Harsh Punishment Research Articles

‘As long as you have the guts’: The discourse of drug offending

Despite the harsh punishment and measures taken to crack down on drug-related crimes in China, drug offending presents a growing threat. This paper, based on in-depth interviews with 24 drug offenders who are now under incarceration, explores how drug offending is described and presented. The results reveal that drug offending is not merely simplified as good or evil, but constructed as individuals’ only, attractive, or non-existent option. The implications of the results are briefly discussed in regard to the reduction in drug crimes and policy improvement.

Searching for gene-gene interactions through variance quantitative trait loci of 29 continuous Taiwan Biobank phenotypes.

Introduction: After the era of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), thousands of genetic variants have been identified to exhibit main effects on human phenotypes. The next critical issue would be to explore the interplay between genes, the so-called "gene-gene interactions" (GxG) or epistasis. An exhaustive search for all single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) pairs is not recommended because this will induce a harsh penalty of multiple testing. Limiting the search of epistasis on SNPs reported by previous GWAS may miss essential interactions between SNPs without significant marginal effects. Moreover, most methods are computationally intensive and can be challenging to implement genome-wide. Methods: I here searched for GxG through variance quantitative trait loci (vQTLs) of 29 continuous Taiwan Biobank (TWB) phenotypes. A discovery cohort of 86,536 and a replication cohort of 25,460 TWB individuals were analyzed, respectively. Results: A total of 18 nearly independent vQTLs with linkage disequilibrium measure r 2 < 0.01 were identified and replicated from nine phenotypes. 15 significant GxG were found with p-values <1.1E-5 (in the discovery cohort) and false discovery rates <2% (in the replication cohort). Among these 15 GxG, 11 were detected for blood traits including red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; 2 for total bilirubin; 1 for fasting glucose; and 1 for total cholesterol (TCHO). All GxG were observed for gene pairs on the same chromosome, except for the APOA5 (chromosome 11)-TOMM40 (chromosome 19) interaction for TCHO. Discussion: This study provided a computationally feasible way to search for GxG genome-wide and applied this approach to 29 phenotypes.

Fragmentation of employment relationships, fragmentation of working time: the nature of work and employment of platform takeaway riders and implications for decent work in China

This paper critically examines the notion of working time flexibility of platform takeaway riders and its impact on them in China. Drawing on 25 interviews with platform and takeaway delivery company managers and takeaway riders as well as secondary data, the study finds that the management model adopted by the platform companies and their agency companies often encourages riders to extend their working hours by being designed into the rider's earning system, status level and various incentive schemes. Driven by profits, takeaway delivery platform companies pursue speed and impose harsh punishments for poor customer reviews. Severe competition and the platforms' aggressive pricing and commissioning practices mean that takeaway riders' remuneration is tightly squeezed, with no subsidies or overtime payment, and with rules for bonuses that make it increasingly difficult to earn. Working excessively long and intense hours is the only way that riders can increase their income, which suggests that rider‐oriented working time flexibility is virtually non‐existent. We propose the notion of fragmented employment relationships and fragmented working time to conceptualise working time flexibility in the takeaway delivery context in China. We accentuate the need to examine the quality of working time flexibility when examining this practice. We call for state interventions to provide a greater level of social protection than the takeaway riders are currently experiencing to advance the decent work agenda as part of the Sustainable Development Goals.

A Critical Review of the Institute of Multiple Recidivism in the Modern Criminal Law of the Republic of Serbia: The Controversy of the Current Legal Solution and Possible Solutions

After being derogated several times, the institute of multiple recidivism was re-incorporated into the Republic of Serbia’s positive criminal legislation with the intention of giving intentional perpetrators of crimes punishable by imprisonment, who were previously convicted at least twice for criminal offenses committed with intent to imprisonment for at least one year, harsher penalties and disabling them from committing criminal offenses in the future. Numerous disputed scenarios required national jurisprudence to find solutions, with the challenges of calculating the criminal range and the level of the lower threshold of the imposed criminal sentence standing out in particular. The observed institute was analyzed primarily through the prism of rationality, justification, and expediency of the current normative solution, within which the author attempted to provide answers to potentially contentious issues. The findings of the conducted research indicated that the new concept of the institute of multiple recidivism is incorrect because the threshold of half the penal range is excessively high and does not leave enough space for the court to objectively weigh the circumstances of each specific case. Furthermore, the findings suggest that in some cases, an approach based on alternative measures may be a more convenient solution, as well as that the application of the existing legal solution regarding the observed institute is merely legitimate in relation to some categories of perpetrators who are declared “incorrigible.” The conducted research concludes that, due to the arguments presented in the paper, there is a high likelihood that the institute of multiple recidivism will again be derogated from the Republic of Serbia’s legislation if the provision of Art. 55a of the Criminal Code remains unchanged.

Empirical Analysis of Court Cases on Sexual Violence in Malaysia

Women and children suffer sexual violence despite the harsh punishment in Malaysia under the Penal Code of Malaysia and the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017. Statistics from the Malaysian Royal Police show that sexual offences cases are on the rise. However, not all cases result in a guilty verdict in court. Using purposive sampling, this research conducted a qualitative doctrinal analysis of cases from 2013 to 2023 which have been decided by the courts and published in law journals. The objectives of this research are firstly, to examine how women and children become victims of rape and sexual violence; and secondly, to examine the obstacles faced in convicting the accused. It is found from the published articles that vulnerable victims fall prey to the perpetrator’s deceit, threat or promises. Failure to promptly report the crime, failure in preserving evidence of sexual violence, and creating common mistakes in court are hurdles in convicting the perpetrators.

Βλιμάζων versus κολάζων (Ep. Arist. 188)

This piece explores the difficult expression βλιμάζων ἐπιεικέστερον found in the MSS of the Letter of Aristeas, in the section describing how Ptolemy II Philadelphus puts questions to the interpreters he has invited in Alexandria and receives advice to treat his subordinates with kindness and not to impose harsh punishments on them (Ep. Arist. 188). According to the most scholars, who have published the Letter of Aristeas, including P. Wendland, H. Thackeray, H. Andrews, R. Tramontano, and R. Shutt, the verb βλιμάζω in the answer of the Jewish sage means ‘to chastise’. However, this interpretation is not supported by the actual usage of the verb in ancient Greek. In fact, this word, which is often used in comedy, usually means ‘to grope’ and seems quite out of place coming from the sage. Günther Zuntz pointed out that the verb βλιμάζω is not appropriate and suggested correcting βλιμάζων to κολάζων, which is accepted by A. Pelletier (1962) and is supported in the recent studies on the Letter (Wright [2015] and Erto [2012]). The consideration of the correction and the analysis of the wordusage in ancient Greek literature, as well as the examination of the explanations provided by lexicographers, where the verb θλίβω and its derivatives are used as synonyms for βλιμάζω, lead us to the conclusion that Zuntz’s suggestion is not necessary und should be rejected. The reading βλιμάζων, confirmed by the manuscripts, may be retained by supposing that it implies pressure in a broader sense.

Explorative Study on Recidivism Factor of Gang Violence in Malaysia

The number of crimes continues to rise high every year despite the imposition of punitive and harsh punishments. Gang violence is one of the parts of the crime that occurs in Malaysia. Gang violence is described as a violent phenomenon involving a group of people whose primary purpose is to engage in aggressive and delinquent behavior. Criminals who are involved in gang violence are substantially more likely to re-offend after being released than offenders who are not members of gangs. The objective of this study is to discuss the recidivism factors of gang violence in Malaysia. The Library Research approach was used in this study, where information and related statistics were gathered from a variety of sources. The psychological factors and criminogenic factors are the main factors of gang members return to the prison. The factors which are discussed in this study can help people to know the reasons gang members who are involved in violence return to prison.

PENGARUH HUKUMAN HUDUD DALAM MEMBENTUK KESADARAN HUKUM DAN PENCEGAHAN KEJAHATAN DI MASYARAKAT

&lt;p&gt;Hudud punishment is a legal system based on religion and is applied in several countries that adhere to Islam. This punishment is included in the category of very harsh punishments, such as stoning, flogging, and amputation. In this context, this abstract aims to investigate the influence of Hudud Punishment on the formation of legal awareness and crime prevention in society. This study uses a descriptive-analytical method which involves secondary data analysis in the form of literature, research reports, and case studies that are relevant to the themes discussed. The findings of this study demonstrate the complex and multi-dimensional influence of Hudud Punishment on legal awareness and crime prevention in society. In this context, legal awareness and effective crime prevention do not only depend on a strict legal system, but also require a holistic and comprehensive approach. In the context of Hudud Punishment, the need for a broader approach can include efforts to increase legal education, promote ethical and moral values, and empower communities in facing legal challenges. Overall, this research highlights the importance of considering broader factors in shaping legal awareness and crime prevention in society. Strict legal systems such as the Hudud Penalty can play an important role in providing a deterrent effect and reducing crime, but they also pose complexities and challenges that need to be overcome. In facing this challenge, an approach based on a deep understanding of law and human values is the key to achieving better legal awareness and preventing crime in society.&lt;/p&gt;

ELITELE ȘI SOCIETATEA ROMÂNEASCĂ ÎN TIMPUL GUVERNĂRII LUI GHEORGHE GHEORGHIU DEJ

Under the notion of state socialism, Romania, during the period when it was led by Gheroghe Gheorghiu Dej, began to know the harmful effects of censorship, collectivization, centralizing policies. Romanian society, as a whole, and individuals, in particular, were subjected to severe transformations in order to achieve the "ideological purity" so desired by the rulers. Motivating his actions by eliminating arbitrariness from the economy and social life, the regime of Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej worked against the great mass of the peasantry, the private capital existing at that time and the intelligentsia. The existing order, whose democratic approaches had now become a threat to the new state order, had to be changed. The destruction of civil society and all its forms of free expression was also possible with the help of changes in national legislation. Abusive arrests, criminal trials without the slightest defense of the accused, the application of harsh punishments, all these were tools used to create the "new man".

The Other Side of LGBTI+ Activism in Turkey

Abstract Under the current AKP regime, an ideology of Turkish-Islamic supremacy has increasingly been gaining hold in Turkey. This has entailed profound changes across all social segments in the country, with those who conform to the ideology being rewarded and those who do not facing harsh punishment. The LGBTI+ movement, too, has been affected by these changes. The movement has been weakened not only by heavy political oppression, but also by neglecting ideological and practical relations with other—including Kurdish—segments of the social opposition. As a result, Kurdish LGBTI+ people have found themselves distanced from the movement. In this commentary I will describe and analyse this process of distance and removal as a Kurdish LGBTI+ person.

Parenting Style in Single-parent Family Influence on the Development of Adolescent Depression

Parenting styles have been shown through empirical studies to be a central determinant in the depression of youth throughout the past decades. This review examines the two most dominant negative parenting styles in single-parent families and explores how single parents with two negative parenting styles contribute to adolescent depression. Based on the special economic constraints and excessive parenting responsibilities, single parents are apt to adopt authoritarian parenting and neglect parenting styles, in which authoritarian parenting styles presenting restrictive rules and harsh punishments will lead to low-level parenting self-esteem and high levels of emotional disturbances for teenagers. Also, neglectful parenting styles which are characterized by fewer parental involvements will significantly impair the adolescents disability to express and manage emotions. The conclusion is that authoritarian parenting style and neglectful parenting style negatively influence adolescent depression in single-parent families. This review provides a perspective on the impact of single-parent family background on adolescent depression. Future research should focus on how to help parents develop appropriate parenting styles to decrease the risks of suffering depression for adolescents.

The Symptomatology and Psychosocial Risk Factors in Developing Callous-Unemotional Trait During Childhood and Adolescence

This paper reviews the current literature on the symptomatology and underlying psychosocial mechanisms for developing callous-unemotional (CU) traits across childhood and adolescence. CU traits include a lack of empathy, interpersonal callousness, and restricted affection. As much research has posited its crucial relatedness to multiple psychopathologies, including antisocial personality disorder, there is a pressing need for a more sophisticated understanding of the etiology, enabling the development of early interventions for CU traits. The current paper considers three aspects in its contribution to the etiology of CU traits: traumatic life events, parental influences, and interpersonal relationships. Current knowledge suggests that although the direct association between childhood maltreatment and CU traits is evident, many underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Additionally, parent influences may exert influence via insecure attachment relationships between infant and caregiver, affecting the internal working model, and via low childhood anxiety and harsh corporal punishment. The symptomatology of CU traits may also be consolidated by actively seeking to affiliate with deviant peers in school. These actions further reinforce their problematic belief in the social acceptance of aggressive behaviours to solve problems. This paper provides some reference for research in related fields. Future research should further elaborate on the potential implication of gender differences in literature; the psychosocial findings should incorporate the genetic-biological perspective in forming an integrated and coherent understanding of CU traits; and research should continue to address the potentiality in the clinical implication of research findings to develop valuable interventions for relevant psychopathologies.

Hadith Discourse on the Prohibition of Drawing in a Ma'na Cum Maghza Approach

Today's reality, drawing is something that is commonly done by many people as a creative process to create works of art, some people even make it their livelihood or work. However, in Islam there is a hadith which states that the maker of the image will receive harsh punishment. This paper tries to discuss the hadith prohibiting drawing using ma'na cum maghza analysis to get the message (maghza) of the text of the hadith. This type of research is a qualitative research that is library (library search), with a descriptive-analytical method. After re-examining, it turns oout that the hadith contains a message (maghza) that the prohibition of drawing is aimed at makers of images that have the aim of associating partners with or emulating Allah's creation, while someone who draws with the aim of art, teaching and learning tools and children's toys is allowed as long as it does not violate religious and social norms.

Organizational Determinants and Compliance Behavior to Shape Information Security Plan

In the advanced field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) within modern corporate frameworks, the pressing issue of non-compliance becomes increasingly crucial. Achieving the ideal balance—where one fosters consistent employee commitment without resorting to overly harsh penalties for possible violations—presents a complex problem. Such a nuanced relationship calls for a synchronized coordination among the company’s underlying factors, the principles of the Information Security Plan (ISP), and overarching compliance mandates. As companies step into a period where digital environments are in constant flux, the importance of securing information systems rises to a critical level. Against this backdrop, compliance stands out as a vital component, functioning as a stringent safeguard in the ongoing mission to protect precious digital assets—a mission comprehensively detailed within the ISP. This in-depth academic study sets out to rigorously explore and scrutinize the diverse opinions and beliefs of committed employees and insightful management concerning unwavering company alignment with the ISP. This is accomplished by defining a construct that centers on key dimensions: Organizational Culture, Personal Attitudes, Actors, Behavioral Intentions, and Motivational Dynamics. Eleven Hypotheses are outlined and represent the materialisation of the model. This model form a starting point from which future empirical exploration will be able to take place, propelling us towards a deeper understanding of the phenomena under scrutiny.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 15 September 2023 / Accepted: 23 October 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023

Public perceptions and legal dimensions of juvenile sexting

The sending of sexually explicit messages, or “sexting” has been recognized as a common practice among youths. As sexting may involve the creation and distribution of sexually explicit images and videos, juvenile sexters can be charged with offenses related to child pornography. This study examined public attitudes toward juvenile sexting and demographic influences on these views. Based on a quantitative survey of 1,023 U.S. adults, the majority of respondents (51.8%) disapproved of criminalization in cases of consensual sexting, but 80% supported legal repercussions for nonconsensual sharing. Respondents primarily favored educational interventions (67.4%) and restrictions on technology use (53.4%) over harsh punishments, such as incarceration (15.2%) and sex offender registration (11.5%). Multiple regression analyses revealed that age, sex, and political orientation significantly shaped these attitudes, with older and conservative respondents more likely supporting criminalization, and males showing leniency. The findings suggest public support for differentiating consensual sexting and nonconsensual sharing in legal terms and for prioritizing education over punitive measures.

Managing material shortages in project supply chains: Inventories, time buffers, and supplier flexibility

We consider a two‐stage project supply chain with a downstream project firm producing an engineer‐to‐order (ETO) complex product or a make‐to‐order (MTO), low‐volume, customized industrial product as a project, and an upstream contract supplier supplying a key material to the project. The project faces two uncertainties: project activity time uncertainty and material consumption uncertainty, which may be positively or negatively correlated. In anticipation of these uncertainties, the project firm has to carefully decide its promised project due date to its project customer, against which harsh penalties will be assessed, and his material order quantity to commit to the contract supplier in advance. In most practical settings, project firms order from contracted suppliers via a flexible wholesale price contract consisting of a discounted advance order price and a risk‐premium adjusted expedite order price. The discounted advance order price encourages the project firm to take more inventory risk in the supply chain, and the expedite order price incentivizes the supplier to bear more inventory risk by carrying safety stock in excess of the project firm's advance material order. We formulate an optimization model that solves the project firm's project due date and material order problem, which takes into account the supplier's strategic reaction to the project firm's material order under the flexible wholesale price contract. We show that for MTO projects, risk‐sharing with suppliers on project materials is less important to the project firm, with the project firm assuming ownership of all material inventory in the channel and setting a deliberate project due date being the key. On the other hand, for ETO projects, risk‐sharing with contracted suppliers assumes critical importance. Project firms managing ETO projects should fully exploit the flexibility in the material supply contract to optimally drive the supplier's safety stock level and set the project due date reflecting the shared risk in the supply chain.

The Image of Children in Roald Dahl's Matilda

his research aims to explore the image of the children as it is constructed by the educational institution particularly by the teachers in the novel Matilda. This research is a descriptive qualitative study with applies the theory of imagology by Milan Kundera and the image of the child by Loris Malaguzzi. This research used the close textual analysis method to describe and analyze the meaning, structure, and function contained in the text. The result of this research shows that the different images of the children constructed by two teacher characters of the novel. The image of the children constructed by Miss Honey is that the children are innocent, potential, and dependent. While the image of the children constructed by Mrs. Trunchbull is that children are a source of trouble, disgusting, disturbing, and should not exist in the world. Based on the image of the children constructed by Miss Honey and Mrs. Trunchbull, these two teacher figures show different behaviors when they interact with children. Miss Honey tends to pay special attention to children, teach them new things in a fun way, and be open to children. While Mrs. Trunchbull shows abusive behavior in children such as shouting, cursing, and giving harsh punishments to children. Therefore, based on the results of research conducted, it can be concluded that the image of children is not always the same in the eyes of everyone and the image they construct in children affects the way they treat children.

Transitional justice options for post-war Russia

ABSTRACT In February 2022, Vladimir Putin, under the pretext of defending Russians in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, launched an all-out attack on sovereign Ukraine. Since then, Russia has violated multiple principles of just warfare. We consider the question of accountability for these crimes, outlining two scenarios: (1) the Putin regime remains in place, and (2) it is succeeded by a post-war regime that undertakes transitional justice as part of a broader effort at democratization. We review international institutions adjudicating criminal responsibility and domestic transitional justice mechanisms that eschew criminal approaches to accountability in favor of personnel policies. Combining limited purges with truth-revelation can prevent the accumulation of grievances and help rebuild a democratic culture. Although normative standards of justice might demand harsh punishment of Russian leaders by criminal tribunals, focusing on broad personnel transitional justice – purges and lustrations – carried out domestically can be conducive to long-term democratic stability in Russia.

The role of language and emotional intelligence in judgments of real‐life social and moral transgressions among Greek, Hungarian, and British users of English

AbstractPrevious research suggests that people are more prone to commit moral transgressions when they face moral dilemmas in a second language (LX) as opposed to their first language(s) (L1). This study investigated the influence of language, emotional intelligence, and the degree of severity of real moral transgressions on bilinguals' judgments of offense seriousness, the intensity of the emotions they experienced, and the punishments they proposed for the perpetrators. To this end, 256 British L1 users, 209 Greek–English bilinguals, and 187 Hungarian–English bilinguals watched four videos presenting moral transgressions of mild and extreme severity. Data were analyzed by means of robust linear mixed‐effects models and moderated mediation analyses. For the extreme severity videos, the results revealed strong correlations between offensiveness, emotionality ratings, and proposed punishments for the perpetrators. However, the Greek and the Hungarian participants who watched the videos in their LX English reported lower offensiveness and emotionality ratings and less harsh punishments for the perpetrators than they did in their L1 (Greek and Hungarian, respectively). Furthermore, the role of language in the proposed punishments for the perpetrators was mediated by emotional intensity, but only for the extreme severity stimuli. The results also suggest that higher levels of emotional intelligence are linked with tougher judgments of offense seriousness and stronger emotions when watching real moral transgressions. These findings highlight that the moral foreign language effect does not only exist in the hypothetical moral realm but affects perceptions of offensiveness and emotionality and decisions for the future of perpetrators in real‐life situations.

중대재해처벌법위반죄의 구성요건체계에 관한 고찰

Severe Accident Punishment Act(SAPA), which was enacted after much controversy, has been in effect for a year, but there are still questions about its systematic consistency and effectiveness. SAPA was not sufficiently researched and reviewed during the legislative process. Therefore, it is inevitable that it will continue to be a problem in the future. Theories of criminal law such as responsibility principle, systematic status, and balance of crime and punishment have not been sufficiently reviewed. Its place was replaced by the force of punishment and harsh punishment. In legislative process, only one purpose was fulfilled faithfully. It means that the subject of criminal responsibility is extended to responsible managing officer, and the punishment is high. And as a result, despite the fact that serious industrial accident involuntary manslaughter have the nature of criminal negligence, the sentencing structure of consequentially aggravated crime was adopted. The ultimate purpose of punishment for those involved in safety accidents should be to promote the safety of people's lives and bodies through accident prevention. However, it seems skeptical whether SAPA meets this goal. In conclusion, this act requires comprehensive revision that considers the systematic consistency of punishment and its relationship with the Occupational Safety and Health Act in a balanced manner. In addition, there is a need to acknowledge the legislative failure before more cases of application are accumulated and to consider reform it from the beginning after abolishing it.