Harvard Researchers Research Articles

At Law: Accountability in Science and Government: Is Access the Answer?

Last year, scientific and academic organizations were immersed in efforts to minimize the negative impact of a new federal law. The new law increases public access to data produced in federally funded research projects. Supporters portray it as a good reform, but the research community believes the measure is seriously flawed. The Provision and Its Interpretation The controversial legislation instructs the Office of Management and Budget to hold federal funding agencies responsible for ensuring that all data produced under an award will be made available to the public through the procedures established under the Freedom of Information Act: Provided ... that if the agency obtaining the data does so solely at the request of a private party, the agency may authorize a reasonable user fee equaling the incremental costs of obtaining the data.[1] Under prior law, data were considered the property of the grantee institution, which could control whether and how they should be released to the public. Although funding agencies had the right to obtain raw data, they typically asked investigators to submit only summary data, published papers, or other more finished products. Senator Richard Shelby (R-AL) proposed the new legislation after discovering that the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency did not have data from a federally funded study the agency relied on in setting air quality standards. Harvard University researchers had the data, but refused to supply them to Congress because the study involved confidential information from patients' medical records. The dispute was resolved when Harvard officials and researchers agreed to give the data to independent analysts funded jointly by the EPA and industry.[2] Although the Senate had discussed the general possibility of making data more accessible, the provision's last minute enactment caught the research community off guard. Scientific and academic organizations initially supported congressional efforts to delay or repeal the law. When these strategies failed, the focus of activity became the OMB, which was responsible for drafting the precise text of the new rules. Although OMB officials had some leeway to interpret the provision, principles of administrative law barred them from straying too far from the statutory language. The new law alarmed researchers, academic officials, and funding agency personnel for four main reasons. First, the research process would be cut short if raw data had to be released before scientists could analyze the information, formulate conclusions, and obtain peer review. Premature release could have harmful consequences, such as public health scares based on erroneous data interpretations. Second, clinical research data often contain identifying information about study participants. Public release would violate confidentiality promises and deter people from volunteering for future studies. The third problem was the laws potential impact on scientists whose data were requested. Instead of pursuing their scientific projects, research teams would be forced to spend time assembling information for public distribution. They would also be vulnerable to harassment by industry and other groups that perceived those studies as threats to their economic or ideological interests. Fourth, the law could impair the ability of scientists and academic institutions to protect intellectual property from their competitors' watchful gaze. This last concern was shared by biotechnology and other firms interested in collaborating with academic scientists on research. Though the law's supporters pointed out that the Freedom of Information Act exempts from disclosure certain confidential information, such as medical records and trade secrets, opponents said the exemptions might be inadequate to protect important interests in the research context. A particular problem is that the FOIA authorizes government officials to decide when information qualifies as exempt. …

EVEN FLOW BUILDS MICROSTRUCTURES

Gentle motions of reactive fluids flowing through capillaries form the basis of a new microfahrication procedure that offers great simplicity compared with other methods. The new method, which may be applied to materials that aren't amenable to other fabrication techniques, has been used with high precision to build micrometer-sized electrode systems and other devices [ Science , 285 , 83 (1999)]. The procedure was developed by Harvard University chemistry professor George M. Whitesides and postdoctoral associates Paul J. A. Kenis and Rustem F. Ismagilov. By selecting conditions that promote a mild and nonturbulent type of mass transport known as laminar flow, the Harvard researchers carry out chemical reactions strictly at the interface between streams of solutions flowing side-by-side through minuscule channels or at the interface of tiny reagent streams and capillary walls. These reactions leave in their wake lines of metal atoms or other products that can serve as microelectronic devices. It's a real...

How Ewen and Purcell discovered the 21-cm interstellar hydrogen line

The story of how Harold Irving Ewen and Edward Mills Purcell detected the first spectral line ever observed in radio astronomy, in 1951, has been told for general audiences by Robert Buderi (1996). The present article has a different purpose. The technical roots of Ewen and Purcell's achievement reveal much about the way science often depends upon borrowed technologies, which were not developed with the needs of science in mind. The design and construction of the equipment is described in detail. As Ewen's photographs, records, and recollections show, he and Purcell had access to an unusual combination of scientific knowledge, engineering know-how, critical hardware, and technical assistance at Harvard, in 1950 and 1951. This combination gave them a competitive edge over similar research groups in Holland and Australia, who were also striving to detect the hydrogen line, and who succeeded only weeks after the Harvard researchers did. The story also shows that Ewen and Purcell did their groundbreaking scientific work in the small-science style that prevailed before World War II, while receiving substantial indirect help from one of the first big-science projects at Harvard.

Did an Ancient Deep Freeze Nearly Doom Life?

A group of Harvard researchers propose that around 700 million years ago, a series of all-enveloping ice ages created a snowball Earth and nearly snuffed out life. Coated by ice and snow from pole to pole, the planet slept on for millions of years, according to this theory reported on page 1342, until it was finally roused by its own volcanic emanations.

Beholder Beware: A Reply to Jessica Davis

Let us first present our modernist credentials. We are both comfortably steeped in modernist aesthetics. In our view, Art worthy of the name, should be fresh. It should be based on the refinement of craft in the service of individual expression. Like all good modernists we delight in the drawings and sketches of our young children. Our refrigerators and other domestic vistas are cluttered with their latest masterpieces. And yes, as the kids grow up we note a clear loss of those very elements we value in the work of the youngest children: spontaneity, whimsy, focus, unpredictability, a celebration of the materials themselves, and in general the je m'en foutism of the little child. As card-carrying or at least fellow-traveling modernists we happily acknowledge all of this. The basic question we raise, however, is do those not steeped in our modernist aesthetics find this quality as admirable as we do? We have emphasized the preliminary nature of what was, after all, only an exploratory study to suggest future avenues of research. Thus, we would be the first to concede the possibility that we may not have trained the Montreal Chinese judges in exactly the way the Harvard researchers did, as Davis suggests. While we have followed her procedures as scrupulously as we could, the fact that the two sets of judges not trained by the same people may have had some effect. So we, too, envisage a propitious scenario in which the means would be available for all judges to be trained by the same researchers. Second, Davis is right to point to the relatively low level of agreement between the Montreal Chinese judges' assessments-what she, somewhat misleadingly, given the issues at hand, refers to as low inter-rater reliability.' This definitely suggests caution in interpreting the findings-as we readily concede in our original article. While it does not necessarily mean that something has gone seriously wrong in the application of the Davis protocol, it certainly means we have to be leery of assuming that the two Chinese judges shared a single aesthetic position. This, too, we note in the article. More importantly, however, it points to a far greater limitation of our research design. While she claims that the relatively small size of our sample of drawings is the problem, the really serious sampling issue is that of the judges. From the inception of our research, we wished to examine two independent variables:1) the development of children's aesthetic capacities, and 2) the aesthetic background of the judges. As a result of our initial findings, our emphasis shifted towards the latter. In other words, we have changed the issue from being about the nature of the drawings to concern with the cultural background of the judges. As a result, it becomes crucial that the judges be truly representative of the populations they are supposed to represent. With a haphazardly drawn sample of two, we agree, one cannot be sure of this at all. Future studies, in so far as they wish to address the issue of the judges' cultural background, will have to be based on much larger, more carefully selected samples of judges, as opposed to drawings. Now for some simple matters of fact. The fact that our sample of drawings was smaller than Davis's simply means it is harder to find statistically significant results when looking for differences between group means. As we just explained, however, since we are concerned with differences between judges rather than drawings by age group, the size of the drawing sample is pretty much beside the point. Even less relevant are the sizes of the age groups represented in the sample. Since we are dealing with mean evaluations for each age group, the difference in group size is neither here nor there. We are truly at a loss to try and understand what Davis is referring to and why she thinks it could possibly matter when she says the groups in our study were not balanced. Davis questions the Montreal Chinese judges' backgrounds. …

Previous angina alters in-hospital outcome in TIMI 4: A clinical correlate to preconditioning?: Robert A. Kloner, Thomas Shook, Karin Przyklenk, Vicki G. Davis, Lucille Junio, Ray V. Matthews, Steven Burstein, C. Michael Gibson, W. Kenneth Poole, Christopher P. Cannon, Carolyn H. McCabe; Eugene Braunwald, for the TIMI 4 Investigators. The Heart Institute, Hospital of the Good Samaritan, and University of

Previous angina alters in-hospital outcome in TIMI 4: A clinical correlate to preconditioning?: Robert A. Kloner, Thomas Shook, Karin Przyklenk, Vicki G. Davis, Lucille Junio, Ray V. Matthews, Steven Burstein, C. Michael Gibson, W. Kenneth Poole, Christopher P. Cannon, Carolyn H. McCabe; Eugene Braunwald, for the TIMI 4 Investigators. The Heart Institute, Hospital of the Good Samaritan, and University of

One Was Maurice . . .

One Was Maurice . . . Elizabeth N. Goodenough (bio) Angels and Wild Things: The Archetypal Poetics of Maurice Sendak, by John Cech. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Although the 1890s are often seen as a period of nostalgic escape, during which the cult of the child reached a pinnacle of sentiment, childhood in the 1990s has become a last frontier, as brutal and bucolic as mythologies of the American West. Neil Postman and other social critics lamented the disappearance of childhood in the 1980s, but the exploitation of the child as a cultural motif underscores today how eagerly adults seek their wholeness through this liminal figure. As our sense of endangered nature becomes acute, children embody freedom, possibility, and primitivism; they provide perspective on what Gaston Bachelard calls "antecedence of being." Shortly after the Academy Awards celebrated the trusting heroism of Forrest Gump, who never forgot what his mama told him, the full horror of the Oklahoma bombing was telescoped for Americans by the limp body of a bloody infant pulled from the inferno. In the televised aftermath of this tragedy, adult mourners clutched teddy bears and recalled Janet Reno's ironic rationale for the raid of Waco—"to save the children." As we slouch toward the year 2000, futuristic fantasies of the mid-century (now veering toward ecological apocalypse) are less empowering than travels taken inside and backward to that time before time of fairy tales—like Robert Bly's Iron John (1990) and Clarissa Pinkola Estes's Women Who Run with the Wolves (1992)—or to an elusive and enigmatic private beginning like David Mamet's off-Broadway "Cryptogram," which dramatizes the emotional abuse of a ten-year-old from his own perspective. An important prototype for such journeys is the astonishing and extended "confrontation with the unconscious" recorded by Carl Jung at age eighty-one in Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1961). Although Harvard researcher Richard Noll, in a recent New York Times article, called the Swiss psychologist "the most influential liar of the 20th century," accusing him of falsifying data in order to advance [End Page 235] his belief in the collective unconscious, Jung's 1941 essay "The Psychology of the Child Archetype" is useful in explaining the urgency of the "wounded child" and the suspense of "earth in the balance" to New Age spirituality. His insights, as John Cech's Angels and Wild Things demonstrates, are also remarkably helpful in accounting for the career of Maurice Sendak, the world-renowned children's illustrator, author, creative designer for opera, ballet, theatre, and film, and the founder of the national Night Kitchen Theatre for children. Having remapped the "emotional and visionary terrain of childhood" (7), Sendak has, like his "masters" William Blake and George Mac-Donald, expanded the boundaries of children's books and recast the child as a symbol of transformative energy. Centering his engaging study on Sendak's literary children—Rosie, Pierre, Max, Mickey, Ida, Mili, Jack, and Guy, "children of the streets and of the clouds"—Cech situates this illustrator of more than eighty books and winner of both the Caldecott and the Hans Christian Andersen Medals within the cultural climate of the past four decades. He indicates how the sudden changes that distinguish Sendak's work grew out of "a mosaic of influences" that range from Mozart to Mickey Mouse and include the English illustrators, the "crappy toys" and "tinsel movies" of his youth, advertising slogans, brand names, and the social and political upheavals of the post—World War II era. Thus one finds in Sendak's various styles and juxtapositions a fusion of "the refined and the commercial, the polite and the populist, the stuff of comics and glitzy movies and the black and white, pen-and-inklines of the serenely classical" (3). Cech's book as a whole focuses on the "eight essential works" over which the artist exercised complete control and locates the genesis of these projects in Sendak's self-described obsession and "great curiosity about childhood as a state of being": "how all children manage to get through childhood from one day to the next, how they defeat boredom, fear, pain, and anxiety and find joy. It is a constant...

DOCTORS' OWN GUIDELINES HURT THEM IN COURT

Doctors are finding that they can get burned by cookbook medicine. Recent court cases, as well as a Harvard University study, suggest that written guidelines on how to treat particular medical conditions have become powerful weapons for plaintiffs in malpractice cases. Where plaintiffs once had to rely on hired experts to argue that a procedure was botched, they can now point to official treatment recipes issued by physician groups themselves. "Lawyers like me are using them in court all the time to say, "Gee, your own organization says this is a minimum standard of care, and you didn't follow it." Ironically, doctors have embraced and developed guidelines in recent years, believing they could be used to fight malpractice suits. "The hope was that guidelines would say specifically what the standard of care was," says Troyen Brennan, a health law expert and an author of the Harvard study. Medical groups have issued dozens of guidelines, from instructions on performing Caesarian deliveries to recommendations on treating intoxicated trauma patients ... the Harvard study warns that the rising use of guidelines in malpractice litigation could "chill physicians' interest" in writing new ones. According to the Harvard study, which was released earlier this year by the School of Public Health, such guidelines are about three times more likely to be used against doctors than in their defense. The Harvard researchers examined 13 years of court decisions and 259 claims filed with malpractice insurers. Where it's clear that a doctor met the required standards, the guidelines can aid physicians.

Addressing the malpractice problem: the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's programs.

Addressing the malpractice problem: the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's programs.

Existential Transactions at Harvard

Before gaining notoriety as a promoter of the psychedelic drug experience, Timothy Leary established impressive credentials in the field of interpersonal psychology and was developing a humanistic form of psychotherapy he called "existential-transactional." This article plots the evolution of his work in these areas, from publication of his classic Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality (1957), based on research conducted at Kaiser Foundation Hospital from 1950 to 1956, through his experiments with humanistic psychotherapy techniques and psychedelics at Harvard University, where he taught graduate student seminars from 1960 to 1963. Emphasis is placed on existential-transactional psychology, which he formulated, prior to accepting the Harvard position, in The Existential Transaction, a treatise that enjoyed extremely limited circulation among Harvard colleagues and that never was formally published. It urged psychologists to work in "real life situations... observing behavior in the trenches" without imposing "a medical or any other model" on their subjects, and to be willing to "get involved, engaged in the events they're studying." Leary's Harvard research using psychedelic drugs to change behavior patterns is discussed as an example of this theory's application. He is quoted as saying his subsequent expulsion from Harvard in 1963 and emergence as a public figure allowed him and fellow believers in the theory "to expand... [their] experimental design from selected laboratory samples of hundreds to field studies involving millions." It is reported that Leary's bibliographers have so far been unable to locate a copy of The Existential Transaction.

Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments by Richard Gillespie

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 703 Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments. By Richard Gillespie. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp· x + 282; illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $39.50. Of the few perspectives shared by historians of technology and of psychology, the most notable is probably respect for the Hawthorne experiments, carried out at Western Electric’s telephone-equipment manufacturing plant on Chicago’s South Side. After all, conventional wisdom teaches that this research project—begun in 1924 (under National Research Council auspices) by company illuminating engi­ neers and continued through 1933 by Harvard Business School academics—revolutionized both industrial engineering and industrial psychology. Before Hawthorne (according to standard accounts), industrial engineers addressed the physical environment of work and industrial psychologists designed tests to find workers best suited for particular jobs. But after the “discovery” of the “Hawthorne effect” (these accounts continue), both realized that human factors did more than anything else to promote a contented and productive work force. Tradition thus presents Hawthorne as a triumph of scientific method that benefited both workers and employers, and while some criticize “the servants of power” and “architects of adjustment” for coopting science for managerial capitalism, others explicitly look to the “ratio­ nal kernel” “discovered” at Hawthorne and seek its universal appli­ cation. But as his volume’s title intimates, Richard Gillespie believes that those at Hawthorne manufactured more than relays and switchboards and seeks “to show why social scientists and managers—and even the workers themselves—arrived at particular interpretations of the Haw­ thorne experiments and why one interpretation came to be accepted as ‘correct’ ” (p. 6). He thus reviews the political relationships among all participants and the multiple contexts that led individuals (includ­ ing Western Electric managers and engineers and Harvard profes­ sors) and institutions (including companies, universities, and founda­ tions) to take part in and support the study. And while he emphasizes that he hopes to go beyond earlier studies that sought to determine “what really happened” during the experiments, he traces in exquisite detail the activities and events in Hawthorne’s Relay Assembly Test Room and Bank Wiring Test Room and at Harvard, where Elton Mayo and his academic collaborators produced dozens of accounts and analyses of the experiments. This careful attention to the actions of all involved—including the workers in both test rooms, and the technical and social-scientific practice of the researchers who set out to interpret their behavior—provides Gillespie with the details he needs to trace how Hawthorne’s conventional wisdom emerged. In doing so, he emphasizes the perspectives from which all involved viewed these events and actions. These include the economic and social interests of the relay assemblers and bank wirers, the concerns about production 704 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE (and about how their superiors at AT&T headquarters would view their actions) of Western Electric engineers and managers, Mayo’s own psychopathological theories about the problems of industry (which led him to misunderstand and downplay workers’ perceptions and interests), and (perhaps most notably) the anthropology of work of W. Lloyd Warner, another Harvard social scientist. Gillespie care­ fully relates Mayo’s and Warner’s approaches to the course of each man’s life, thus further illustrating the significance of personal factors for such supposedly impersonal events as technological change. And while he gives each man and his ideas appropriate attention, his sympathies clearly lie with Warner’s subtle application of traditional anthropological techniques to the study of worker motivation and behavior. Indeed, in many ways Gillespie’s study is itself a historical anthropology focused on the work of managers, engineers, and social scientists, and this perspective adds much to its value. One major chapter exemplifying this form of analysis, “Manufac­ turing the Hawthorne Experiments,” carefully examines how Mayo wrote his best-selling The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1933), how Thomas North Whitehead (Mayo’s statistically minded colleague and the philosopher’s son) prepared The Industrial Worker (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1938), and how, most important, Harvard researcher Fritz J. Roethlisberger and Western Electric manager William J. Dickson wrote Management and the Worker (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1939), the most influential account and...

Commentary: Re: “A Case-Control Study of Milk Drinking and Ovarian Cancer Risk”

Researchers from Harvard Medical School in Boston Massachusetts challenged the conclusion of other researchers that whole milk consumption increases the risk of ovarian cancer. The Harvard researchers asserted that it is galactose and not animal fat that plays a leading role in ovarian cancer etiology. Their research showed a positive association between >1 serving/day of skim milk and ovarian cancer. On the other hand no dose response and no association existed between whole milk consumption and ovarian cancer. Moreover the association was higher in women who never used oral contraceptives (OCs) regardless of what type of milk they drank (whole milk: crude odds ratios 1.8 vs. 0.9 and skim milk: CORs 2.3 vs 2.1). The study in the earlier article did not contain measures of total animal fat or total lactose. It asserted that milk consumption accounts for about 80% of total lactose consumption yet the Harvard researchers found it only accounts for 55%. Their research found an increased risk of ovarian cancer in those women who consumed the most lactose (>18g/day; COR 1.4). This reached significance for those who had never used OCs (p=.01; COR 2.4). A 3rd factor not considered in the earlier articles researchers compared galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity and total lactose consumption. They found that the lactose/transferase ration was the leading variable for ovarian cancer (p=.007) more so than parity (p=.017) and animal fat consumption (p=.955). They proposed that lactose consumption a dietary factor and transferase activity a genetic factor mediate ovarian cancer risk. They concluded that the data in the other article did not address this hypothesis.

Engines of progress: Designing and running entrepreneurial vehicles in established companies

In order to create new revenue streams through new or improved lines of business, many companies have established formal programs to stimulate and manage innovations and venture creation. We refer to such programs as “entrepreneurial vehicles”+ngines for driving the creation of value through new ideas-and the projects they nurture as “newstream” activities, to distinguish them from “mainstream” operations in “mainstream” (ongoing, established) lines of business (Kanter 1989). The core dilemma around entrepreneurship in established companies is, of course, organizing so as to manage newstreams in the midst of mainstreams-even when there are conflicting requirements for effectiveness in each. Between 1986 and 1988 a Harvard Business School Research Team studied eight corporate venturing programs in depth, covering companies in a large range of industries and with strikingly different kinds of entrepreneurial vehicles. Burgelman (1983) identified three major levels (or tasks and roles) in the internal corporate venturing process. These levels are similar to the levels in Bower’s (1970) resource allocation model: corporate management, which provides the structure and rationale for new business development, as well as authorizing projects and monitoring performance; new venture development management, which delineates specific areas in which to seek project managers; and the venture managers themselves, who generate the ideas, champion specific products or technology, and oversee the technical work. The focus of the Harvard research was the middle level, the integrative mechanism for linking corporate strategy and innovation projects.

A critique of the Harvard Resource-Based Relative Value Scale.

Physician payment reform has assumed a prominent place in the national health policy debate. A key component in this debate is the Harvard Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS). The Harvard research effort relied upon several necessary methodologic assumptions and compromises that must be understood to appreciate the RBRVS's strengths and weaknesses. For example, the Harvard group surveyed too few cases to cover the range of clinical practice in a specialty, had too little input in the selection of cases that were judged to be the same or equivalent between specialties, and used an unproven extrapolation methodology to assign final values for total work to non-surveyed physician services. This methodology led to a number of anomalies in the final RBRVS, such as values for comprehensive services for some specialties that were lower for new than for established patients, and total work values for many new patient office services that were lower for Internal Medicine than for Family Practice, a finding inconsistent with empiric evidence. The Harvard RBRVS represents a significant contribution that increases our understanding of physician practice. The system should not be viewed as a finished product. Further investigation and explanation of the assumptions and anomalies are needed to construct a system that reflects adequately the complexity in physician work.

Tax Policy and the Economy

The Tax Policy and Economy series presents new research bearing on the effects of taxation on economic performance and analyzing the effects of potential tax reforms. Research results are, presented in a timely and accessible fashion.Volume 4 includes contributions by Glenn Hubbard, Lawrence Goulder, Lawrence Summers, Daniel Feenberg, and Eytan Sheshinski.Lawrence H. Summers is Professor of Economics at Harvard University and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Piracy: Past, present and future

After a brief historical overview, the author examines the definition of piracy. There are problems with this as definition differs under municipal and international law, and the latter gives rise to two interpretations. Attempts at codifications are described, from the activities of the League of Nations, through the Harvard Research Draft of 1932 to the Geneva Convention on the High Seas in 1958 and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. Examples are given of types of piracy, including the seizing of yachts, violence against boat people and political piracy. Possible legal responses to piracy are discussed.

Enforcement Jurisdiction, Foreign State Property and Diplomatic Immunity

1. The extensive literature on the subject includes Harvard Research (1932) 26 A.J.I.L. Suppl. 451-738; Lauterpacht (1951) 28 B.Y.I.L. 220; Sucharitkul, State Immunities and Trading Activities (1959), and his reports as Rapporteur to the International Law Commission on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property, UN Documents A/CN.4/323, 331 and Add.l, 340, 357, 363 and Add.l, 376 and Add.1-2; Sinclair (1973) 22 I.C.L.Q. 254 and (1980-II) 167 Hague Rec. 113; see also (1979) 10 Neth.Y.B.I.L. for national reports on State practice. 2. Alcom Ltd. v. Republic of Colombia [1984] 2 W.L.R. 750 (HL reversing the CA: [1983] 3 W.L.R. 906). 3. Other problems concern the scope of the exceptions contained in ss.3-11, e.g. contracts of employment (s.4; see Sucharitkul, op. cit. supra n.1, at Document A/CN/4/363 (1982), and, for the English law prior to the Act, see Sengupta v. Republic of India (1982) 1 C.R. 221; 64 I.L.R. 352 (EAT)); tortious liability for personal injuries (s.5; for conflicting US decisions as to whether the injuries as well as the tortious act have to occur within the local jurisdiction, see Persinger v. Islamic Republic of Iran (1984) XXIII I.L.M. 384 (US Ct. App. Col. Cir., 13 March 1984); the construction of a State's submission (s.2(2); cf. Libra Bank Ltd. v. Banco Nacional de Costa Rica, 676 F.2d 47 (2d Cir. 1982), S & S Machinery Co. v. Maxinexportimport, 706 F.2d 411 (2d Cir.), cert. denied 104 S.Ct. 161 (1983)); and the scope of exclusions, e.g. s.16(2) relating to armed forces of the State.

The Harvard fraud case: where does the problem lie?

Ascientific scandal at Harvard Medical School has culminated in the harshest penalty the federal government has ever imposed on a researcher for falsifying data. Moreover, a National Institutes of Health (NIH) investigative report issued Feb 16 and accompanying documents have criticized Harvard for its handling of the affair, embarrassed one of the nation's leading cardiologists, and suggested strongly that the pattern of fraud extends back to the perpetrator's residency days at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta. The protagonist in the case, one of the most complex in the expanding annals of scientific fraud, is a former Harvard research fellow, John Roland Darsee, MD, 34. Now in a second residency program in upstate New York, Darsee appeared destined for a brilliant academic career before his boldness in faking results in animal experiments began to reveal an extensive pattern of data fabrication. Ultimately, he was found to have falsified large

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO RETURN ON INVESTMENT.

Because of business strategy's complexity, research has been limited to case studies. Recently, Harvard researchers have demonstrated the applicability of multiple regression to interorganizatlonal analysis. This paper extends this methodology by analyzing profit centers within a large corporation. The results show that regression can identify strategic factors that were unnoticed by management. Interpretation of the two regression models suggests that a capital intensive manufacturing firm in a mature industry may find its best strategies are internal factors that facilitate adjustment to a changing environment.

XYY: Harvard researcher under fire stops newborn screening.

XYY: Harvard researcher under fire stops newborn screening.