Harmonic System Research Articles

Unlocking the Riddles of Classical Greek Melodies II: The Revolution of the New Music in the Ashmolean Papyri (DAGM 5–6) and Athenaeus’ Paean (DAGM 20)

Abstract This article completes the discussion of the Classical/Hellenistic harmonic system set out in Lynch 2022a. Taken jointly, these articles offer the first account of the use of notation keys in the Hellenistic musical documents that is fully consistent with technical evidence as well as literary testimonies about the harmonic innovations of the New Musicians. This article offers practical analyses and new modern transcriptions of the Ashmolean Papyri (DAGM 5–6) and Athenaeus’ Paean (DAGM 20) – scores that reflect the modulation system of the New Music and its characteristic use of ‘exharmonic’ and ‘chromatic’ notes. The analyses offered in this article are powered by a newly-developed database (dDAGM) and show that these seemingly ‘exharmonic’ notes correspond to the chromatic ‘bends’ first identified in Lynch 2018a. These ‘bends’ (kampaí) ‘distorted’ the central pillars of the noble Dorian harmonía and turned it into its polar opposite: the Mixolydian, the emotional and lamenting mode par excellence.

Static and dynamic RCA analysis of India and China in world economy

AbstractThis study is an attempt to examine similarities and differences in the patterns of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of India and China in the global market at different levels of classification. The study analyses whether RCAs of these economies have undergone any structural shift/change or whether the pattern of specialization in these economies is competitive or complementary in the world market. The study reveals that India holds a comparative advantage in 9 out of 16 product groups of Harmonized System (HS) classification, 41 out of 97 HS chapters at HS 2‐digit level, and 2377 out of 4163 traded commodities at HS 6‐digit level, while China holds a comparative advantage in 6 out of 16 HS product groups, 45 out of 97 HS chapters at HS 2‐digit level, and 2075 out of 4381 traded commodities at HS 6‐digit level in 2018. Major findings suggest that both the countries have been performing well and broadly maintained their comparative advantage, especially since 2000. A comparative analysis of India and China reveals a small structural change in RCA over time in both economies at disaggregated levels. The study highlights that India and China neither have a competitive nor a complementary relationship in the global market. These findings reflect a scope of independent expansion of the economies of both India and China, without hurting mutual interest in the global market. It may be inferred from the results that mutual cooperation will enhance the competitiveness of both economies and contributes to global economic progress.

Tracking Consensus of Multi-Agent Systems Under Switching Topologies via Novel SMC: An Event-Triggered Approach

This paper investigates the tracking consensus issue for second order multi-agent systems (MAS) under switching topologies by using a novel event-triggered sliding mode control strategy. First, in order to compensate for the effect brought by the information transmission caused by event-triggered sampling and the switching topologies respectively, the dynamic sliding mode control (SMC) mechanism is proposed based on two discrete level sets. By considering the event-triggered rules and the sliding mode method jointly, the corresponding limited-information-based protocol is constructed. This technology does not require the system dynamics to reach the sliding mode manifold compared to previous studies. In addition, with the help of the boundary layer technique, the control protocol is designed to be continuous, which can reduce the chattering of the system and increase the life of machine. Through strict mathematical derivation, when the dwell time of switching between different communication graph candidates is within a limited range, it is proved that the consensus error of the nonlinear multi-agent systems (NMAS) with disturbances converges to an adjustable bounded set, and the networked harmonic oscillator systems (NHOS) without disturbances asymptotically reaches zero. Finally, Zeno behavior can be avoided entirely, and several numerical examples are presented to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.

Has South Korea Really Benefited from FTAs?

This study aims to reveal the actual effect of FTAs on South Korea's foreign trade volumes of main export and import products separately. The econometric approach of our study follows the gravity model with a panel dataset of 47 countries that have FTA with South Korea for the years between 2001-2018 by using 2-digit HS (Harmonized System) classification for main export and import goods. The study reveals that even though signing the FTA affects positively the trade volume of South Korea and partner countries, the export of South Korea i s affected positively only f or t he b ase metals & articles products while the import of South Korea increases for mineral products, chemical or allied industries products and machinery & mechanical appliances after the FTAs entered into force. Our findings contribute to the literature by ascertaining a new estimation model and original empirical results for South Korean trade policy makers.

Analysis of Electromagnetic Processes in a Traction Network in Connecting a Reactive Power Compensation and Harmonic Filtering System at a Sectioning Station

To increase the railway capacity, a controlled static reactive power generator is connected at a sectioning station. To reduce the cost indicators of the controlled installation and decrease the power losses, a combined reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering system is proposed, in which the following components are connected in parallel: an uncontrolled bank of shunt capacitive compensation with reduced cost indicators and a static reactive power generator. The total reactive power of the combined system is equal to the specified one. At low traction loads, the static generator operates in the mode of inductive power generation, due to which reactive power is smoothly regulated over the entire load range. Since the existing generator power is reduced by 2-3 times (at the same set power), the total increased power losses are also reduced. For analyzing the electromagnetic processes in the traction network, an electric rolling stock nonlinear model is developed. The article shows how the traction current higher harmonic components are filtered and demonstrates the combined system operability in terms of reactive power compensation under various traction loads by analyzing the waveforms of electromagnetic processes.

Geometry-based circulation of local thermal current in quantum harmonic and Bose-Hubbard systems.

A geometry-based mechanism for generating steady-state internal circulation of local thermal currents is demonstrated by harmonically coupled quantum oscillators formulated by the Redfield quantum master equation(RQME) and the Bose-Hubbard model (BHM) of phonons formulated by the Lindblad quantum master equation(LQME) using the simple multipath geometry of a triangle. Driven by two reservoirs at different temperatures, both systems can exhibit an atypical local thermal current flowing against the total current. However, the total thermal current behaves normally. While the RQME of harmonically coupled quantum oscillators allows an analytical solution, the LQME of the interacting BHM can be solved numerically. The emergence of the geometry-based circulation in both systems demonstrates the ubiquity and robustness of the mechanism. In the high-temperature limit, the results agree with the classical results, confirming the generality of the geometric-based circulation across the quantum and classical boundary. The geometry-based circulation also emerges from a quantum Langevin equationcalculation. Possible experimental implications and applications are briefly discussed.

Biological Synthesis of Low Cytotoxicity Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the Fungus Chaetomium thermophilum-Sustainable Nanotechnology.

Fungal biotechnology research has rapidly increased as a result of the growing awareness of sustainable development and the pressing need to explore eco-friendly options. In the nanotechnology field, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are currently being studied for application in cancer therapy, tumour detection, drug delivery, and elsewhere. Therefore, synthesising nanoparticles (NPs) with low toxicity has become essential in the biomedical area. The fungus Chaetomium thermophilum (C. thermophilum) was here investigated—to the best of our knowledge, for the first time—for application in the production of AgNPs. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images demonstrated a spherical AgNP shape, with an average size of 8.93 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) confirmed the presence of elemental silver. A neutral red uptake (NRU) test evaluated the cytotoxicity of the AgNPs at different inhibitory concentrations (ICs). A half-maximal concentration (IC50 = 119.69 µg/mL) was used to predict a half-maximal lethal dose (LD50 = 624.31 mg/kg), indicating a Global Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) acute toxicity estimate (ATE) classification category of 4. The fungus extract showed a non-toxic profile at the IC tested. Additionally, the interaction between the AgNPs and the Balb/c 3T3 NIH cells at an ultrastructural level resulted in preserved cells structures at non-toxic concentrations (IC20 = 91.77 µg/mL), demonstrating their potential as sustainable substitutes for physical and chemically made AgNPs. Nonetheless, at the IC50, the cytoplasm of the cells was damaged and mitochondrial morphological alteration was evident. This fact highlights the fact that dose-dependent phenomena are involved, as well as emphasising the importance of investigating NPs’ effects on mitochondria, as disruption to this organelle can impact health.

Investigating the effects of environmental taxes on economic growth: Evidence from empirical analysis in European countries

This paper empirically analyze the effects of environmental taxes on economic growth using data spanning the period 2009–2019 across 31 European countries (28 from the European Union, including the UK before Brexit, Iceland and Norway, which are candidates to join the EU, and Switzerland). The selected countries are also members of the European Environmental Agency countries (EEA-32). Baseline scenario with Pooled Ordinary Least Squares leads to the evidence that an increase of the environmental taxes in case of any tax policy reform will exacerbate economic growth. Robustness checks by introducing more control variables in response to omitted variables bias, coupling with GMM estimations that control for endogeneity concerns, consistently confirm the results. Deeping more with quantile analysis regression, a negative effect is confirmed in each quantile, and the results are significant at 1%. Nevertheless, there is a discrepancy between each quantile that allows highlighting evidence of countries’ threshold effects. In fact, low-income countries are more negatively affected than upper and medium-income countries. As the official communication of the EU Commission is always in demand of empirical research concerning the economic impacts of environmental policy instruments, the paper sheds light on the possibility of discussing and adapting the EU strategy based on a harmonization system. This evidence of differentiated effects among countries’ thresholds in the absence of any compensation may raise equity considerations within heterogeneous countries. Therefore, this paper fulfills the gaps in the inconclusive results in the existing literature. AcknowledgmentsAuthors would like to sincerely thank Ange Jusse Tchouto, Isaac Ketu, Arsene Mouongue Kelly for their invaluable support in this work, their helpful comments and suggestions on the previous draft of this paper. The usual disclaimer apply and views are the sole responsibility of the authors.

Unusual slow energy relaxation induced by mobile discrete breathers in one-dimensional lattices with next-nearest-neighbor coupling

We study the energy relaxation process in one-dimensional (1D) lattices with next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) couplings. This relaxation is produced by adding damping (absorbing conditions) to the boundary (free-end) of the lattice. Compared to the 1D lattices with on-site potentials, the properties of discrete breathers (DBs) that are spatially localized intrinsic modes are quite unusual with the NNN couplings included, i.e. these DBs are mobile, and thus they can interact with both the phonons and the boundaries of the lattice. For the interparticle interactions of harmonic and Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou-β (FPUT-β) types, we find two crossovers of relaxation in general, i.e. a first crossover from the stretched-exponential to the regular exponential relaxation occurring in a short timescale, and a further crossover from the exponential to the power-law relaxation taking place in a long timescale. The first and second relaxations are universal, but the final power-law relaxation is strongly influenced by the properties of DBs, e.g. the scattering processes of DBs with phonons and boundaries in the FPUT-β type systems make the power-law decay relatively faster than that in the counterparts of the harmonic type systems under the same coupling. Our results present new information and insights for understanding the slow energy relaxation in cooling the lattices.

PMSM Current Harmonics Control Technique Based on Speed Adaptive Robust Control

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is widely used in electric vehicles due to its high power density. New requirements are constantly proposed with the development of PMSM, one of which is torque ripple. Current harmonic injection is a common method to minimize torque ripple. Designing effective controller to realize current harmonic injection is the key technology. In this paper, the transient voltage-current coupling equation considering magnetic saturation is derived by introducing incremental inductance. After appropriately simplifying, it is shown in form of the harmonic state space (HSS) equation. Considering that PMSM parameters varies with current due to magnetic saturation, robust controller is adopted to ensure stability. In order to eliminate the influence of motor speed change on control stability, the HSS is transformed into a spatial form. Then the speed adaptive robust (SAR) controller is designed. At last, the SAR controller is used in simulation and test bench experiment to verify dynamic response and stability. Compared with traditional PI and PR controller, the SAR controller can ensure good dynamic response, steady-state error and robust stability when speed and PMSM parameters vary. Moreover, SAR controller can well resist the harmonic coupling effect and system lag.

An assessment of the share contributions of distortion sources for various load parameters

The method for assessing the contributions of distortion sources based on measuring consumer currents and calculating their projections onto the supply current vector is considered in the paper. Determination of contributions is carried out on the basis of the developed model of an industrial enterprise in the food industry in MATLAB Simulink software. This study presents various cases of simulation, including variable parameters of linear and non-linear consumer load, changes in parameters of external distortion sources and passive harmonic filters. It is shown that the considered method gives correct results in the absence of external distortions in the electrical grid. The considered criteria for the share contributions make it possible to estimate the most efficient place for installing a passive filter in the absence of external distortions. An indicator for evaluating external distortions has also been developed based on calculating the projection of the harmonic system current onto the harmonic current of the shunt filter at the considered frequency.

Generalized fourth-order decompositions of imaginary time path integral: Implications of the harmonic oscillator

The imaginary time path integral formalism offers a powerful numerical tool for simulating thermodynamic properties of realistic systems. We show that, when second-order and fourth-order decompositions are employed, they share a remarkable unified analytic form for the partition function of the harmonic oscillator. We are then able to obtain the expression of the thermodynamic property and the leading error terms as well. In order to obtain reasonably optimal values of the free parameters in the generalized symmetric fourth-order decomposition scheme, we eliminate the leading error terms to achieve the accuracy of desired order for the thermodynamic property of the harmonic system. Such a strategy leads to an efficient fourth-order decomposition that produces third-order accurate thermodynamic properties for general systems.

Thermalization without chaos in harmonic systems

Recent numerical results showed that thermalization of Fourier modes is achieved in short time-scales in the Toda model, despite its integrability and the absence of chaos. Here we provide numerical evidence that the scenario according to which chaos is irrelevant for thermalization is realized even in the simplest of all classical integrable system: the harmonic chain. We study relaxation from an atypical condition given with respect to random modes, showing that a thermal state with equilibrium properties is attained in short times. Such a result is independent from the orthonormal basis used to represent the chain state, provided it is a random basis.

Q‐scheduler: A temperature and energy‐aware deep Q‐learning technique to schedule tasks in real‐time multiprocessor embedded systems

Reducing energy consumption under processors' temperature constraints has recently become a pressing issue in real-time multiprocessor systems on chips (MPSoCs). The high temperature of processors affects the power and reliability of the MPSoC. Low energy consumption is necessary for real-time embedded systems, as most of them are portable devices. Efficient task mapping on processors has a significant impact on reducing energy consumption and the thermal profile of processors. Several state-of-the-art techniques have recently been proposed for this issue. This paper proposes Q-scheduler, a novel technique based on the deep Q-learning technology, to dispatch tasks between processors in a real-time MPSoC. Thousands of simulated tasks train Q-scheduler offline to reduce the system's power consumption under temperature constraints of processors. The trained Q-scheduler dispatches real tasks in a real-time MPSoC online while also being trained regularly online. Q-scheduler dispatches multiple tasks in the system simultaneously with a single process; the effectiveness of this ability is significant, especially in a harmonic real-time system. Experimental results illustrate that Q-scheduler reduces energy consumption and temperature of processors on average by 15% and 10%, respectively, compared to previous state-of-the-art techniques.

Planning and designing open spaces for the waterfront of Shatt Al-Arab corniche area in Basra governorate

This study was directed to one of the most distinguished areas in modern-day cities, which is the areas adjacent to rivers. Which reached the diagnosis and identification of problems according to a group of site analysis elements represented in functional and urban analysis, activities, movement paths, parking lots, analysis of structure indicators and indicators of the waterfront, and questionnaire data according to the harmonic derivation analysis system to determine the best briefing with the information required to be inserted into the design process, AutoCAD and 3DMax were used in the final output.

Computational Imaging for Simultaneous Image Restoration and Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction of Single-Lens Diffractive Optical System

Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are difficult to apply in natural scenes imaging covering the visible bandwidth-spectral due to their strong chromatic aberration and the decrease in diffraction efficiency. Advances in computational imaging make it possible. In this paper, the image quality degradation model of DOE in bandwidth-spectral imaging is established to quantitatively analyze its degradation process. We design a DDZMR network for a single-lens diffractive lens computational imaging system, which can simultaneously perform image restoration and image super-resolution reconstruction on degraded images. The multimodal loss function was created to evaluate the reconstruction of the diffraction imaging degradation by the DDZMR network. The prototype physical prototype of the single-lens harmonic diffraction computational imaging system (SHDCIS) was built to verify the imaging performance. SHDCIS testing showed that optical chromatic aberration is corrected by computational reconstruction, and the computational imaging module can interpret an image and restore it at 1.4 times the resolution. We also evaluated the performance of the DDZMR model using the B100 and Urban100 datasets. Mean Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)/Structural Similarity (SSIM) were, respectively, 32.09/0.8975 and 31.82/0.9247, which indicates that DDZMR performed comparably to the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. This work can promote the development and application of diffractive imaging systems in the imaging of natural scenes in the bandwidth-spectrum.

Bipartite consensus in coupled harmonic oscillators with local instantaneous interaction and measurement noise

This paper investigates the issue of bipartite consensus for coupled harmonic oscillators under the cooperation-competition network topology while considering measurement noise. The concept of bipartite consensus in mean square is established for networked harmonic oscillator systems. In this sense, two consensus algorithms that only use sampled velocity data on the agents in a network are given. Based on the specific structure of the Laplacian matrix related to the cooperation-competition network topology, some sufficient conditions are given to ensure the realisation of the bipartite consensus of the coupled harmonic oscillators. Finally, three examples are provided to illustrate the corresponding theoretical results.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES INTEGRATION IN RWANDA DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Purpose: This paper investigates the impacts of electric vehicles integration in Rwandan Power system by assessing harmonic distortion, power loss, system loading, and voltage stability.
 Methodology: Distribution network test was conducted on 34 buses taken from KINIGI feeder of Camp Belge substation in northern corridor of nation grid by using ETAP software.
 Findings: The test came up with locating electric vehicles charging stations by taking into account the total harmonic distortion, transformer loading, voltage sensibility factor and the power loss where 4, 1, 2, 2, and 1 vehicles are located at buses 19, 20, 23, 25, and 26 respectively. The study determined the location of charging stations to enhance technical perspectives while implementing policies as policy maker motivates the public to shift from diesel powered EV to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions and fuel resources scarcity.
 Recommendations: The number of integrated EVs has been shown to be low compared to the demand for EVs and the industry's annual target of 1000 EVs per year. This requires a utility to manage the proposed load increase by planning for the power generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure. In addition, EV charging stations generate current and voltage harmonics that affect negatively electrical equipment, nearby loads, and neighboring telecommunications lines. Harmonic filtering devices such as RHS, SC and hybrid devices built on RHS and SC are required in the distribution network to eliminate the effects generated by the harmonics.

Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements Between Ecowas and the EU on Trade, Revenue and Welfare of Agricultural Trade of Ecowas Bloc

This study examined the Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements between ECOWAS and the EU on Trade, Revenue and Welfare of Agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc. The specific objectives of the study were to:(i) estimate the potential trade creation and diversion effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc, (ii) estimate the potential revenue effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc and (iii) estimate the potential welfare effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc. World Integrated Trade Solutions provided access to an online secondary data as classified by United Nations Harmonized system. The result on the potential trade creation and diversion effects of EPA on both trading blocs showed that ECOWAS will gain US$198.9million in trade creation and lose US$58.4 million in Trade Diversion. On the other hand, there will be no trade creation for EU with negligible trade diversion of – US$0.2million. The result showed total potential tariff revenue losses of US$366.4million for ECOWAS bloc post EPA. On the other hand, EU will lose (US$951.8million) its agricultural products post EPA. The result further showed potential welfare gain of US$27.6million for consumers of ECOWAS bloc. On the other hand, there will be welfare gain of the EU at US$243.5million for their consumers post EPA. Among all the recommendations, the study therefore points out that the on-going EPA negotiations between ECOWAS and the EU need not to be hurriedly signed by ECOWAS bloc. Also, ECOWAS needs to strengthen its agricultural production efficiency to be able to compete globally and encourage its individual countries to return to a single digit borrowing interest rate to encourage more investment by local agricultural producers if they want to enjoy the benefits of trade treaties at long run if EPA is eventually signed.

Dynamics of export competitiveness of India and China: a study of HS 6-digit manufacturing exports

PurposeThe export competitiveness has only calculated on only two aspects either comparatively advantageous or comparatively disadvantageous products for India or China. There is not any thorough study that has been undertaken for Indian manufacturing sector at a segregated level along with that of China. So, in the light of these shortcomings, the purpose of this study is to analyse the dynamics of export competitiveness of indian manufacturing sector vis-à-vis its emerging counterpart, china in the global market.Design/methodology/approachA modified revealed comparative advantage index has been used in two different phases of 2001–08 and 2010–18 to find the dynamic pattern of manufacturing exports of India and China in the world market.FindingsThe study revealed that India has shown a positive response in increasing its competitive positioned products from low-technology to medium-technology products during the study period. There has been a decline in the competitive positioned products of China and simultaneously China’s threatened product lines have shown an immense increment over the years. Moreover, Indian exports are concentrated to few low-technology and resource-intensive products, that share more than 50% of total exported value for its manufacturing in the global market, whereas, China is much diversified and the exported value is more scattered over its manufactured items.Research limitations/implicationsThe study does not include the factors that impacted the export competitiveness of the sample economies and thus adds a limitation to this study.Originality/valueAs there is very limited research on dynamics of export competitiveness of Indian manufacturing exports at harmonised system 6-digit level with China, this study fulfils the gap.