Hardware Software Implementation Research Articles

Hardware-software implementation of a local Wi-Fi network for the transmission of biomedical signals

The object of this study is a wireless local Wi-Fi network for broadcasting biomedical signals, its structure, and principles of construction. The task of minimizing the power consumption of a Wi-Fi transmitter has been addressed, which provides the possibility of building a wireless system for long-term monitoring of biomedical signals. As a result, a functional diagram of a wireless Holter monitoring system based on an ESP32 microcontroller was constructed, which includes a subsystem for setting up and diagnosing system units using MATLAB software packages, an ECG signal generator, and a multifunctional PCIe board from National Instruments. Evaluation criteria and methods for minimizing power consumption by an autonomous Wi-Fi transmitter have been proposed. Methods for synchronizing the working cycles of the transmitter and receiver of the Holter monitoring system were determined. A procedure for determining the optimal biosignal measurement frequency is presented, at which the distortion of ECG signals would be minimal, which means that the signal could be transmitted without losses. The concept of constructing an algorithm for implementing a program for a Wi-Fi transmitter has been developed, ensuring parallel execution of ECG signal measurement operations and their transmission over a local network. The data from semi-naturalistic tests with an experimental Holter monitoring system with a pre-setup subsystem and using external measuring devices, a computer, and the MATLAB software environment are presented. A comparative analysis of the experimental data with primary ECG signals and ECG signals at the receiver output showed a fairly stable correspondence between the input and output ECG signals. The proposed algorithms make it possible to reduce the average current consumption of the ESP32 microcontroller to 50.5 mA. The results of the study demonstrate the possibility of constructing an energy-efficient wireless system for long-term monitoring of biomedical signals based on the Wi-Fi interface

Development of SDR-based network positioning technology. LTE reference signals reception and processing validation

Introduction. The positioning of devices according to the base stations reference signals of LTE cellular radio networks deployed everywhere is an important area of research and development that is in demand due to dense urban development with unreliable signal reception from global navigation satellite systems. The instrument for experimental approbation of technical solutions is the software and hardware of the SDR software defined radio technology. This work continues the study on the use of SDR technology for network positioning problems in terms of the experimental testing of the device for receiving reference signals of the LTE standard.Materials and methods. The correctness of the software implementation of the LTE reference signal processing procedures was verified in the course of laboratory tests that showed the accuracy of primary measurements in units of meters allowing us to speak about the satisfactory performance of the implemented SDR layout of the user device that receives the LTE reference signals.Results. Insufficient synchronization accuracy of SDR models of base stations for navigation tasks confirmed the need for hardware-software implementation of the subsystem for generating LTE reference signals in HDL for FPGAs.Discussion and conclusions. The next stage of research in the field of SDR network positioning technology is field testing of the implemented sub-system for generating LTE reference signals with sufficient synchronization accuracy of eNB models for navigation tasks.

Hardware-Software Partitioning for Real-Time Object Detection Using Dynamic Parameter Optimization.

Computer vision algorithms implementations, especially for real-time applications, are present in a variety of devices that we are currently using (from smartphones or automotive applications to monitoring/security applications) and pose specific challenges, memory bandwidth or energy consumption (e.g., for mobility) being the most notable ones. This paper aims at providing a solution to improve the overall quality of real-time object detection computer vision algorithms using a hybrid hardware-software implementation. To this end, we explore the methods for a proper allocation of algorithm components towards hardware (as IP Cores) and the interfacing between hardware and software. Addressing specific design constraints, the relationship between the above components allows embedded artificial intelligence to select the operating hardware blocks (IP cores)-in the configuration phase-and to dynamically change the parameters of the aggregated hardware resources-in the instantiation phase, similar to the concretization of a class into a software object. The conclusions show the benefits of using hybrid hardware-software implementations, as well as major gains from using IP Cores, managed by artificial intelligence, for an object detection use-case, implemented on a FPGA demonstrator built around a Xilinx Zynq-7000 SoC Mini-ITX sub-system.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ЦИФРОВОГО ДВОЙНИКА В СРЕДЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ МАРС

The article considers a technique for constructing a digital twin to simulate the aging processes of electrical circuit components and associated gradual equipment failures. This twin is created by means of I/O boards connected to the STM 32 microcontroller. This allows you to transfer some analog signal from the object and digitize it in the microcontroller, which is then transferred to a computer running the MARS simulation environment on it. The other channel implements the same signals, but from the computer model of the object and further, the signals from the computer model and from the real object are compared using a comparator, and then visualized using a virtual oscilloscope. The hardware-software implementation of the digital twin is given. Goal: implement a digital twin of a rectifier with a filter in the MARS simulation environment. Methods. To implement a digital twin, it is necessary to assemble an electrical circuit of a real object, as well as assemble a virtual circuit based on the components of the MARS simulation environment. Then it is necessary to simulate the degradation of the parameters of a real object by lowering the capacitance of the capacitor. Comparison of voltage signals obtained from a real object and a virtual model is carried out by comparing the ripple coefficients. By the difference in ripple coefficients, determine whether the deviation of the voltage on the capacitor of the real object from the voltage on the capacitor of the virtual object is within the specified allowable range. Results. An electrical circuit of a rectifier with a filter has been assembled. A virtual circuit of a rectifier with a filter has been implemented in the MARS simulation environment. An experiment simulating the degradation of the parameters of a real object was carried out. The results obtained are visualized using a virtual oscilloscope. The pulsation coefficients and their difference are calculated. Conclusion. The experiment showed that the digital twin copes with its task, namely, the detection of a strong deviation of the given parameters from the norm.

Robust Control Simulation and Implementation for DC Motor

The sliding mode controller has been suggested to achieve robust performance against parameter variations and load disturbances. It also offers a fast dynamic response, stable control system and easy hardware-software implementation. This paper focuses the application of this approach to the adjustment of a speed control DC motor, in Matlab Simulink simulation and Arduino hardware implementation, The main goal of this paper is to improve the performances of DC motor controlling by sliding mode. In first the modeling of DC motor is well explained in this paper, is important step for control of system, secondly the basic theory regarding sliding mode controller SMC using Lyapunovis function is presented. Finley the application of SMC using Matlab simulation and Arduino implementation for DC motor, the results show that SMC has a better performance compared to PI which is faster settling time and no overshoot and undershoot, could be used as an alternative controller for the DC Motor.

Технология механической обработки, цифровое моделирование и реализация устройства для контроля формы крупногабаритных деталей

Introduction. The development of a method for controlling the accuracy parameters of large axisymmetric bodies is an urgent task that is being solved by specialists from various industries. Application for adjustment and correction of machining based on the measurement of surface shape parameters directly during machining is shown. Purpose of work is to improve mobile processing technologies using special measuring devices and processing module. For this, the problems of development and analysis of mathematical models that describe the process of basing and machining of a riding ring as a cylindrical object with a non-stationary axis of rotation is solved. A study of the methodology is carried out, control schemes are designed, and equipment for processing mobile devices is developed. The methods of research are the analysis of the developed mathematical models, taking into account the assignment of effective technological modes. Three-dimensional and simulation modeling of processing, hardware-software implementation of proposed solutions, and statistical processing of measurement results are carried out. Results and discussion. The algorithm and methodology are tested with a three-dimensional simulation model. The presented methodology for measuring and calculating the allowance for mechanical restoration can significantly reduce machining time compared to active form control and compared to the traditional method of assigning an allowance for machining. The measurement and adjustment of the allowance based on the measurement data is not carried out after each measurement, but only in the case of transition to finishing transitions or for accuracy control. It is determined that by providing a single technological base for each individual technological transition within the framework of the mobile technology of machining of the rolling surface of the riding rings of technological drums, the accuracy and speed of processing increase. An original design of the device for monitoring parameters is developed; an experimental assembly and a laboratory model of the riding ring are made.

Accelerated RISC-V for Post-Quantum SIKE

In this work, we present a fast and area-efficient software-hardware implementation of the supersingular isogeny key encapsulation (SIKE) mechanism. Our software-hardware design achieves both the flexibility of software as well as the efficient performance of intense computations of hardware. In particular, our implementation takes advantage of new and highly optimized hardware modules for addition, multiplication, and hardware-software control, targeted at Xilinx FPGAs. In conjunction with a small RISC-V processor, we can support all four SIKE parameter sets. On a Virtex-7 FPGA, this implementation occupies 3,492 slices, 78 DSPs, and 29 BRAMs, to perform encapsulation and decapsulation over SIKEp434, SIKEp503, SIKEp610, and SIKEp751 in 14.5, 19.2, 29.8, and 42.7 ms, respectively. Despite supporting all four parameter sets, this design has the best area-time product of all isogeny accelerators in the literature.

Использование SDR технологии для задач сетевого позиционирования. Формирование опорных сигналов LTE

An analysis of the state of the problem of building prototypes of fourth and fifth generation network positioning technology, using the approach of model-based design and software-defined radio SDR (Software-Defined Radio) according to open foreign sources showed the high actuality and relevance of this direction. At the same time, insufficient attention is paid to this area of research and development in native sources. This paper proposes the layout of the developed SDR demonstrator of network positioning technology. The task of developing the demonstrator is to substantiate technical solutions to improve the accuracy of determining the location of devices in modern and future communication networks in the absence of signals from the global navigation satellite system. The purpose of using SDR technology for network positioning tasks is to get the opportunity to improve the developed technical solutions in the process of their actual operation. Developed demonstrator includes the following subsystems: a subsystem of eNB base station prototype with known coordinates that implements the generation and transmission of reference signals of the LTE standard; prototype of the user equipment UE, which implements the reception and processing of the reference signals of the LTE standard, as well as the primary processing of measurements using the reference signals of the LTE standard; eNB base station prototype synchronization subsystem, which implements the distribution of a timestamp signal; the SDR demonstrator control subsystem, which implements the control of the procedures for collecting primary measurements of network positioning and their secondary processing with the resulting estimate of the coordinates of the user equipment UE. Also, this article describes the results of software-hardware implementation and experimental testing of the LTE reference signal generator on USRP SDR devices in Matlab environment. The procedure for generating reference signals is uniquely determined by the cell identifier, and the generator itself is an integral part of the layout of the SDR network positioning technology being developed. Experimental testing of the reference signal generator in laboratory conditions using objective control tools showed correct determination of the group identificator and cell identificator within group, which uniquely determine initialized cell identifier.

Implementation of the PointPillars Network for 3D Object Detection in Reprogrammable Heterogeneous Devices Using FINN

In this paper, we present a hardware-software implementation of a deep neural network for object detection based on a point cloud obtained by a LiDAR sensor. The PointPillars network was used in the research, as it is a reasonable compromise between detection accuracy and calculation complexity. The Brevitas / PyTorch tools were used for network quantisation (described in our previous paper) and the FINN tool for hardware implementation in the reprogrammable Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC device. The obtained results show that quite a significant computation precision limitation along with a few network architecture simplifications allows the solution to be implemented on a heterogeneous embedded platform with maximum 19% AP loss in 3D, maximum 8% AP loss in BEV and execution time 375ms (the FPGA part takes 262ms). We have also compared our solution in terms of inference speed with a Vitis AI implementation proposed by Xilinx (19 Hz frame rate). Especially, we have thoroughly investigated the fundamental causes of differences in the frame rate of both solutions. The code is available at https://github.com/vision-agh/pp-finn.

Development of microclimate control system in cattle barns for cattle housing in the Perm region

The economic efficiency of intensive livestock farming on an industrial basis depends on the rational housing of animals, which is largely determined by the presence of an optimal microclimate in the premises. Whatever breed and pedigree qualities the animals may have, without creating the necessary microclimate conditions they are unable to maintain their health and show their potential productive capabilities due to heredity. Between 2018 and 2020, 11 farms in Perm Region were surveyed for respiratory and digestive diseases, skin diseases, and in some cases stress was observed in the animals. The costs of heating livestock buildings are, as a rule, much lower than the losses due to mortality, loss of productivity and overconsumption of feed. The physical properties of the air environment are factors that are not constant and are subject to large fluctuations. To optimize the microclimate in a livestock building, a program algorithm has been developed for a computer. That will create a system, which provides optimal conditions for the maintenance and service of animals and increase the life safety on livestock farms. In this regard, in order to improve conditions for keeping calves and cows, a project for a device to control the parameters of the microclimate in farms in the Perm region has been developed. The microclimate control system is developed on the basis of: Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation from October 21, 2000 № 622 “On approval of Veterinary rules of keeping cattle for its reproduction, rearing and realization” and Set of rules 106.13330.2012 “Cattle - breeding, poultry - breeding and beast - breeding buildings and premises”. At the heart of the monitoring is an automated analysis and regulation of microclimate parameters. Hardware-software implementation is made on PLC Omron.

Hardware-software implementation of the compression and transmission of seismic data

A real-time wireless network architecture for seismic data ac-quisition system based on multi-level radio network is proposed. The sin-gle-chip programmable transceiver Si446x that allows creating the first level of the network is considered. Physical layer with GFSK modulation in the sub-gigahertz band is considered. Data link layer implementation with generic frame structure for a network, operating in synchronous mode, is presented. An algorithm for seismic data accumulating and com-pressing is presented. The comparison of existing and proposed solutions is given.

АПАРАТНО-ПРОГРАМНА ВБУДОВАНА СИСТЕМА ЧАСТОТНОЇ СЕЛЕКЦІЇ СИГНАЛУ НА ОСНОВІ ГІРАТОРА

The work is devoted to the problem of frequency-selective signal conversion in microelectronic sensor devices. It has been shown that the signal path of such devices, in particular, sensor nodes in the concept of the Internet of Things, must meet the requirements of embedded systems using a mixed analog-digital front end. The analysis of the signal transformation of photovoltaic sensors, in particular the problem of a significant parasitic influence of extraneous non-informative optical radiation and electromagnetic interference, has been carried out. SPICE models of photovoltaic sensor signal circuits providing frequency selection on bandwidth filters have been synthesized. The main approaches of hardware-software implementation of the built-in system of frequency selection with the mixed-signal transformation are considered. The signal path of the embedded system includes a gyrator, a software-controlled amplifier, a synchronous demodulator, an analog-to-digital converter, and a digital filter. The implementation is carried out on the platform of the programmable system on a PSoC chip. The integrated circuits of the PSoC 5 LP Family Cypress Semiconductor Corporation are used with a wide range of programmable analog front-end nodes, in particular operating amplifiers, comparators, units on switching capacitors, reference voltage sources on the principle of the forbidden zone, analog multiplexers, signal synthesizers, etc. The efficiency of the mixed analog and digital signal conversion is shown.

Pulse voltage stabilizer controlled by a microcontroller

The article describes the digital control contour of a pulse voltage stabilizer using one of the varieties of the integral - differential control law. The hardware-software implementation of such a control contour on the ATxmega 128A1 is considered using the analog-to-digital converter and event channels built into this microcontroller. The results of experimental studies of a pulse voltage stabilizer controlled by the specified microcontroller are presented. It is shown that this solution is applicable for the construction of power supplies for equipment of widespread use.

Апаратно-програмна реалізація інтелектуальної комп’ютерно-інтегрованої системи контролю та прогнозування величини струму витоку електрообладнання тваринницького приміщення

. The development of advanced protection systems and ways to reduce electricity losses during its transportation by power lines is an urgent scientific problem. The main source of leakage current in livestock facilities are electric motors, which are necessary to ensure the technological process. Humidity of the electric motor has an extremely negative effect on the condition of the motor insulation. The purpose of the study is to develop the structure of a computer-integrated system that monitors and predicts the values of motor leakage current to prevent its impact on animal living conditions and dangerous consequences for living organisms with hardware-software implementation of computer-integrated control system based on SCADA Trace Mode. T his article considers the possible hardware and software implementation of an intelligent computer-integrated control system and forecasting the value of the leakage current of electrical equipment of livestock premises. To provide automated real-time control, a SCADA system with appropriate software has been developed. This software is installed on computers and, to communicate with the object, uses I/O drivers or OPC/DDE servers. Program code can be written in a programming language (such as C++) or generated in an automated design environment. The modular product SCADA Trace Mode was used for technical and software implementation of the developed system. Key words: leakage current, SCADA, SCADA Trace Mode, control, network

Development of an advanced method for compressing the dynamic component of a differential-represented frame

For a typical low complexity video sequence, the weight of each P-frame in the stream is approximately three times smaller than the I-frame weight. However, taking into account the number of P-frames in the group, they make the main contribution to the total video data amount. Therefore, the possibility of upgrading coding methods for P-frames is considered on preliminary blocks' type identification with the subsequent formation of block code structures. As the correlation coefficient between adjacent frames increases, the compression ratio of the differential-represented frame's binary mask increases. The compression ratio of the differential-represented frame's binary mask varies from 3 to 21 depending on the correlation coefficient between adjacent frames. Estimation of the bit representation's information content of the differential-represented frame's binary mask on the basis of accounting for the nonequilibrium of the bases of the lengths of the binary series does not require an increase in the complexity of the software-hardware implementation. Due to the double-alphabetic power code, the differential-represented frame's binary mask is relative to the single-alphabet code will decrease by 17%. The most preferable method for constructing the compact representation technology of the binary masks of frames represented in a differential form is the approach. This is based on the identification and description of the lengths of one-dimensional binary series. A binary series is a consecutive binary elements sequence with the same value. In this case, sequences of identical binary elements are replaced by their lengths. And since the elements of the binary masks of the frames represented in the differential form take only two possible values 0 or 1, it is suggested to form the lengths of the binary series without indicating their level.

Numerical Simulation of the Adaptive Control System of the Composite Primary Mirror of a Large-Size Space Telescope

We describe a mathematical model developed for the adaptive control system of the composite primary mirror of a telescope similar in characteristics to the international project of the Millimetron space telescope. Results of numerical simulation of the adaptive control system with allowance for restrictions of the hardware–software implementation are presented. According to results of the simulation, the error of maintaining the shape of the composite primary mirror is estimated. The estimate corroborates the applicability of the mathematical model.

Signal transducer of functionally integrated thermomagnetic sensors

Introduction. The article is dealing with the sensors analog front-end development in accordance to concepts of Lab-on-Chip and Internet of Things. The task of functional integration, the basis of which is the combination of several complementary methods of measurement in one device, is pointed. Basic approaches to functional integration. Functional integration provides the ability to use the same microelectronic structure for controlled heating, measuring the temperature, and measuring the changes of the investigated sample characteristics under the influence of external influence. Functional integrated magneto-transistor converter. The main advantages of used magneto-transistors are high signal-to-noise ratio, increased resistance to magneto-induction interferences, and multi-modes and multi-functionality. The last advantage is decisive for solving the problem of a single chip functionally integration. The principle of operation and the circuit diagram of the signal converter. The signal converter provides three functional properties on single chip magneto-transistor structure. The first is the magnetic field measurement. The second is controlled heating of the structure. And, the third property is the measurement of the temperature of the structure of the magneto-transistor with investigated substance placed on this structure. Hardware-software implementation of the signal converter. The signal converter has been implemented on the Programmable System on Chip PSoC 5LP (Cypress Semiconductor). The module CY8CKIT-059 Prototyping Kit has been used. The developed software for controlling the measurement process provides controlling the duration of the heating pulses and relaxation, the number of measurements in each thermal cycle, coefficients of measuring transformation functions, API operating modes commands, etc. Conclusions. The novelty of the obtained results is the implementation of the sensor device for thermomagnetic analysis on the lateral magneto-transistors single chip structure. The areas of application are sensors for materials science, biophysics and medicine in the concept of the Internet of Things.

Model and hardware-software implementation of information processing system for psychophysical and psychophysiological researches

The conceptual model of the information processing system for psychophysical and psychophysiological researches has been developed. The hardware-software implementation of this system will allow us to diagnose a person's mental state on site or remotely, to identify person's professional suitability, to measure psychophysiological and cognitive characteristics, to store and process research information using the cloud service. The structure of the information processing system model is represented by UML diagrams. The detailed plan of the information processing system realization is presented.

Coding and decoding of systematic Reed-Solomon codes by method, which alternative of algorithm of Peterson-Gorenstein-Zirler

Reed-Solomon codes are effective and widely used in many fields of science and technology related to noise-immune conversion (reception-transmission) of digital information. Since the advent of (1960) and up to now, the description of the PC-code, including the synthesis of code words, as well as the localization and elimination of errors, is based on the use of formal elements, which are the roots of gen-erator, information and test polynomials. The congestion of technological operations by algebraic elements is to a certain extent "ballast", which not only complicates the computation process in the hardware-software implemen-tation, but also creates certain difficulties in the study of PC-encoding and decoding algorithms. In this regard, the paper proposes a variant of constructing PC-codes, greatly simplifying both the mastering of the algorithm itself and the process of detecting and eliminating errors in distorted data. Proposals are based on the transfer of transfor-mations from the space of originals to the space of an iso-morphic image. As a result of the proposed replacement, the computational process turns out to be reduced to sim-ple operations of modular arithmetic over integer operands easily realized by computer hardware.

МАТЕМАТИЧНА МОДЕЛЬ СИСТЕМИ ЗАВАНТАЖЕННЯ КОНТЕЙНЕРОВОЗА

The article deals with the developed mathematical model of container loading system, which allows determining the overwhelming majority of technical parameters of the vessel after loading. The model involves controlling the proper weight of the containers, its uniform distribution, the compli-ance of the loaded containers with the selected download optimization criteria, which includes the priority of loading by weight, the order of delivery to the destination, value and so on. The developed model allows to establish dependencies between incoming and outgoing parameters and use it during further hardware-software implementation.