Harvesting Process Research Articles

Self-charging protective layer for marine reinforced concrete based on arch-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator

In this work, a new strategy to improve the ability of protective layer against wave scouring damage in the splash zone is proposed by developing a protective layer based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). TENGs endow the protective layer with the wave energy harvest ability during wave scouring the concrete structure. The harvesting process, facilitated by the elastic deformation of TENG, mitigates the impact of ocean waves on both protective layer and the concrete. Importantly, this process concurrently generates electrical energy, subsequently utilized to support a cathodic protection system, thereby providing an additional layer of defense for the rebar. A systematical investigation into the performance of the self-charging protective layer is conducted, revealing crucial insights and design guidelines for the implementation of this self-charging protective layer. The self-driven cathodic protection system proves highly effective in safeguarding the rebar, including a substantial drop in the open current potential (OCP) of rebar from − 584 mV (vs. SCE) to − 1121 mV (vs. SCE). Based on this protective layer, a protection system from concrete surface to rebar was constructed, inspiring a comprehensive way to prevent ion diffusion and inhibit rebar erosion for concrete protection.

Microalgal harvesting for biofuels – Options and associated operational costs

Microalgae are a source of a range of natural products, including biofuels, but financial and technical limitations can make large-scale production challenging to commercialize. A significant limitation is the practical and economical bulk harvesting of microalgae from the cultivation medium. Based on chemical and energy demands, common harvesting processes can have high costs due to microalgae having a similar specific gravity as their medium, negative surface charges and significant variability between strains.Determining the cost-effectiveness of harvesting methods is complicated as many publications commonly quote harvesting as costing 20–30 % of the operational cost, regardless of the method of biomass production (e.g., open ponds, bioreactors, etc.) or the harvesting method selected. This non-specific statement does not reflect that specific harvesting methods will have different operational costs. This paper aims to provide a more accurate, method-specific cost analysis of the harvesting stage operating costs to help in the economic analysis of microalgae production systems.The four primary harvesting mechanisms currently used, centrifugation, flocculation, flotation, and filtration, are assessed for their energy and chemical consumption. Centrifugation, flocculation, flotation, and filtration had an average biomass recovery of 92 %, 95 %, 92 % and 91 % and an energy requirement range of 1–8 kWh m−3, 0.1–6.7 kWh m−3, 0.015–7.6 kWh m−3 and 0.1–5.9 kWh m−3, respectively. Furthermore, the operational costs, based on energy requirements and the use of flocculants, were 0.448–1.086 USD m−3, 0.014–16.65 USD m−3, 0.08–31.3 USD m−3 and 0.013–0.791 USD m−3, respectively. Finally, the biomass production costs were calculated as ranging between 0.02–0.177 USD kg−1, 0.006–35.05 USD kg−1, 0.169–26.95 USD kg−1 and 0.02–3.00 USD kg−1 for centrifugation, flocculation, flotation, and filtration microalgae harvesting technologies, respectively.

Durable Testing and Analysis of a Cleaning Sieve Based on Vibration and Strain Signals

Cleaning is one of the most important steps in the harvesting process, and the prolonged and high-load operation of the vibrating sieve can decrease its reliability. To uncover the structural flaws of the cleaning sieve in the crawler combine harvester and establish a foundation for quality inspection, this paper proposes a method for durability testing and analysis using vibration and strain signals. Via the modal analysis of the cleaning sieve, the most susceptible areas for fault signals are identified. Subsequently, a specialized test rig exclusively designed for the examination of the durability of the cleaning sieve is constructed. After following 96 h of uninterrupted operation, the vibration plate of the cleaning sieve sustains damage, resulting in atypical noise. A signal analysis reveals that the primary vibration signal of the cleaning sieve primarily consists of a fundamental frequency of 5 Hz, corresponding to the driving speed, as well as a frequency doubling signal of 50 Hz. After the occurrence of damage, the peak amplitude of the received vibration signal increases by over 86.3%. Furthermore, the strain gauge sensor situated on the support plate of the rear sieve detects anomalous signals with frequencies exceeding 300 Hz, which are accompanied by a considerable rise in the power spectral density. This research has significant importance for enhancing the service life of the cleaning sieve and optimizing the overall machine efficiency.

Take precaution with choice of pastry: poppy seed-containing products cause significantly positive results in urine drug tests

Abstract Background Chronic pain management programs utilize urine drug testing to ensure patient compliance. Because treatment can be discontinued if diversion or misuse occurs, it is imperative to carefully interpret each urine drug screen, particularly with respect to potential interferences and exposure to opioid-containing foods. Poppy seeds, derived from the opium-producing poppy Papaver cominferum L., are used widely in food products. While the seeds themselves do not contain opiates, during the harvesting process, the seeds can be contaminated with poppy latex, which does contain numerous alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. Published guidelines suggest urinary codeine concentrations exceeding 300 ng/mL, together with a morphine-to-codeine ratio <2, were most consistent with codeine use, effectively ruling out poppy seed ingestion. Methods To assess the validity of these guidelines, we performed an internal quality improvement project, which consisted of 15 participants split into three groups. Each group consumed one of three different poppy seed-containing food products (i.e., poppy seed muffin, poppy seed bagel, or poppy seed roll). Participants collected urine samples midstream at baseline and at 3, 6, and 24 hr after ingestion. Opiates in urine were qualitatively detected via immunoassay (Beckman Coulter AU 680) and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results For the group of participants that ingested a poppy seed roll, which contains a thick paste made from poppy seeds, all urine specimens at all time points had positive opiate immunoassay results, while the group of participants that ingested a poppy seed muffin had positive immunoassay results only at the 3- and 6-hr time-points. In contrast, all but one participant for all time points after consumption of a poppy seed bagel had negative immunoassay results. Codeine and metabolites were observed in all three groups; however, codeine concentrations were significantly higher after ingestion of a muffin or a roll, notably resulting in levels well above 1,000 ng/mL and 10,000 ng/mL of codeine and codeine-6-glucuronide, respectively. Codeine:morphine ratios ranged from 100 to 250:1 in poppy seed muffin and roll groups at 3- and 6-hour time points. There was significant variability in urine opiate concentrations among all participants in each group at each time-point. Conclusions Although urine opiate concentrations vary due to the metabolism of the individual as well as the origin, processing, and preparation of the poppy seed product, it is clear that previously established guidelines for interpreting urine codeine concentrations may no longer be appropriate to rule out poppy seed ingestion. When evaluating urine drug test results for chronic pain management, providers should interpret results with caution and ultimately recommend that patients generally avoid poppy seed products to prevent the risk of care mismanagement.

Higher Efficient Fruit Robot with Improved End Effectors

Under the situation that the technology level is improving recent year and the labor cost is increasing rapidly. In this paper, an autonomous harvesting robot with high efficiency is presented. The robot needs a fruit harvesting process with high obstacle avoidance efficiency for picking in complex and unstructured environments. In this research, the end-effector of the robotic arm picking process is optimized to reduce the number of times the fruit is crushed and to obtain the nearest moving trajectory to improve the picking efficiency. Therefore, the research topic of this paper is to optimize the picking method of the picking robot when performing picking operations. The following describes this paper's research methodology: first, the mechanical part of this harvesting robot is modeled, and then the most efficient way of the robot arm is found by analyzing the data of this model and combining it with the existing research. In this paper, it was found that changing the robotic arm's end-effector to a cylinder with a cutting blade would not only maximize the efficiency of the arm, but also ensure that the fruit would not be scratched. From this study, it was concluded that the end-effector can be customized to ensure efficient fruit picking according to the type of fruit and the approximate growth of the orchard fruit.

Patient Selection for Follicular Unit Extraction versus Linear Strip Donor Harvesting.

Follicular unit grafts can be harvested using two methods: strip follicular unit transplantation and follicular unit excision. Each method can generate outstanding results, but both are uniquely different with respect to the advantages and disadvantages they offer. Devising a sound surgical plan is instrumental to assure that a patient's short-term and long-term goals can be met, but creating the best plan possible for the graft harvest process is not straightforward. This paper will review the various advantages and disadvantages of each graft harvest method, along with their short-term and long-term ramifications, so as to provide insight into the process by which a sound surgical plan can be developed for any patient seeking surgical hair restoration.

Comparing Phenotyping, Gene Expression, and Function of T Lymphocytes before Mobilization Chemotherapy Versus after Stem Cell Harvesting in Patients with B Cell Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is an effective treatment for relapsed and refractory hematological diseases. However, a significant medical unmet need persists, particularly for patients at the relapse and refractory (R/R) status, who often experience leukopenia or lymphopenia during lymphocyte collection. This limitation poses considerable challenges to the successful implementation of CAR-T treatment, primarily due to the impaired function of T cells resulting from multiple lines of treatment and disease progression. As a consequence, the quality of the CAR-T cell product may be compromised. Before introducing CAR-T therapy, most patients with B cell lymphoma or multiple myeloma (MM) experienced mobilization chemotherapy and high-dose granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration for stem cell harvesting, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation as a salvage or consolidation treatment. Given that the procedure of lymphocyte collection for CAR T cell manufacturing is quite similar to stem cell harvesting, it becomes reasonable to explore the possibility of collecting lymphocytes immediately after the stem cell harvesting process. The advantage of this strategy is that patients are typically in a healthier condition with better T cell function compared to their status during R/R status. However, the effects of mobilization chemotherapy and high-dose G-CSF on T lymphocytes remain inadequately understood. To assess the feasibility of lymphocyte collection, it is essential to delve into the function of T lymphocytes at two critical time points: before mobilization chemotherapy compared to after stem cell harvesting. In this study, we recruited 19 patients with B cell lymphoma or MM. Paired peripheral blood samples were obtained before administering mobilization chemotherapy and after stem cell harvesting. Flow cytometry analysis using CCR7 and CD45RA markers was applied to classify T cell subsets, including T naive or T stem cell-like (TN/SCM, CCR7+/CD45RA+), T central memory (TCM, CCR7+/CD45RA-), T effector memory (TEM, CCR7-/C5RA-), and T effector (Teff, CCR7-/CD45RA+) (Figure A). The data indicated no significant difference in T cell phenotype between pre-mobilization chemotherapy and after stem cell harvesting. CD4and PD-1 expression were also analyzed and showed no significant difference between the two time points. To gain further insights, we performed RNA sequencing on 3 paired samples from patients with large B cell lymphoma (UPN#3, UPN#11, UPN#16). Through our observations, we noticed that these 3 paired samples could be clustered into 2 groups based on differential gene expression (Figure B), which corresponds to pre-mobilization chemotherapy versus post-stem cell harvesting status. Our findings strongly indicate that T cells at the pre-mobilization chemotherapy status exhibit significant differences in gene expression compared to those at the post-stem cell harvesting status. Specifically, T cells from post-stem cell harvesting show significantly higher expression of NIBANI, ALOX5AP, and GLUL compared to those from pre-mobilization. NIBANI plays a vital role in down-regulating apoptosis by interacting with the MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathway, promoting cell survival under stress-dependent conditions. GLUL is responsible for glutamine synthetase, and glutamine is an important source of biosynthetic precursors in active T cells. On the other hand, T cells from pre-mobilization show higher expression of TOX, DUSP4, and TGFBR3 compared to those from post-stem cell harvesting. TOX is a transcription factor involved in T cell exhaustion and senescence, while DUSP4 expression is associated with defective TCR signaling and accelerated T cell senescence. Our data indicate that the proportion of T naive or T stem cell-like phenotypes remains unchanged after mobilization chemotherapy and G-CSF injections during stem cell harvesting. RNA sequencing data further reveal that T cells at the post-stem cell harvesting status are associated with down-regulated apoptosis, favorable survival and activation, and reduced exhaustion and senescence compared to those at the pre-mobilization stage. This study suggests that instead of collecting lymphocytes during relapse or refractory status, collecting them right after stem cell harvesting may be a viable alternative.

Optimizing the Approach to STA-MCA Bypass Surgery and Reducing Wound Complications

The treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms with bypass surgery using 2 branches of the superficial temporal artery (STA) proves to be an effective surgical option. However, the harvest of these 2 STA branches, combined with a pterional craniotomy, carries the potential risk of delayed wound healing of the skin flap. This study undertook a retrospective analysis to examine and identify the factors associated with this delayed wound healing. A total of 56 consecutive cases, including both ruptured and unruptured complex intracranial aneurysms, that underwent bypass surgery with 2 branches of the STA, were analyzed retrospectively. Major delayed wound healing was observed in 6 (10.7%) cases. Univariate analysis demonstrated significant associations with the following factors: rupture (P= 0.023), presence of diabetes mellitus (P= 0.028), large craniotomy size (P= 0.012), and the type of skin incision (P ≤ 0.001). Age (P= 0.283), sex (P= 0.558), body mass index (P= 0.221), and other blood test parameters did not demonstrate any statistical significance. Similarly, the presence of a dominant frontal branch (P= 0.515) or a low-positioned frontal branch (P= 0.622) did not reveal statistically significant results. In the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms, where harvesting of the 2 STA branches is involved with a pterional craniotomy, producing a smaller skin flap (L- or T-shaped incision) is effective in minimizing the risk of delayed wound healing. The process of harvesting the STA and closing the wound demands meticulous care, taking into consideration the normal anatomical structures and the subdermal vascular plexus of the scalp.

Thermal Imaging Efficacy in Predicting Trim Loss from Cull Sow Carcasses

Abattoir-level digital image measurement and assessments recorded during the harvest process could contribute to better estimates of the economic value of each animal and could be used as animal health and well-being assessment tools to provide information/feedback for commercial pork producers. This study evaluated the association between live animal infrared images and nonedible trim loss from cull sows. Eighty sow carcasses selected from cull sows normally presented at a Midwest cull sow abattoir were evaluated. A thermal image and corresponding trim losses were collected from each sow.Regions of interest, referred to as hotspots, were isolated from the thermal images of individual sows. The relationships between the thermal hotspots, trim loss weight, and trim loss percentage from each carcass were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients, stepwise regression, and prediction equations. The most predictive model included covariates for the number of hotspots, live identification category, hotspot location, and explanatory continuous covariates for pixels with elevated temperature. Live animal defect classification and hotspot location categories significantly contributed to variation in percent trim. This suggests that visually identifying defects like abscesses, poor condition, mammary infection, or a combination on live cull sows is associated with trim losses from their carcass.

Research Progress on Attached Culture Technology of Microalgae

In order to solve the problem of microalgae biomass harvesting in suspension systems, attached culture systems were proposed. In this system, microalgae are fixed on the surface or inner layer of the carrier and grow in an aggregated form. Compared with suspension culture, attached culture has higher microalgae biomass density and easier dehydration and harvesting processes. The biomass can be harvested by simply separating the carrier containing microalgae from the culture medium.

A Dual-Functional MXene-Based Bioanode for Wearable Self-Charging Biosupercapacitors.

As a reliable energy-supply platform for wearable electronics, biosupercapacitors combine the characteristics of biofuel cells and supercapacitors to harvest and store the energy from human's sweat. However, the bulky preparation process and deep embedding of enzyme active sites in bioelectrodes usually limit the energy-harvesting process, retarding the practical power-supply sceneries especially during the complicated in vivo motion. Herein, a MXene/single-walled carbon nanotube/lactate oxidase hierarchical structure as the dual-functional bioanode is designed, which can not only provide a superior 3D catalytic microenvironment for enzyme accommodation to harvest energy from sweat, but also offers sufficient capacitance to store energy via the electrical double-layer capacitor. A wearable biosupercapacitor is fabricated in the "island-bridge" structure with a composite bioanode, active carbon/Pt cathode, polyacrylamide hydrogel substrate, and liquid metal conductor. The device exhibits an open-circuit voltageof 0.48V and the high power density of 220.9 µW cm-2 at 0.5mA cm-2 . The compact conformal adhesion with skin is successfully maintained under stretching/bending conditions. After repeatedly stretching the devices, there is no significant power attenuation in pulsed output. The unique bioelectrode structure and attractive energy harvesting/storing properties demonstrate the promising potential of this biosupercapacitor as a micro self-powered platform of wearable electronics.

Modular all-day continuous thermal-driven atmospheric water harvester with rotating adsorption strategy

Growing atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology is expected to provide a new solution to global water scarcity. However, the operating strategy of most existing devices is based on solar energy to adsorb at night and desorb during the day. The failure to operate multiple cycles results in the waste of fast sorption kinetics properties and increases both the required weight of adsorbents and the operating costs for the water production. Hence, by virtue of the fast sorption kinetics characteristics of Ni2Cl2(BTDD) with high water harvest performance, we developed a novel rotating operational strategy, in which one module works in the desorption, while the others work in the adsorption simultaneously and the adsorption/desorption states will alternate to keep the device harvesting water continuously. Notably, a continuous thermal-driven optimized device with three adsorbent modules was built, which can condense water vapor by simple natural convection without any auxiliary refrigeration system, generating 2.11 Lwater kgMOF−1 day−1 by 12 continuous harvest processes during the outdoor experiments, much higher than those of active AWH device with refrigeration system (0.7–1.3 Lwater kgMOF−1 d−1). Moreover, the proposed device can efficiently use electric heating or low-grade energy (e.g., waste heat) with natural cooling to achieve continuous operation, which can collect considerable water (1.41/0.70 Lwater kgMOF−1) at night/daytime.

Insect-friendly harvest in hay meadows – Uncut refuges are of vital importance for conservation management

With ongoing industrialisation of farming practise, the area of species-rich temperate grasslands has strongly declined. Today, the remnants of these grasslands often suffer from habitat degradation due to unsuitable management. Here, we investigated the effects of the complete harvest process over the course of two harvest periods (mid-June and mid-August) on Orthoptera (hereinafter referred to as ‘grasshoppers’) in species-rich lowland hay meadows in southwestern Bavaria (Germany). We set up a randomised split-plot design including mown meadows (tractor-operated rotary-disc vs. double-bladed bar mower) and uncut refuges within grassland patches. Our study revealed that mower types did not differ in their effects on grasshopper mortality and that direct mortality through cutting was very low. By contrast, after mowing, on average 85–91 % of the individuals or biomass was lost by the end of the harvest process. However, in uncut refuges, grasshopper densities and biomass increased on average by 234–328 %. From the first to the second harvest period, an alignment in grasshopper densities and biomass between meadows and uncut refuges occurred. We explain the lack of direct cutting effects by the tall and dense vegetation of the hay meadows and, hence, the location of the grasshoppers far above the sphere of the mowers. Moreover, we assume that in particular emigration from the short and homogeneous meadows to uncut refuges or patch edges but also increased vertebrate predation were responsible for the severe grasshopper losses. Moreover, we hypothesise that grasshopper recolonization from the refuges to the meadows strongly contributed to the alignment in grasshopper densities from mid-June to mid-August. Hence, to protect abundant grasshopper populations in meadows in the long run, uncut refuges are of prime importance. Firstly, such refuges guarantee a continuity in (i) food resources, (ii) a balanced microclimate and (iii) shelter against predators and extreme weather events for the resident individuals. Consequently, they are not affected by any of the harvest-related losses. Secondly, they serve as an important refuge for the emigrants from the mown parts of the meadow.

Development and Evaluation of a Felling Head for a Light Forest Crawler

With motor-manual wood harvesting (by a forest worker with a chainsaw) fatal accidents happen every year when the tree is felled or when parts of the crown fall down. The alternative is to fell trees mechanically using a timber harvester head, which, however, must be brought up to the trees in the forest by means of its crane. With the usual crane reach of 10 m, the harvester needs a system of parallel strip roads with a spacing of 20 m. Furthermore, the harvester needs a dead weight of around 20 tons that compacts the soil. Both consequences increasingly evoke critics. The requirement to fell trees mechanically and to enlarge the distance between the strip roads calls for a solution to fell trees with a small, light machine that can apply its felling tool to the tree in close proximity. Together Pfanzelt Maschinenbau GmbH and the Professorship for Forest Technology of Technische Universität Dresden have run a project for developing a compact, new type of felling head, which is attached to the existing forest crawler »Moritz FR70/75« by means of a short manipulation arm. This head imitates the felling technique, which is applied by a forest worker, in a mechanical way with a high grade of automatization. Even though this machine works with higher system costs, it is significantly faster and more precise than the motor-manual version. The functional principle of the felling head was developed, patented, conceptualized and optimized with the help of prototypes and individual tests at the TU Dresden, Professorship for Forest Technology. After that, it was completely designed, manufactured and automated in terms of control technology by the Pfanzelt company. More than 100 conifers with a felling diameter of up to 50 cm were felled safely and without any problems with the prototype. The possible integration into harvesting processes as well as the effects on the use in the forest stands were analyzed in detail. The project has shown that it is possible to fell trees in a fully mechanized way without danger for the forest worker with a machine that weights roughly a tenth of the dead weight of a conventional harvester.

Characterization of glucose metabolism in high-growth performance Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Significant differences in growth performance have been observed in fish that have undergone the same culture cycle, even under identical conditions, including genetic background, water environment, and feeding strategy. These differences may adversely affect the harvesting and subsequent processing of commercial fish. We have previously demonstrated that the genes of glucose metabolism in high-growth performance tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) showed significant upregulation at the transcriptome level. These findings suggested that the growth performance of tilapia may be closely related to their endogenous glucose metabolism capacity. To investigate the characteristics of glucose metabolism in high-growth performance tilapia, three full-sibling families were cultured under the same environmental and feeding conditions. The high-growth performance group (HG) and low-growth performance group (LG) were screened and compared at the biochemical and transcriptional levels during the postprandial period of 0 to 7 h. Based on biochemical analysis, HG had higher levels of intestinal lipase activity (0 to 1 h), serum triglyceride content (0 to 7 h), liver acetyl coenzyme A content (1 to 4 h), and liver glycogen content (0 to 1 h and 6 to 7 h) than LG. In contrast, HG had lower serum glucose content (0 h and 2 to 4 h), ATP content (4 to 7 h), and liver pyruvate content (3 to 4 h) than LG. There were no significant differences between HG and LG in liver ATP, intestinal α-amylase, and trypsin. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of gene expression within multiple metabolic pathways, namely the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, pentose phosphate, glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and insulin signaling pathways, during three specific post-feeding periods: 0 to 1 h, 2–5 h, and 6 to 7 h, and revealed unique gene expression patterns related to glucose metabolic pathways in HG at different stages of post-feeding. We first revealed the endogenous glucose metabolism characteristics of high-growth performance tilapia. The findings will provide novel insights for further research on quality improvement related to growth performance in fish.

The effect of injury on the sowing seed qualities of winter bread wheat varieties during harvesting and post-harvest processing

The current paper has presented the study results for the period of 2020–2022 to determine the effect of injury on the quality indicators of seed material in primary seed production of winter wheat varieties (‘Stanichnaya’, ‘Etyud’, Asket, ‘Lidiya’ and ‘Ambar’) during harvesting and post-harvest processing of seeds. There has been established that at different stages of technology in agricultural machines and grain cleaning equipment, during grain production, there was damage to the seed material. There have been identified certain types of injuries that most significantly worsen the sowing quality of seeds and reduce winter wheat productivity. The purpose of the study was to estimate the sowing seed qualities of winter bread wheat varieties of different maturity groups developed by the FSBSI «ARC «Donskoy» depending on their injury by the combine harvester and grain cleaning machines in the primary stages of seed production. The estimation of the quality of winter wheat seed material was carried out on the material obtained during winter wheat harvesting, such as manual threshing (control), threshing with the combine ‘Wintersteiger Classic’, after seed cleaning and sorting equipment VIM-1 «Selection» and Petkus K-531 «Gigant». When harvesting with the combine ‘Wintersteiger Classic’, two threshing modes were used: 1) recommended – 1500 rpm-1; 2) with a reduced speed of the threshing drum – 1000 rpm-1. There has been found that the highest level of seed injury was observed when threshing with a grain harvester (33–54 %). There has been determined that, depending on the type of the trial, the germination energy indicators varied from 89 to 98 %, and laboratory germination from 94 to 99 %. Caryopsis with damage in the embryo area had a high germination rate in laboratory conditions. With an increase in microtraumas, field germination has decreased by 4–17 % compared to the control. The maximum injury and reduction in field germination of seeds was observed in the varieties of the early maturing group. Post-harvest processing of seeds has led to an increase in the percentage of their injury by 1–6 %, regardless of the type of equipment used.

Pemanfaatan Lahan Green House dengan Penanaman Bawang Merah sebagai Media Pembelajaran Panen Bawang Merah di Desa Purworejo

Purworejo Village, Ngantang District, Malang Regency is one of the onion producers in East Java. Purworejo Village has geographical and climatic conditions that support the growth of onions well. Fertile soil and sufficient rainfall enable farmers to obtain optimal harvest results. Agricultural knowledge and traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation have become valuable capital for local farmers in managing shallot crops well. In Purworejo Village there is agricultural land that uses a greenhouse system, however the green house has been unused and neglected because it is poorly maintained. The PPK HMD Management team is working together with the Karya Bakti 1 Farmers Group in Purworejo Village to revitalize and reuse greenhouse agricultural land for planting shallots. Methods used in revitalization include evaluating land conditions, soil analysis and fertilization, water management, and routine maintenance. The results of the revitalization of the greenhouse will be used as an outdoor education center which is useful for providing experience in raising shallots through to the harvesting process as an application of shallot farming theory.

Hybrid nanogenerator for harvesting electric-field and vibration energy simultaneously via Maxwell’s displacement current

Hybrid energy harvesters (HEHs) have shown immense potential in powering distributed sensors. Conventional HEHs are assemblies of different energy harvesting modules, leading to complicated structures and intricate hybrid power management. This study presents a unique hybrid energy harvesting paradigm based on Maxwell’s displacement current for simultaneously harvesting electric-field and vibration energy. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is utilized to capture vibration energy via polarization of media (∂P⁄∂t), while the parasitic capacitance between TENG’s metal electrodes and AC electrical equipment generates electricity from time-varying electric field (ε0∂E⁄∂t). The continuous output of electric-field energy harvesting at high frequency (660 V, 105.7 mW/m2 × 50 Hz) and the pulse output of vibration energy harvesting at low-frequency (1.38 kV, 2.23 W/m2 × 1 Hz) exhibit comparable average charging power and complementary characteristics, contributing to a remarkable hybrid output performance. Furthermore, the similar energy conversion process and electrical properties of electric-field and vibration energy harvesting enable a universal hybrid power management system with simplified procedures and boosted efficiency (773 %). This work offers a cost-effective, efficient, and widely applicable approach for hybrid energy harvesting and paves the avenue for its practical applications.

PSVII-19 Evaluation of Live and Carcass Performance of Holstein Steers Fed Lubabegron During the Finishing Period

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of duration of lubabegron supplementation on live and carcass performance of Holstein steers. Holstein steers (n = 330) were enrolled in a feeding program supplementing lubabegron daily into a total mixed ration (TMR) at 3.2 g/ton for 0 (control) 28, 56, or 84 d. Steers were stratified by initial body weight (BW = 538 ± 37 kg) and then randomly assigned to treatments and pens. There were 8 pens total with approximately 40 head per pen. A GrowSafe feed intake recording system was used for the duration of the study to collect daily feed intake and feeding behavior on individual animals. Samples of premix were taken weekly for treatments to ensure nutrient requirements were being met and lubabegron concentration was accurate. Prior to departure from the feedlot and immediately upon arrival at the harvest facility, mobility of all animals was assessed. Individual IDs were matched with carcass identification and used throughout the harvest process to ensure the integrity of individual data. Carcasses were chilled for 48 hours and then went through USDA quality and yield grading protocols. Cattle fed lubabegron for 28 and 56 d had the greatest (P ≤ 0.01) average daily gain, total gain, as well as the least feed to gain ratio (P = 0.01) as compared with control steers and those fed lubabegron for 84 d. Conversely, control steers had the greatest (P < 0.05) feed-to-gain ratio. No differences (P ≥ 0.08) were observed between supplementation time for initial body weight, final body weight, and dry matter intake. Additionally, mobility scores were not different among supplementation protocols, neither at the feed yard, nor the harvest facility (P ≥ 0.64). Steers within the 28 d and 56 d treatments had among the greatest (P = 0.02) hot carcass weight. Ribeye area was increased (P = 0.01) by at least 3.87 cm2, when the cattle were fed lubabegron for any period of time. Cattle fed lubabegron for 56 and 84 d had an increased (P = 0.01) dressing percentage compared with 28 d and controls. While overall marbling scores were decreased (P = 0.04), the percentage of carcasses receiving USDA Prime, Choice, or Select quality grades were not different for animals receiving supplementation (P ≥ 0.31). The data suggest that lubabegron can positively influence live growth attributes; thus, translating to increased carcass yield, without sacrificing animal mobility or carcass quality.

Paddy field object detection for robotic combine based on real‐time semantic segmentation algorithm

AbstractThe development of robotic combine for rice harvesting has garnered worldwide attention in recent years. The robotic combine is capable of running along a designated path; however, it still requires human operator supervision due to the lack of object detection sensors for safety purposes. To achieve a fully unmanned robotic combine, a real‐time paddy field object detection method is necessary. Typically, all paddy field objects are detected individually using multiple algorithms and sensors, which significantly increases the complexity and cost of the detection process. In this study, the deep learning (DL) based semantic segmentation (SS) method was employed to detect all paddy field objects simultaneously using only an RGB camera. Considering the environment of the paddy field, a new SS model called “The Robotic Combine Network (TRCNet)” was specifically designed for the robotic combine. And four state‐of‐the‐art lightweight convolutional neural networks were applied as the backbones of the TRCNet. To achieve real‐time detection, TensorRT (NVIDIA) was utilized for speeding up the prediction process. All models were trained and evaluated using paddy field images captured during the robotic combine's harvesting process. The results showed that the TRCNet can successfully detect all paddy field objects. The mean intersection over union, and frames per second (FPS) of the best two SS models were 0.823, 47.48, and 0.834, 32.44, respectively. The FPS values were obtained after speed acceleration and tested with an image size of 640 × 480 pixels on an embedded processor (Jetson TX2), enabling real‐time object detection in paddy fields for the robotic combine.