Harvest Age Research Articles

Performance of F2 Generation Lines of Soybean (Glycine max. L) as Backcross Results of GHJ-4 and GHJ-5 with Ryoko as A Donor Parent

The breeding of new high-yielding varieties is one of the solutions to the low productivity of soybeans in Indonesia. Superior genotypes of ‘GHJ-4 (A)’ and ‘GHJ-5 ’ were obtained in the previous study with an average weight of 13 g/100 seeds and a potential yield of 3 tons/ha. The attempt to increase the weight and size of the seeds of ‘GHJ-4’ and ‘GHJ-5’ was continued using the backcrossing method with ‘Ryoko (>35 g/100 seeds) as a parent donor. F1 plants were obtained with an average weight of 15 g/100 seeds. This study aimed to determine the performance of the F2 generation of backcross in terms of the number of filled pods, the weight of 100 seeds, yield per plant (g), yield per plot (kg), and potential yield per hectare (tons/ha), as well as the heritability value of the genotypes. In this particular study, the F2 seeds from F1 plants were then planted and observed. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 11 soybean genotypes, each consisting of 3 replications. The results showed that the F2 generations (GHJ-4XRyoko, RyokoXGHJ -5, and GHJ-4XGHJ-5) are considered as prospective new high-yielding varieties with a potential yield of ≥ 3.5 tons/ha, which have successfully restored the trait of ‘Ryoko’ and surpassed the performance of ‘GHJ-4’ and ‘GHJ-5’ as their parents in all parameters. The heritability value of the genotypes tested belongs to the high category, on the parameters of the number of filled pods (96.937 %), yield per plant (98.102 %), the weight of 100 seeds (99.132%), yield per plot (92.605 %) and potential yield per hectare (92.257 %). For the parameters observed, the back cross yields of harvest age were 72-74 HST, the weight of 100 grains was 17-18 grams and the yield per hectare was around 4 tons/ha. The heritability value shows that the observed traits are inherited from parents on average more than 90% and the selection that will be used is pedigree selection.

Genetic Parameters of Rice Strains (Oryza sativa L.) Functional for Development and Increasing Production in Medium Plain Dry Lands

Functional rice is a food that contains more than one forming component that is useful for health. Nowadays public interest in functional food is increasing, so functional rice production needs to be increased. Therefore, this research was conducted with the hope of obtaining information on superior agronomic characters to increase the yield power of functional rice strains. The method used was experimental using a randomized group design (RAK). Data analysis consists of Analysis of Variance, genetic diversity coefficient, phenotype diversity coefficient, genotype correlation, phenotype correlation, and heritability in a broad sense. The results showed that the heritability value of high area meaning is found in the character of flowering, harvest age, plant height, panicle length of the amount of grain contained, and the amount of empty grain. The high value of the KKG and KKF is indicated by the character of the number of non-productive saplings, while the lowest value is indicated by the character of the age of harvest. All quantitative characters observed showed positive genotypic correlation results to grain weight per clump. While in phenotypic correlation only the character of plant height, panicle length, the amount of grain containing, the amount of hollow grain and the weight of 100 grains are positive. Based on the analysis that has been carried out the character of plant height, panicle length, the amount of grain containing the amount of hollow grain and the weight of 100 grains need to be taken into account as selection criteria to obtain high-yielding functional rice.

PSV-23 Characterization of Katahdin Lamb Carcasses in a Traditional Lamb Marketing Context

Abstract The Katahdin breed has grown in popularity in the US, but it is relatively unknown if their carcasses conform to expectations of the traditional commodity lamb industry. Purebred Katahdin wethers (n = 223) were sourced from the genetic reference flock at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center over two consecutive years. The flock is enrolled in the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) and estimated breeding values (EBV) were available on standard production traits. Lambs were assigned to one of three groups per year based on body weight (BW) and fed a common finishing diet through harvest at similar end BW (51.3 ± 5.6 kg) but varying age (223.8 ± 32.2 d). Lambs were harvested at a commercial processor, hot carcass weight (HCW) was recorded, dressing percentage (DP) was calculated, and carcasses were chilled for 24 h. Carcasses were then ribbed and 12th rib backfat thickness (BFT), and loin muscle area (LMA) were measured. Traits were analyzed in mixed models with fixed class effects of finishing group (6 levels) and rearing type (single or multiple), a linear covariate of harvest age, and a random effect of sire (n = 16). There were no differences in BW, HCW, BFT, and LMA between rearing types but lambs reared as multiples had greater DP than those reared as singles (P = 0.02; Table). End BW increased while DP decreased with lamb harvest age (P ≤ 0.03). Pearson correlation coefficients were estimated between traits including post-weaning weight (PWWT) NSIP EBV. There was a strong, positive correlation between HCW and BFT (0.52) and HCW and BWT (0.54; P < 0.001). In contrast, HCW was only moderately correlated to LMA (0.35; P < 0.001). The PWWT EBV is the best genetic predictor of post-weaning lamb growth and was moderately correlated with end BW (0.38), HCW (0.35), and LMA (0.35; P < 0.001). Traditional markets prefer carcasses to be 29.5 – 36.3 kg HCW and < 6.4 mm BFT; 91% and 51% of Katahdin carcasses were below the HCW and BFT thresholds, respectively. Katahdins are capable of producing lean carcasses that conform to packer ideals for BF when fed to harvest BW of the present study, which may reduce excess fat trimming during fabrication. However, HCW observed in the present study may suggest greater suitability for non-traditional (i.e., ethnic) markets. Lower correlations between carcass traits in Katahdin compared with past research in Western white-faced lambs may highlight important biological differences in growth and fat deposition among divergent breed types. Crossbreeding Katahdin ewes with terminal sire breeds and within breed selection will improve growth and carcass traits without exceeding HCW thresholds commonly reached in wool sheep but should be considered in tandem with other breeding objectives.

Realized genomic selection across generations in a reciprocal recurrent selection breeding program of Eucalyptus hybrids.

Genomic selection (GS) experiments in forest trees have largely reported estimates of predictive abilities from cross-validation among individuals in the same breeding generation. In such conditions, no effects of recombination, selection, drift, and environmental changes are accounted for. Here, we assessed the effectively realized predictive ability (RPA) for volume growth at harvest age by GS across generations in an operational reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) program of hybrid Eucalyptus. Genomic best linear unbiased prediction with additive (GBLUP_G), additive plus dominance (GBLUP_G+D), and additive single-step (HBLUP) models were trained with different combinations of growth data of hybrids and pure species individuals (N = 17,462) of the G1 generation, 1,944 of which were genotyped with ~16,000 SNPs from SNP arrays. The hybrid G2 progeny trial (HPT267) was the GS target, with 1,400 selection candidates, 197 of which were genotyped still at the seedling stage, and genomically predicted for their breeding and genotypic values at the operational harvest age (6 years). Seedlings were then grown to harvest and measured, and their pedigree-based breeding and genotypic values were compared to their originally predicted genomic counterparts. Genomic RPAs ≥0.80 were obtained as the genetic relatedness between G1 and G2 increased, especially when the direct parents of selection candidates were used in training. GBLUP_G+D reached RPAs ≥0.70 only when hybrid or pure species data of G1 were included in training. HBLUP was only marginally better than GBLUP. Correlations ≥0.80 were obtained between pedigree and genomic individual ranks. Rank coincidence of the top 2.5% selections was the highest for GBLUP_G (45% to 60%) compared to GBLUP_G+D. To advance the pure species RRS populations, GS models were best when trained on pure species than hybrid data, and HBLUP yielded ~20% higher predictive abilities than GBLUP, but was not better than ABLUP for ungenotyped trees. We demonstrate that genomic data effectively enable accurate ranking of eucalypt hybrid seedlings for their yet-to-be observed volume growth at harvest age. Our results support a two-stage GS approach involving family selection by average genomic breeding value, followed by within-top-families individual GS, significantly increasing selection intensity, optimizing genotyping costs, and accelerating RRS breeding.

Risiko Produksi Dan Harga Pada Usahatani Rumput Laut Di Kabupaten Takalar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

Seaweed is an export product of aquaculture commodities that have high economic value. One of the areas with high seaweed production in Indonesia is Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The challenges faced in seaweed farming in South Sulawesi are productivity and price fluctuations. This indicates that there is a risk in cultivated seaweed farming. This study aimed to analyze production risk factors, price risk levels, and risk management for seaweed farming in Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This study uses primary data derived from 100 respondents who were selected randomly. Analysis of production risk factors using the Just and Pope models with the Cobb-Douglas production function and the level of price risk is carried out by measuring the coefficient of variation and the price floor. Meanwhile, risk management consists of preventive, mitigation, and risk-coping strategies. The results showed that the production risk factors that had a significant effect was labor and harvesting age and had the characteristic of inducing risk factors. The price risk farmers face in Takalar Regency is indicated by the coefficient variation value of 0,279, so the risk level faced is 27,9 percent per kg. Risk management is a preventive strategy by maximizing farming activities, and the quality of the inputs used before risks occur in production and prices.

Longer cutting intervals on the characteristics of Guinea grass: morphogenetic, productive, and nutritional traits

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of longer cutting intervals on morphogenetic and structural traits, herbage production, nutritional value, and in vitro digestibility of Guinea grass cv. Mombaça (Mombaça grass). Four cutting intervals (49, 63, 77, and 91 days) were evaluated in two crop years (2015-2016 and 2016-2017) during the rainy season, in two replicates. Cutting intervals influenced structural and morphogenetic traits, except for number of live leaves (4.35 leaves tiller-1) and final leaf length (72.94 cm) in the 2015-2016 crop year. As the cutting intervals increased, dry matter yield and stem percentage increased, whereas leaf percentage and leaf-to-stem ratio declined. Regardless of the evaluated crop year, the dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents increased linearly; however, the neutral detergent fiber content was unaffected. Cutting intervals affected the crude protein content and in vitro digestibility. Considering leaf appearance rate, stem appearance rate, and leaf-to-stem ratio, the recommended harvest age for Mombaça grass for optimum yield and nutritional value is 77 days.

Pengetahuan Lokal Petani dalam Budidaya Tanaman Sayur di Desa Beruk, Kecamatan Jatiyoso, Kabupaten Karanganyar

<em>Population growth triggers the need for national food to increase, including the need for vegetable crops as a complement to human nutrition. Efforts made by farmers to meet the population’s needs for vegetable crops and a source of income, often have not paid attention to environmental conditions. Beruk Village is one of the villages where the people cultivate vegetables crops on the slopes of the mountains which should be used as a conservation area. This condition certainly requires farmers to always learn and apply appropriate local techniques so as not to harm the surrounding environment. This research aimed to explore the learning process of farmers in obtaining and examining local knowledge in vegetable cultivation.</em> <em>This study used a qualitative approach method with the interactive model analysis techniques of Miles and Huberman. The results showed that local knowledge of local farmers comes from parents/hereditary, local village farmers, and farmers outside the village through oral, experience, trial and error, and observation. The local knowledge includes seeding (garlic, onion, carrot), land processing stages and its frequency, ‘kalenan’ (horizontal drains), ‘kali gondhang’ (vertical drains), ‘plipit’ (the arrangement stones on the edge of ‘larikan’), benefits of spacing, planting time and season, intercropping, benefits of grass in agricultural land, fertilization methods, weeding, thinning, manual irrigation, utilization of agricultural and livestock waste, as well as method, age, and yield of harvest. The local agricultural tools used are hoe, crowbar, ‘ganco’, garden fork, trowel, sickle, bucket, sack, ‘lanjaran’, and its binder from natural material.</em>

Production competitiveness of regional sorghum genotypes against new, enhanced varieties and their morphological traits in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Muazam A, Daryono BS, Kristamtini. 2023. Production competitiveness of regional sorghum genotypes against new, enhanced varieties and their morphological traits in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4943-4948. Sorghum is an important cereal crop after rice, maize, wheat and barley. Sorghum can be a potential local food to support national food security and to anticipate the threat of a world food crisis. One effort that can be made is to optimize the land by using adaptive sorghum varieties planted during the rainy season. Various new superior varieties have been released through the Ministry of Agriculture, but the germplasm with a potential to be local food has not been utilized optimally. Several studies on sorghum have been carried out from both cultivation and post-harvest aspects, but to continue the research relay and to participate in meeting national food needs, characterization of local varieties needs to be carried out as a first step in plant breeding activities. This study aims to determine the performance of six genotypes of new high-yielding sorghum varieties and local varieties grown during the rainy season in Karangmojo Village, Karangmojo Sub-district, Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Province, from October 2022 to March 2023. The design used was a Randomized Block Complete Design, with 5 repetitions. The results showed the significantly different effect of genotypes on the parameters of plant height, panicle length, panicle width, 1000 seed weight, flowering age, stem diameter, harvesting age, panicle weight per plot, and production per hectare.

The Effect of Vermicompost Fertilizer and Mutiara Npk 16:16:16 on the Growth and Production of Pakcoy Plant (Brassica Rapa L.)

The design used was a factorial complete randomized design (CRD), it consisted of 2 factors. The first factor was vermicompost fertilizer which consisted of 4 levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 kg/plot) The second factor was NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 which consisted of 4 levels (0, 10, 20, 30 g /plots). The results showed that vermicompost fertilizer and NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 gave a significant interaction on plant height, number of leaves, harvest age, economic wet weight, dry weight of plants and root volume with the best treatment of castor fertilizer 1.5 kg/plot and giving Pearl NPK 16:16:16 20 g/plot (K3N2). The main effect of vermicompost fertilizer on parameters of harvest age with the best dose of vermicompost fertilizer 1.5 kg/plot (K3). The main effect of NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 on harvest age parameters with the best dose of NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 20 g/plot (N2).

ANALISIS EFISIENSI USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DENGAN SISTEM ALSINTAN COMBINE HARVESTER PADA PROSES PEMANENAN DI DESA PADANGLOANG KECAMATAN DUA PITUE KABUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG

Combine Harvester is a rice harvester that can cut standing rice grains, thresh and clean grain while walking in the field. The aims of this study were: 1) To find out what factors influence the use of Combine Harvester in Padangloang Village, Dua Pitue District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency, 2) To determine the efficiency of paddy rice farming in Padangloang Village, Dua Pitue District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency. This study uses a descriptive technique method, namely analysis used to reveal or describe something about a situation that is in accordance with accurate facts from the place under study. There were 52 samples, namely farmers who used the Combine Harvester and were processed using SPSS 26. From the results of the study, it was obtained: The variables of harvesting age, harvest duration, land area and labor partially have a significant influence on rice production. As well as the variables of harvest age, harvest duration, land area and labor simultaneously have an influence on rice production in Padangloang Village, Sidenreng Rappangdan Regency. of 1.73. So that from the three results of data processing efficiency it can be concluded that technical, price and economic efficiency are categorized as efficient because they are equal to 1 which means the Alsintan Combine Harvester System in the harvesting process in Padangloang Village, Dua Pitue District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency is efficient to use.

Growth and Yield of Green Eggplant Applied to Various Compositions of Growing Media

Green eggplant was a vegetable which used for cooking ingredients and has rich nutrients. To increase the green eggplant productivity, it was necessary to improve the quality of growing media so the plant nutrition will be fulfilled. This study aimed to find out the best composition of growing media for the growth and yield of green eggplant. It used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments for the composition of the growing media. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the application of rice husk charcoal and chicken manure had a very significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, flowering age, harvest age, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, and total fruit weight per plant. The results of the orthogonal contrast test showed that the green eggplant grown on soil media was very significantly different from the green eggplant grown on other growing media in all variables. The best results were obtained from the treatment of rice husk charcoal: chicken manure: soil (2:1:1) on the variables of plant height was 42.26 cm, flowering age was 22.33 days, total fruit weight per plant was 538.44 g, fruit diameter was 38.16 mm, and average weight per fruit was 81.66 g. The treatment of growing media composition using a combination of chicken manure and rice husk charcoal was better than the growing media with just one organic matter.

Genetic parameters of various local corn cultivars in high salinity stress

Future demand for maize will not be easily met due to climate change and its development using marginal soils that are stressed by salinity. This study aims to identify the genetic parameters of corn plants under high salinity stress. The research was arranged in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) consisting of six local maize cultivars, namely Gento, Lanca, Pulut, Lokal, Lei, and Sigi Merah. Each treatment was repeated four times. The results showed that two traits had a high coefficient of genotypic diversity, four traits had a high coefficient of phenotypic diversity and six traits had high heritability and genetic progress. Plant height, the greenness of the leaves, age of male flower release, age of blooming female flowers, the position of the ear, harvest age, length of cob without stalks, and diameter of the cob were positively and significantly correlated with yield. Plant height and cob height can be used as criteria for increasing maize yields through indirect selection. In future studies suggest that various local maize cultivars can be applied to situations of high salinity stress.

Uji Daya Hasil Tiga Varietas Padi Gogo (oryza sativa L) Terhadap Cekaman Kekeringan

Rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) is a very important food crop in the world, especially in Asia.The need for food in Indonesia continues to increase from year to year. Because of that until nowrice is still a staple food for most of the world's population, especially Asia. Rice is one of the most important food crops because it is a staple food for Indonesian people. Apart from being a staple food, rice cultivation can also provide jobs for rural farmers. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD), namely rice plant varieties including Situbagendit, Inpago 9, andInpago 12. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, so there were 27 experimental units. Did not have a significant difference to the plant height parameters. The best Gogo rice genotype
 can be determined on the inpago 9 variety which has significant advantages in several parameters including the number of productive tillers, production per hectare, 1000 grain weight and germination power, panicle grains, flowering age, and harvest age. Furthermore, the observation parameters which showed significant or very significant differences were carried out further testsusing the BNJ test with a level of 5%

Logs or permits? Forestry land use decisions in an emissions trading scheme

AbstractNegative carbon emissions options are required to meet long‐term climate goals in many countries. One way to incentivise these options is by paying farmers for carbon sequestered by forests through an emissions trading scheme (ETS). New Zealand has a comprehensive ETS, which includes incentives for farmers to plant permanent exotic forests. This research uses an economy‐wide model, a forestry model and land use change functions to measure the expected proportion of farmers with trees at harvesting age that will change land use from production to permanent forests in New Zealand from 2014 to 2050. We also estimate the impacts on carbon sequestration, the carbon price, gross emissions, GDP and welfare. When there is forestry land use change, the results indicate that the responsiveness of land owners to the carbon price has a measured impact on carbon sequestration. For example, under the fastest land use change scenario, carbon sequestration reaches 29.93 Mt CO2e by 2050 compared to 23.41 Mt CO2e in the no land use change scenario (a 28% increase). Even under the slowest land use change scenario, carbon sequestration is 25.89 Mt CO2e by 2050 (an 11% increase compared with no land use change). This is because, if foresters decide not to switch to permanent forests in 1 year, carbon prices and ultimately incentives to convert to permanent forests will be higher in future years.

Evaluation of genetic purity on Bambara groundnut lines (Vigna subterranean L. Verdcourt) based on qualitative and quantitative characters

Evaluation of genetic purity Bambara groundnut hope line is very important to maintain genetic purity before being released into new varieties. The purpose of this research to examine 12 lines of local Bambara groundnuts. The experiment consisted of 12 unit, each containing 30 plants. The data results are analysed of cluster test for variables qualitative, quantitative variables by counting the mean, variance, standard deviation and coefficient of diversity. The results showed that the 7 populations lines of hope were uniform because they had a similarity matrix value above 0.80 and the remaining 5 populations of lines of hope were not uniform because they had a similarity matrix value below 0.80. The results of data analysis on quantitative characters showed that age of germination, flowering, and harvest. Terminal leaf length and width, number of internodes, and number of branches had low diversity. Character number of leaves and, diameter of thecrown at the age of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10 WAP, petiole length, internode length, weight of wetstover, weight of dry stover, lengt hand width of seeds had moderatediversity. Characters of wetpod weight, pod weightdryness, skin thickness ,number of seeds and seed weight varied from high to very high.

Assessment of a Monthly Data Structure for Growth and Yield Projections from Early to Harvest Age in Hybrid Eucalypt Stands

Whole-stand Models (WSM) have always been fitted with permanent plot data organised in a sequential age-matched database, i.e., i and i+1, where i = 1, 2, ... N plot measurements. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the statistical efficiency of a monthly distributed data structure by fitting the models of Clutter (1963), Buckman (1962) in the version modified by A. L. da Silva et al. (2006), and deep learning, and (2) to evaluate the possibility of gaining accuracy in yield projections made from an early age to harvest age of eucalypt stands. Three alternatives for organizing the data were analyzed. The first is with data paired in sequential measurement ages, i.e., i and i+1, where i = 1, 2, ... N plot measurements. In the second, all possible measurement intervals for each plot were considered, i.e., ii+1; i, i+2; ...; iN; i+1, i+2; ..., N-1, N. The third has data paired by month (j), always with an interval of one month, i.e., j, j+1; j+1, j+2; j+M-1, M, where M is the stand age of the plot measurement in months. This study shows that the accuracy and consistency of the projections depend on the organization of the monthly distributed data, except for the Clutter model. A better alternative to increasing the statistical assumptions of the forecast from early to harvest age is based on a monthly distributed data structure using a deep learning method.

Metabolite fingerprinting of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces assessed for post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD).

Cassava landraces are impacted by post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD). 34 primary/secondary metabolites (carotenes, flavonols, indols, phenolic, hydroxycinnamic, and organic acids) were analysed using HPLC/GC-MS in 72 landraces harvested 8months after planting (MAP) to clarify whether these compounds may play a role in PPD tolerance. Cluster analysis differentiated a first group with high organic acids contents, citric acid being dominant, a second group with landraces high in tryptophan, a third group including landraces with high phenolic and hydroxycinnamic acids content, and a fourth group characterised by 8 carotenoids. PPD tolerant and susceptible landraces were present in each group. To determine if PPD is related to age of harvest, 174 landraces were harvested at 6, 8, 10 and 12 MAP. Scopoletin, sucrose and glucose were analysed. PPD was positively correlated with DMC and negatively correlated with scopoletin at all ages of harvest. Scopoletin is a useful biomarker to characterize landraces.

Exploration and characterization of tinombo local garlic, Central Sulawesi

Most of Indonesia’s garlic needs are fulfilled by imported (97%). The government focuses on local garlic for seed prospects and gives a mandatory for importers to plant it to increase domestic production. Beside of using registered local varieties, it is also intended for local varieties which have not been registered, to be developed especially by local farmers. Exploration and characterization are very necessary so that the presence of local varieties of garlic in each region is known. This study aims to explore and characterize the local garlics in Central Sulawesi. The research was carried out in March 2020, located in Parigi Moutong Regency. The research used survey method, while the observations of plant morphology and agronomy using a Horticultural Plant Characterization Guidebook. The research found a local variety of garlic namely Tinombo Variety. Apart from being a cooking spice, Tinombo variety also used as a biopharmaceutical. The result of the characterization shows that Tinombo variety has light green leaf color, pale yellow flesh color, very sharp aroma, 14-21 cloves per bulb, 2-3 t/ha production while the yield potential is 7.6 t/ha. The harvest age is 5-6 months, and it is suitable in the highlands. The obstacle for farmers is the difficulty of the access to and from the field, thus the price of garlic is expensive. The cultivation technology is still conventional and does not use fertilizers. This local variety has a high chance to increase its productivity with the application of appropriate and site-specific technologies.

Segregation patterns and transgressive segregation for agronomic characters in red chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Laris Variety of M3 generation after gamma-irradiation

The information on genetic parameters need to be known in relation to the selection process for breeding of high yielding plant genotypes. This study aims to estimate the frequency distribution, segregation pattern, and transgressive segregation for agronomic characters in M3 generation of red chili “Laris” variety after gamma-ray irradiation. The research was conducted at the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung from September 2018 to May 2019. This research used single plant method. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test at the 1% level of significance for normal distribution fit and segregation pattern analysis. Transgressive segregation can be seen through the frequency distribution of M3 generation plants compared to M0. Results of this study indicated that the characters of dichotomous height, flowering age, harvesting age, plant height, branching level, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight per plant had a normal distribution and associated with quantitative characters. The number of primary branches had a non-normal distribution and termed as a qualitative character. The segregation pattern of the number of primary branches follows a 15:1 ratio which indicates that the controlling gene is regulated by two genes that work in a double dominant epistatic manner. Transgressive segregation which has a positive value was found in the characters of dichotomous height, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight per plant.

Characterization and determination of total phenol levels of ethanolic extract of bawang dayak bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa urb.) based on variation in growing time of plants

Background: Bawang dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) grows widely in Kalimantan. This plant can be used as a raw material for medicine and is known to contain phenolic compounds that have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The quality of the raw material of a plant determines its pharmacological activity. This is, of course, related to the content of compounds or active substances. One factor that plays an important role is the age of harvest, which can affect the content of compounds both qualitatively and quantitatively. Objective: To determine the simplicia characterization and total phenol content in bulbs of bawang dayak extracted using 96% ethanol, which were harvested at the ages of 1, 2, and 3 months. Method: Bulbs of bawang dayak are used in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months with several testing stages, namely organoleptic tests, macroscopic tests, and microscopic tests. Further qualitative analysis used TLC with chloroform and methanol (8:2) as the mobile phases. In the quantitative test, we used a UV-Via spectrophotometer with the folin-ciocalteau reagent and the gallic acid comparison. Results: The TLC test showed a positive result for phenol, which was marked after being sprayed with 1% FeCl3, a black spot appeared. The results of the determination of total phenol content in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months, respectively, were 59.196 ± 0.057, 76.596 ± 0.057, and 60.63 ± 0.2 mg/g GAE. Conclusion: The data above shows that the highest total phenol content is in the second month.