the first-limiting amino acids (AA) used in protein metabolism in poultry. Therefore, we hypothesized that their utilization in the pre-hatch period would affect embryonic development, IGF-I and TLR4 gene expression, antioxidant status, serum biochemical profile, and jejunum histomorphometry of newly hatched Ross broiler chicks incubated under heat stress conditions. A total of 150 fertile broiler eggs were subjected to heat stress (39.6 °C for 6 h/d) from d10 until d18 and injected at d 17.5 of incubation with methionine and cysteine (Met-Cys) at a dose of 5.90 mg l-methionine plus 3.40 mg l-cysteine. The effects of Met-Cys administration were examined and compared with the control (Non-injected group) and 0.75% NaCl injected group. The results showed that no significant differences among all groups in serum protein profiles (total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin ratio) and creatine kinase were observed. The level of heat shock protein-90 was decreased with Met-Cys In ovo injection. The In ovo injection of Met-Cys also improved the values of total antioxidants capacity and glutathione in examined tissues. At the same time, an increase in fold change mRNA abundance of IGF-I and TLR4 was observed after Met-Cys injection in tested tissues. Finally, an increase of 29% in villus area was found after Met-Cys injection compared to the control group. In conclusion, the In ovo injection of Met-Cys resulted in improved embryonic development, IGF-I and TLR4 gene expression, antioxidant status and jejunum histomorphometry of newly hatched broiler chicks exposed to heat stress during incubation.

PENGARUH TEMPERATUR LAMA PENYIMPANAN TELUR PUYUH TETAS TERHADAP DAYA TETAS, FERTILITAS, BOBOT SUSUT TELUR DAN BOBOT TETAS TELUR PUYUH

Hatching is part of the nursery activity that is to maintain and increase the population of quail livestock. Research on the influence of old temperature of hatching quail egg to hatchability, fertility, egg shrink weight and weight of quail egg hatch has been done for one month, this research aim to know influence of temperature and duration of egg storage to fertility, hatchability, hatching weight, and Egg shrinkage weight in the quail and can know the temperature and long storage is good for hatched. This study used quail eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica), as many as 180 items divided into two groups. Each is a group with a temperature of 27-30 oC and 17-20 oC group with egg storage duration (1 day, 3 days, and 6 days). The hatching machine used is semi-automatic hatching machine, before the egg is inserted into a hatching machine performed selection that includes egg shape and egg weight, for storage of 27-30 oC in room chamber and for 17-20 oC temperature in air-conditioned room with a temperature of 16 oC before the save egg in weigh and before inserted into the engine hatching the egg back in weigh. From 2 factors with three levels are obtained 6 treatment combinations each treatment - each treatment is repeated 5 times, each repetition consists of 6 grains. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design (RAL) 3 x 2 for fertility variable, hatchability, hatching weight and egg shrinkage. The results showed that the temperature gives a real effect on the hatchability, egg shrinkage, while for egg weight only gives a real effect on hatchability and shrinkage of eggs.Keyword: fertility variable, hatchability, hatching weight and egg shrinkage