Harvesting Procedure Research Articles

Fecal Contamination in the Wastewater Irrigation System and its Health Threat to Wastewater-Based Farming Households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Due to rapidly growing demand, the production of vegetables is increasing along the Akaki Rivers. The objective of this study was to examine the degree of fecal contamination and levels of fecal contamination and dissemination throughout the wastewater irrigation system. Irrigation water, irrigated soil, and leafy vegetables were collected twice during 2 vegetable growing seasons, at the maturity period of the growing season, from 19 sampling points along the 2 Akaki Rivers. Composite samples were taken from all sampling points and E.coli was enumerated. The mean E.coli load in wastewater and non-wastewater sources were 1.16±5.53 CFU/100 ml and 2.232±1.292 CFU/100 ml respectively. All counts of E. coli in the wastewater exceeded the WHO’s standards indicating that the irrigation water quality was unacceptable. In the wastewater-irrigated and non-wastewater-irrigated soil, the mean E.coli were 3.62 ±1.582 CFU/g and 1.322±87.1 CFU/g respectively. Meanwhile, the mean E.coli counts on the lettuce and Swiss chard were 78 ± 2 CFU/g and 44 ±3CFU/g respectively. The E.coli count on the leafy vegetables was found to be associated with the E.coli in the wastewater and soil. The production of leafy vegetables using wastewater with unacceptably high levels of E.coli and high occupational exposure introduces high levels of risk to the farming communities and to the consumers. Leafy, low-growing raw edible vegetables need careful treatment during food production and harvesting procedures or activities.

Dielectric Constant-Based Grain Mass Estimation Using Radio Frequencies Sensing Technology

HighlightsRadio frequency sensing technology was used to estimate clean grain mass based on grain moisture content and grain properties.Multiple variable regression analysis was used to develop grain mass estimation model.A grain mass estimation model with high R2 was developed by introducing dielectric properties and phase angle.Parameter of dielectric constant e' indicated the domination of moisture content in grain mass estimation model.Abstract. Grain mass estimation is critical in many precision agriculture applications, especially in yield monitoring during harvest procedures. A new clean grain mass estimation method using Radio Frequency (RF) sensing technology is discussed in this paper. RF sensing technology is sensitive to moisture content and grain properties. In this study, a vector network analyzer (VNA) and a pair of horn antennas were used to collect phase shift and attenuation data from 1 to 18 GHz of grain samples (soybean, canola, and corn) on a static testbed in an anechoic chamber. Using multiple variable linear regression analysis, a comprehensive clean grain mass estimation model was developed based on the dielectric properties of the grain samples derived from the S-Parameters at 13 GHz. Dielectric (e') constant/properties and phase shift were introduced into the regression models and generated a grain mass estimation result with R2 values of 0.976, 0.977, and 0.989 for soybean, canola, and corn samples, respectively. The results indicate that RF sensing technology can reveal how grain attributes interact with electromagnetic fields at a certain frequency and has the potential to provide more accurate sensing methods for estimating grain mass in multiple precision agricultural applications. Keywords: Keywords., Dielectric properties, Grain mass estimation, Microwave frequency, Phase shifts, Radio frequency sensing.

Modified Reconstruction of The Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Using Iliotibial Band: A Case Report

Introduction: Instability of the proximal tibiofibular joint is a rare condition and may present with an atypical presentation due to its location and symptoms. Recent techniques and graft has allowed to repair tibiofibular joint. Iliotibial band autograft might be used as a choice for this case as its characteristic, cost effectiveness, minimal invasive graft harvesting procedure, and long term outcome bring consideration to use as choice for the treatment. Objective: To introduce the new technique for PTFJ instability by using ITB graft Case report: A 21-year-old office worker male came to our clinic with discomfort on lateral aspect of right knee. He injured his right knee after he externally twist his right knee when he was going to wake up (stand up) from bed. He experienced immediate lateral pain and swelling lateral knee pain persisted until 1 week before admitted to the hospital. Discussion: In our case, patient is a office worker without an adequate energy cause the joint becoming sublux. For the surgical technique , we took the graft form the center side of ITB with the intentional purpose of preventing Kaplan Fiber. For the reaming procedure we took place directly behind the fibula and keep the posterior capsule intact to prevent further damage and infection on surgical site. We choose to use biomaterial implant for this study because the use of biomaterial screw itself has a low complication rate compare to metallic screw with no significant different in outcome (6). This technique overall has a satisfaction result with improvement of Lyshom score Conclusion: Iliotibial band is an alternative graft that can be used for reconstruction in tibiofibular joint. For its minimal invasive technique and cost effectiveness and satisfy long term outcome coud be a consideration for the treatment in tibiofibular instability.

Remote Sensing Application for Tall Oil Palm Harvester

Oil palm is the primary source of economic gain and the community's primary need for palm oil and other daily necessities. In order to maximise the yield and benefits of oil palm, it is very difficult to do so with ordinary labour, and even if it is possible, it takes a long time to produce. Therefore, by adopting new technology, it is possible to overcome the challenges posed by tall oil palm harvesting. The application of remote sensing on tall oil palms will facilitate the harvesting procedure. With advancements in technology, such as remote sensing, it will be possible to achieve better results in less time and with fewer people. This pole has been equipped with multiple functionalities, such as a camera, to facilitate harvesting. This is because the height of the oil palm prevents workers from seeing the condition of the fruit and fronds that will be dropped. This paper also explains the use of remote sensing and its applications to the monitoring of oil palm plantations.

Gauging the accuracy of automatic speech data harvesting in five under-resourced languages

Recent research on deep-learning architectures has resulted in substantial improvements in automatic speech recognition accuracy. The leaps of progress made in well-resourced languages can be attributed to the fact that these architectures are able to effectively represent spoken language in all its diversity and complexity. However, developing advanced models of a language without appropriate corpora of speech and text data remains a challenge. For many under-resourced languages, including those spoken in South Africa, such resources simply do not exist. The aim of the work reported on in this paper is to address this situation by investigating the possibility to create diverse speech resources from unannotated broadcast data. The paper describes how existing speech and text resources were used to develop a semi-automatic data harvesting procedure for two genres of broadcast data, namely news bulletins and radio dramas. It was found that adapting acoustic models with less than 10 hours of manually annotated data from the same domain significantly reduced transcription error rates for speaking styles and acoustic conditions that are not represented in any of the existing speech corpora. Results also indicated that much more automatically transcribed adaptation data is required to achieve similar results.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Fascia Lata Graft With FiberTape Augmentation

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most popular orthopedic surgical procedures. To date, numerous studies are available focusing on different reconstruction techniques using established autografts, such as hamstrings, bone patellar-tendon bone (BPTB), quadriceps tendon, or allograft tendons. In the present article, we describe a minimally invasive ACL reconstruction technique using a fascia lata autograft in combination with FiberTape (Arthrex, Naples, FL) augmentation using the TightRope II (Arthrex). The minimally invasive harvesting procedure is performed by using the new QuadPro Tendon Harvester (Arthrex). This technique is recommended for acute and chronic complete ACL ruptures or bundle ruptures in athletes or patients with high physical activity. The technique might allow early full weight bearing due to less donor site morbidity, early free range of motion, and early active rehabilitation due to the use of FiberTape as a augmentation device to reinforce the autograft. Clinical studies are necessary to prove the principle.

Hamstring Graft Preparation for ACL Reconstruction.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction represents one of the most common procedures in orthopedic surgery. It usually involves the harvest of both gracilis and semitendinosus tendons from the ipsilateral knee. Different methods of hamstring graft preparation have been proposed in recent years, to create an adequate graft diameter reducing morbidity linked to gracilis tendon harvesting procedure. More recently, the use of only 1 of the tendons (semitendinosus) in a tripled or quadrupled arrangement has been described, especially in an all-inside type of reconstruction. Having a thicker tendon with a quadrupled semitendinosus (ST), instead of double gracilis and ST enables to have a graft with enough diameter to resemble more closely the native ACL and decreases the risk of graft re-rupture. The present study aims to describe different options of hamstring graft preparing, listing and analyzing each configuration to help surgeons to choose the most suitable graft type for their patients.

A survey on preoperative autologous blood donation policy in bone marrow stem cell donors in Italy.

The high safety of homologous blood components, together with the introduction of the Patient Blood Management strategy, has led to the progressive abandonment of preoperative autologous blood donation (PAD) in surgery. Furthermore, recent scientific publications provide evidence about the non-usefulness of PAD in the collection of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from bone marrow (BM), also in consideration of harvest procedure safety. Nevertheless, no conclusive studies have been published yet. Blood Establishments (BE) and Bone Marrow Collection Centers (BMCC) participated in a specific qualitative survey proposed by Italian National Blood and Transplant centers with the support of the relevant Italian Scientific Societies. The survey aimed at evaluating the policy adopted for PAD in related and unrelated adult HSC donors in Italy during the period 2018-2020. Forty-one BE corresponding to 37 BMCC filled in the questionnaire. Of 830 BM donors, 661 (80%) underwent 1063 PAD (mean 1.6 PAD/donor). The remaining 169 donors (20%) underwent BM harvest without PAD. No serious adverse events were reported for either donor group. In the case of ineligibility of donors for the PAD program, due to low hemoglobin values, 7/10 centers shifted donors to peripheral blood stem cell collection and three centers chose a different donor. Remarkably, only 51% of the PAD units requested were eventually transfused during the BM harvest process. Finally, the iron support policy among centers was heterogeneous. The results of this survey show that PAD is heterogeneously applied in Italian BMCC, as in other countries. However, all BMCC except two are willing to adopt a Patient Blood Management strategy as an alternative approach to adult related and unrelated BM donor harvests.

Effect of Covid-19 on Eye Banks and Corneal Transplantations: Current Perspectives.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exerted a great impact on medical practice, which was reframed according to the actual needs. Ophthalmological services and procedures including corneal transplantation did not represent an exception. The adoption and implementation of new standard operating procedures as well as of new technologies for remote consultation and smart-working reshaped daily activities of both eye bankers, physicians, researchers, and patients. Regulatory restrictions were issued redefining corneal donor eligibility criteria, as well as handling and harvesting procedures of donor ocular tissues. Surgical schedules underwent an abrupt contraction with prioritization of urgent procedures. Local lockdowns and confinement strategies resulted in both a reduction and redirection of research activities. The evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 colonization of ocular tissues, long-term corneal storage techniques, new disinfection strategies, split corneal transplants and cell-based therapies for the treatment of corneal disease peaked in the pipeline. Aim of this article is to summarizes the overall impact of the pandemic on the corneal transplantation machinery, and the current and future perspectives for the corneal transplant community.

EVALUATION OF PREDICTABILITY OF BONE MARROW CELL CELLULARITY FROM RELATED AND UNRELATED DONORS

Introduction: For successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a minimum number of total nucleated cells should be obtained (TNC) during the bone marrow (BM) harvest procedure. Objectives: Evaluate the predictability of the BM TNC collected from an interim sample collected during the procedure and the factors related to high-cellular harvest. Methodology: This is a retrospective observational study including BM donors and recipient from 2017 to 2019. The final TNC was based on an interim quantification of TNC and was compared with the actual final TNC obtained. Results: 81 donors were included and interim TNC of 53 donors were available. Based on linear regression, a significant correlation was found between the volume of BM collected and the interim and final TNC (n=53; R2=0.83; P<0.001). The relationship between donor and recipient weight significantly influenced the collection yield. There was also a positive correlation between the volume of BM collected and the interim and final count of TNC (n=53; r=0.88; p<0.001). The difference in donor and recipient weight also had a positive correlation (p<0.02). Conclusion: Our results showed that interim TNC quantification can help to achieve a better performance during the procedure, allowing real-time re-estimation of the volume needed to be harvested.

Ceramic bone graft substitute (Mg-HA) in spinal fusion: A prospective pilot study.

Background: Iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) is considered the gold standard for spine surgical procedures to achieve a successful fusion due to its known osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. However, complications related to harvesting procedure and donor site morbidity have been largely reported in the literature, favoring the development of a wide range of alternative products to be used as bone graft extenders or substitutes for spine fusion. Among all, ceramic-based biomaterials have been widely studied and employed in the last years as bone graft substitutes. Methods: We report here the results of a prospective pilot study aimed to evaluating the grade of ossification obtained by the use of an Mg-doped hydroxyapatite (HA) product to achieve postero-lateral fusion in degenerative spine diseases. Results: Results show a successful degree of fusion of about 62% at the 12-month follow-up and an improvement of quality of life and health status following surgery, as evaluated by clinical scores (ODI, VAS, and EQ-5L). No adverse events related to the material were reported. Conclusion: The present pilot study shows the effectiveness and the safety profile of an Mg-doped HA bone graft substitute used to achieve postero-lateral fusion in the treatment of degenerative spine diseases, laying down the basis for further larger clinical investigations.

Making Anti-CD19 CAR-T Cell Therapy Accessible and Affordable: First-in-Human Phase I Clinical Trial Experience from India

Background: Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells therapy has shown remarkable success in haematological malignancies. However, complexity of the manufacturing platform and exorbitant costs of the available therapy limits their accessibility in limited resource settings including India. Recently, we developed a novel humanized anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy (HCAR19) and showed its efficacy in preclinical models (Dwivedi et al, Mol Cancer Ther. 2021). Here we report our experience of HCAR19 manufacturing in an integrated platform for first-in-human Phase-I clinical trial. Further, we performed the cost analysis of CAR-T delivery from development to clinic. Methods: Lymphocytes were collected from 17 patients of r/r B cell malignancies (DLBCL, transformed follicular lymphoma, PMBCL and B-ALL) through apheresis (Fresenius Fomtek or Spectra Optia) upon receiving the regulatory approvals from central and local agencies. CD3+ T cells were enriched and activated using CTS™Dynabeads™ CD3/CD28 for 36-48 hours followed by consecutive double transduction with CD19 encoding lentivirus vector. Final product was harvested, cryopreserved and stored in ultra-low temperature until further use. All steps were carried out in closed gas permeable bags. Final product quality control (QC) assays were performed by flowcytometry, ELISA, analytical and cell-based assays. The cost of CAR T cell manufacturing was calculated for unit economics on fully scale production model by standard costing methodology. The final unit economics included cost of goods and services (COGS), overhead costs, financing costs of infrastructure, R&D and clinical trials costs. The model was scaled towards a 200 patient per annum in a centralized manufacturing facility. Results: Of the 19 patients enrolled in the study, only 17 patients underwent apheresis procedure for harvest of total 5-10 X 109 mononuclear cells. HCAR19 cells from all 17 patients were manufactured successfully in functionally closed integrated manufacturing platform. The required HCAR19 dose was achieved within 8 days of culture (dosage range: 1.78 x 106 - 17 x 106 viable HCAR19/kg). The transduction efficiency of HCAR19 in r/r DLBCL, r/r PMBCL and r/r B-ALL was 37.7 ± 6.64%, 28.8 ± 8.81% and 34.6 ± 9.72% (Mean ± SEM) respectively . The HCAR19 showed a robust expansion (~20-fold) ex vivo and maintained the presence of potent anti-tumor subsets like naïve and central memory T cells (Figure 1a). Final product from all 17 patients qualified the QC release criteria for safety, identity, purity and potency as per specifications. Finally, the unit economics in fully-scaled production model indicated the estimated cost of CAR-T cell delivery was approximately 30,000 USD (or 25,00,000 INR) per dosage including logistics, lentiviral vector cost and quality control (Figure 1b). The major costs incurred were towards consumables, overhead and financing costs of clinical trials and infrastructure. There was very minor components of logistics and utility costs. More importantly, the major contributors of overall low cost of CAR-T delivery in our settings were frugal R&D costs in an academic setting, scalable integrated manufacturing platform, and highly qualified yet economical manpower. Conclusions: We developed a robust, scalable and highly affordable CAR-T cell therapy platform (product and process development, and first-in-human clinical study), and proven its clinical delivery successfully with our first indigenous HCAR19 product. Given the benefit of affordable platform to broader socio-economic base of patients, the cell and gene therapy will be poised for a transformational change as a mass therapy. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Workload and production assessment in the avocado harvesting process using human-robot collaborative strategies

Human-robot collaboration strategies for agricultural applications are still a challenging research topic that is in its early stages of development. The analysis of the production and physical workload measures during the harvesting process can be useful to obtain relevant information to improve production and farm management. In this work, it is presented the assessment of the avocado harvesting process under different scenarios. For this purpose, two simulation environments were created and compared based on the obtained information from a Chilean farm. The first scenario uses only a human-based workforce to perform all the avocado harvesting-related tasks, whilst the second scenario is based on a human-robot cooperative strategy proposed to improve the harvesting procedure. A total of 41 different tests for each simulated scenario was performed, and then a comparison of them in terms of production and expected human physical workload was obtained. The results showed that the use of a cooperative strategy during harvesting tasks can increase the production measured from the cargo zone from 15% to 80%, as well as the total harvested production from 23% to 85%, whilst the human workload only increases from 1% to 16%. These results enclose the possibility of using production and workload measures as metrics for a human–machine interaction cooperative approach design, in benefit of the harvesting process management and decision making. • Human-robot collaboration strategies for agricultural applications. • The analysis of the production and physical workload measures during the harvesting. • Analysis of production and expected human physical workload. • Human-based workforce versus human-robot cooperative workforce. • International Standard ISO 8996:2004 to obtain physical workload information.

Effect of Harvest Frequency, Seed Extraction Time Point and Post-Harvest Cooling on Organic Tomato Seed Production

In light of the continuous increase in organic agriculture, the availability of organic seeds has gained a lot of importance. Especially since the new EU organic regulation came into force on 1 January 2022, proposing reducing the possibility of using untreated conventional seeds in the absence of organic seeds in the future. At the same time, the breeding of tolerant, resistant and adapted varieties is at the basis of organic production as is research to improve seed production and seed quality. In this study, we investigated seed production of 8 tomato genotypes. The aim was to see whether different fruit harvesting frequencies affect seed quality and germination rate. The hypotheses we tested were (i) whether regularly removing fruits from the field would affect total fruit and seed harvest, (ii) whether storage of fruits and (iii) their ripening stage at harvest, had an impact on seed germination. Our results show that while seed production differs between genotypes and extraction time-points, different harvesting procedures, and with that different fruit maturity levels, did not affect thousand-seed weight and seed germination; these findings benefit both small and larger-scale seed producers.

Performance Evaluation of Tractor Operated Sugarcane Leaf Stripper through Analysis of Effect of Length, Girth and Number of Buds of Sugarcane

In this present research paper analysis of the performance of tractor-operated sugarcane leaf stripper is performed. India is the second-largest producer of sugarcane and Sugarcane is the most prominent cash crop. The sugarcane harvesting process is labour intensive and takes around 850-1000 working man-hours per hectare when sugarcane is harvested manually and de-trashing alone takes 400 man-hours in manual harvesting procedures for removal of tops.
 Mechanized leaf stripper is developed and fabricated to prevent labour and accident and the performance of the machine is evaluated on MCO-238, K-269 and R-94184 variety of sugarcane. The data regarding de-topping time and stripping rate are taken and the effect of parameters namely Length of, Girth and number of Buds of the stalk are evaluated. The machine was operated at a roller speed of rpm. The results showed that length and number of buds affect the stripping time significantly and the length of stalk and girth of the stalk has a significant impact on the stripping rate. For stripping rate the most dominant and significant factor was the length of the stalk: MOC-238 has 62.35% contribution, K-269 has 78.10% contribution and a case of R-94184 has 60.72% contribution. The second significant factors were girth with the contribution of 33.30%, 20.53% and 36.44% contribution in MCO-238, K-269 and R-94184 varieties respectively. The factor, number of buds remained insignificant.

A Comparison between Mucoderm® and Connective Tissue Graft for Root Coverage.

Subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) is the gold stand-ard treatment for root coverage procedure; however, this technique has limitations such as the need for a donor site and the difficulty of the harvesting procedure. The potential bene-fits of Mucoderm®, a collagen matrix derived from porcine dermis, as an alternative treat-ment for root coverage can be investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Mucoderm® for root coverage and compare its results with SCTG. This double-blind split-mouth randomized clinical trial was con-ducted on seven patients with 12 bilateral gingival recessions (24 recession sites). Coronally advanced flap + Mucoderm® was applied on one side and coronally advanced flap + con-nective tissue graft (CTG) was applied on the contralateral side. We measured the periodon-tal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), recession depth (RD), keratinized tissue width (KTW) and gingival thickness (GT) with a surgical stent at baseline (preopera-tively) and at 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The Wilcoxon and Friedman tests were used to analyse the data. The mean percentage of root coverage was 26% in the Mucoderm® group and 60% in the SCTG group at 6 months, compared with baseline. The mean percentage of root coverage was significantly different between the two groups (p Value< 0.05). The results indicated that Mucoderm® did not increase the KTW, while CTG significantly increased the KTW (p Value< 0.05 at 1, 3 and 6 months). The results of this study showed that Mucoderm® might not be an appropriate alternative for the CTG in root coverage procedures.

Evaluation of cut alfalfa moisture content and operative conditions by hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometric tools: In-field application

High quality of hay or silage can be obtained by monitoring the moisture level at mowing or harvest time to reduce the losses of yield and nutrients and preserve feeds in the long term. Mechanical conditioning is one of the most common ways to increase the rate of water loss from forage during drying. Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a good alternative to the classical gravimetric method to timely provide information on forage moisture content. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of in-field Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometric tools to monitor alfalfa parameters after conditioning. Partial LeastSquares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) models were developed to discriminate samples according to several operative conditions (level of conditioning, field type, time after conditioning, and time of day) and yielded good discrimination power (mean sensitivity = 87%, mean probability = 89%). Moisture content was estimated by Partial LeastSquares (PLS) models obtaining determination coefficient (R 2 ) = 0.86 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 2.00% (external validation). The number of spectral bands was reduced by using the Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) method, passing from 272 to 74 bands. Further PLS models were built considering the reduced variable numbers and achieved comparable results to those obtained with the full spectra, demonstrating that reduction of the number of variables did not affect the goodness of the models. Finally, the best PLS model was applied to each pixel of the hyperspectral images to obtain false colour images. Pixels having similar colours were characterized by comparable moisture content. The models developed may be useful to determine moisture content of alfalfa remotely and in real-time during mowing or harvest procedures. • Quality of alfalfa after cutting was evaluated. • In-field Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging was used. • Regression models to predict moisture content were developed. • The samples were discriminated according to several operative parameters. • The models could be used remotely or in real-time during mowing or harvest procedures.

A systematic review of research on the relationship between school leadership and student achievement: An updated framework and future direction

This systematic review sought to expand our knowledge of the increasing research studies focusing on the empirical link between school leadership and student achievement. Using five different data sources (Scopus, WoS, ERIC, Google Scholar, and Retrospective Reference Harvesting Procedure), we created a data set of 144 journal articles. Descriptive analysis of bibliographic data and content analysis of full texts were employed in the review process. The results revealed instructional leadership as the most frequently used school leadership model in the relevant research. There has been a growing tendency to use the direct effect model with the increase in the studies from non-English speaking western societies. Indeed, the use of rational and organizational variables has dominated the mediating effect studies, while moderating effect studies as well as exploratory and explanatory type of studies have not received much attention. Based on these results, a framework representing the broader picture of the current research on the relationship between school leadership and student learning is provided. In addition, several recommendations were made, aiming to build the research capacity in furthering our understanding of how school leadership practices impact student learning and achievement.

Discretion and Interpretation of Indonesia Social Forestry by Local Forest Bureaucrats: Evidence from Yogyakarta Special Region Province

Social forestry policies can be effectively implemented if lower forestry bureaucrats can translate these policies on an operational scale. In the Street Level Bureaucracy theory, the discretion of front-line bureaucrats also colors the course of public policy implementation. This study aims to explore the discretion and interpretation of Indonesia social forestry policies by local forestry bureaucrats. This research uses a documentary study, using policy documents issued by the Provincial Government of Yogyakarta and interview materials of 14 source persons from the local forestry bureaucrats and forest farmer group collected by Lutviah (2019). The results show some policy instruments regulate the mechanism and profit-sharing of social forestry management. The discretion prove the local forestry bureaucrats prefer forestry partnership cooperation schemes to the licensing schemes (i.e., community forestry or Hutan Kemasyarakatn). Ecotourism environmental services are also preferred to the timber forest products due to the complexity and complicated procedures for timber harvesting. This study indicates that there is a creative discretion of local forestry bureaucrats in implementing Indonesia social forestry with the motive of obtaining local revenue from social forestry schemes, but some policy recommendation should be improved by the central government to accelerate the adoption of social forestry nationally.

Propagation and cultivation practices of honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) for the sustainable production of an export quality indigenous South African tea

AbstractHoneybush (Cyclopia) species are endemic to the Fynbos Biome of the Cape Floral Kingdom in South Africa. Traditionally, honeybush foliage is cut, fermented, and sun‐dried to make an antioxidant‐rich herbal tea. Approximately 80% of honeybush is unsustainably harvested from the wild. All commercial species are indicated on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Cultivation is thus required to ensure sufficient volumes of tea are produced. A major limitation to cultivation is the poor rooting responses of the species that regenerate from shoots, C. genistoides and C. intermedia, the latter being the most harvested from the wild. The establishment of clonally propagated material is a challenge for all six of the commercially important Cyclopia species. Research on honeybush has mainly focused on the unique properties contributing to flavor, medicinal value, as well as processing. Much less is known about propagation, nutrient requirements, harvesting procedures, plant improvement, and pest and disease management. This review considers management strategies for the sustainable harvesting of wild honeybush and the potential risks of introducing improved plant material. Cultivation practices and management strategies that promote longevity and enhance yield are defined. The inherent rooting ability of cuttings is discussed. Cultivated stands are mostly established by seedlings which results in diversity of vigor and tea quality. A sustainable market based on high‐quality indigenous tea requires the use of clonal material which allows the selection of desired traits and rapid multiplication. Its use would enable improved yield and profitability without compromising tea quality.