Hardware Operation Research Articles

FPGA implementation of color image encryption using a new chaotic map

<p>In this paper, an FPGA implementation of efficient image encryption algorithm using a chaotic map has been proposed. The proposed system consists of two phases image encryption technique. First phase consists of scrambling of pixel position and second phase consist of diffusion of bit value. In the first phase, original pixel values remain unchanged. In second phase, pixel values are modified. These modifications are done by using chaotic behavior of a recently developed chaotic map called Nahrain. A color image encryption using Nahrain chaotic map is simulated in software via Matlab, Altera Quartus Prime 17.0 Lite EditionI and ModelSim software tools then implemented in hardware via Cyclone V GX Starter Kit FPGA platform. The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the cryptosystem. As a typical application, the image encryption/decryption is used to demonstrate and verify the operation of the cryptosystem hardware. Complete analysis on robustness of the method is investigated. Correlation, Encryption time, Decryption time and key sensitivity show that the proposed crypto processor offers high security and reliable encryption speed for real-time image encryption and transmission. To evaluate the performance, histogram, correlation, information entropy, number of pixel change rate (NPCR), and unified average changing intensity (UACI) measures are used for security analysis. The simulation results and security analysis have demonstrated that the proposed encryption system is robust and flexible. For example the amount of entropy obtained by the proposed algorithm is 7.9964, which is very close to its ideal amount: 8, and NPCR is 99.76 %, which is the excellent value to obtain. The hardware simulation results show that the number of pins that used of the proposed system reaches to 6% of total pins and Logic utilization (in ALMs) is 1%.</p>

Saving (and Re-Saving) Videogames: Rethinking Emulation for Preservation, Exhibition and Interpretation

The rapidly growing number of museums, archives and galleries turning their attentions to videogames reveals both the level of public and scholarly interest in the histories of design and play and, rather more worryingly, that we currently possess extremely limited methods for exhibiting, interpreting and accessing games and gameplay. Strategies based around the collection, maintenance and use of original hardware and software satisfy purists in search of authenticity but are necessarily short-term as technological obsolescence and media deterioration inevitably render systems and games unusable. As such, for most game preservation practitioners, the only viable long-term approaches make use of emulation – that is the creation of new software environments that mimic the operation of obsolete hardware and allow old games to be run on new computing platforms thereby sidestepping the need to keep old systems up and running. However, where most critical commentary on emulation centres on evaluating the accuracy of audiovisual reproduction, here I argue that the fixation with authenticity and the fetishisation of the recreation of the original experience leaves the interpretative potential of emulation untapped. Accordingly, in this article I propose a rethinking of the preservation and interpretation functions of emulation. This approach actively embraces the transformative nature of emulation and makes positive play of the innovative ways in which games and gameplay can be altered. Focusing in particular on the unique affordance of the ‘savestate’ that allows games to be arbitrarily suspended and recalled, this article explores how a reconceptualisation of emulation offers curators, scholars and players methods and tools for interpreting, accessing and navigating gameplay in ways hitherto impossible.

A Hardware Architecture for Columnar-Organized Memory Based on CMOS Neuron and Memristor Crossbar Arrays

Neuromorphic utilizes VLSI technology to implement a brain-inspired architecture. Recently, a brain-inspired associative memory with large capacity and robust retrieval, known as columnar-organized memory (COM), has been introduced. COM is a combination of spiking winner-take-all (WTA) units, which is inspired by the cortex structure. In this paper, a hardware architecture of COM is proposed that is presented at three levels of design. At the level I, a low-power circuit of a leaky integrate and fire neuron is introduced that is compatible with the architecture of COM. At the level II, the assembly of the proposed neuron and a single memristor crossbar array are used to implement a WTA module. At the level III, a COM hardware architecture is developed using the combination of the WTA modules and memristor crossbar arrays. The ex situ method is utilized to train the COM hardware. The simulations are performed at all design levels. First, the power consumption of the neuron circuit is evaluated. It consumes 4.3 pJ/spike, and its static power is 182 pW. Second, the operation of the WTA module is deliberated. Finally, the operation of the COM hardware for message storage and retrieval is evaluated in the presence of the hardware imperfections.

The state and prospects of development of space systems for remote sensing of the earth

To date, space systems for the Earth remote sensing have emerged as a new information technology that provides the diverse needs of society for Earth data to solve economic, managerial, scientific, technical and other problems. The purpose of the article is to focus on the relevance of the Earth remote sensing national system development, on a number of important factors that must be considered when developing a strategy for creating such a system, and on specific developments in the field of remote sensing, namely: - the significant increase of the international competition in the creation of the commercial space observation systems of the Earth; - the constant increase of the consumer requirements to the technological level and the quality of the remote sensing products; - many foreign countries use of the state protectionism measures; - the difficulty of participating in the international projects of high-tech cooperation due to noncompliance of the international standards and criteria for the intellectual property protection. It is necessary to focus on the following characteristics of optical-electronic remote sensing systems: 1. The error in the objects coordinates determining using materials survey in the WGS-84 coordinate system, without using control points, not more than 15 m. 2. Limits of the permissible measurement error (at the level of 0.997) of the angular position of the spacecraft axes in the WGS-84 coordinate system, in real time, no more than 0.001 (3σ); 3. Limits of the permissible measurement error (at the level of 0.997) of the current coordinates of the spacecraft in the WGS-84 coordinate system, in real time, no more than 10 m (3σ); 4. Limits of the permissible measurement error (at the level of 0.997) of the current speed of the spacecraft, not more than 0.01 m / s (3σ). It is also important to take into account that all parts of the system should be united by a single project-technical and instructive documentation in order to ensure the solution of the specific priority thematic tasks. These are: - the relevance of solving the problem for the needs of management and economic activity, ensuring the security of the state and the person; - the possibility of the tasks implementing must be proved for the operational level by designing, experimental testing, providing the necessary operational documentation and the availability of the developed and legalized methods for data processing and interpreting - ensuring the space component functioning of the system, as the main part of the technical support for system functioning due to the regular launches and operation of the national remote sensing satellites of Sich series. - creation of advanced groundwork for the target remote sensing equipment (optical-electronic, radar) with a tendency to increase the spatial resolution. - further development of metrological support and ground segment due to the modernization and operation of ground-based software and hardware, the creation of calibration sites and ground-based means of their characteristics certification. The main argument in the design of the ground segment, as in the design of the space segment, should be a list of the system thematic tasks.It is especially necessary to pay attention to metrological provision. If there is significant progress and experience in creating of the software and hardware tools for pre-processing and normalization of information, but as far as metrology is concerned, here the state is more complicated. The created payload for Sich 2-1 and Sich-2 satellites does not have on-board standards. Thus, it is important to ensure measurements uniformity in the production and operation of systems necessary to obtain reliable and competitive measurement data with traceability to international and national standards. Therefore, creating metrological support for remote sensing systems, it is important to consider the following: - the principles formation of creating a system for metrological support for remote sensing (reliability and reliability); - development and creation of a technical and reference base for remote sensing systems: - the creation and development of ground-based experimental testing facilities; - creation of onboard calibrators, special standards; - testing and periodic monitoring of the accuracy characteristics of remote sensing systems; - metrological support at all stages of the life cycle of remote sensing systems; the correspondence of the obtained data to the internationally accepted standards of physical quantities.

Estimation of QoS characteristics of self-similar traffic for the WB/M/1/∞ queuing system

The work considers the problem of Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics estimation for self-similar traffic serviced by a queuing system of the WB/M/1/¥ type using the Weibull distribution. To solve this problem, a transformation of Laplace-Stieltjes is applied. The values of service quality characteristics, such as the average time of packets delay and the length of packets queue, have been obtained for self- similar traffic serviced by the WB/M/1/¥ queuing systems (QS). We obtained graphs of the dependence average waiting time W = W(l,H) of a request in the system and аverage queue length Q = Q (r,H) which allow us to provide practical guidance on the maximum value of the average waiting time W for queries that arrive at the WB/M/1/¥ QS. It can be stated when planning the sizes of the buffers for hardware and software facilities, it is necessary to plan them in the way that would guarantee the required QoS. The obtained results will allow the consideration of design features and structure of the network nodes at the stage of planning and during further operation of the NGN hardware and software facilities.

Lattice Surgery with a Twist: Simplifying Clifford Gates of Surface Codes

We present a planar surface-code-based scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation which eliminates the time overhead of single-qubit Clifford gates, and implements long-range multi-target CNOT gates with a time overhead that scales only logarithmically with the control-target separation. This is done by replacing hardware operations for single-qubit Clifford gates with a classical tracking protocol. Inter-qubit communication is added via a modified lattice surgery protocol that employs twist defects of the surface code. The long-range multi-target CNOT gates facilitate magic state distillation, which renders our scheme fault-tolerant and universal.

Spatial-Pooling Memristor Crossbar Converting Sensory Information to Sparse Distributed Representation of Cortical Neurons

The spatial pooler in brain's neocortex models how the cortical neurons learn the feedforward connections and forms the cortical representation from various sensory information. To realize the spatial pooler's operation in hardware, we propose a new spatial-pooling memristor crossbar that converts the inputs from sensory organ into the sparse distributed representation (SDR) of cortical neurons, in this paper. The spatial pooling is composed of overlapping, inhibition, and learning steps. The proposed memristor crossbar can perform exactly the same functions of overlapping, inhibition, and learning with the spatial-pooling software algorithm. By converting the sensory information to SDR using the spatial-pooling memristor crossbar, we can have the following advantages for the cortical information processing: first, preserving the semantic similarity through the spatial pooling; second, changing synaptic weights continuously; third, keeping the sparsity of SDR as low as 2% like brain's neocortex; and fourth, improving the noise robustness. In this paper, these four properties of the spatial pooling in brain's neocortex have been simulated and verified in the memristor crossbar circuit. For verifying the spatial-pooling operation, the memristor crossbar has been tested for MNIST image recognition in this paper. The recognition rate is as high as 95% for the memristor crossbar with 4096 columns.

Eleven quick tips for architecting biomedical informatics workflows with cloud computing.

Cloud computing has revolutionized the development and operations of hardware and software across diverse technological arenas, yet academic biomedical research has lagged behind despite the numerous and weighty advantages that cloud computing offers. Biomedical researchers who embrace cloud computing can reap rewards in cost reduction, decreased development and maintenance workload, increased reproducibility, ease of sharing data and software, enhanced security, horizontal and vertical scalability, high availability, a thriving technology partner ecosystem, and much more. Despite these advantages that cloud-based workflows offer, the majority of scientific software developed in academia does not utilize cloud computing and must be migrated to the cloud by the user. In this article, we present 11 quick tips for architecting biomedical informatics workflows on compute clouds, distilling knowledge gained from experience developing, operating, maintaining, and distributing software and virtualized appliances on the world’s largest cloud. Researchers who follow these tips stand to benefit immediately by migrating their workflows to cloud computing and embracing the paradigm of abstraction.

Majority Voting-Based Reduced Precision Redundancy Adders

Fault-tolerant systems are usually implemented with triple modular redundancy (TMR)-based protection techniques which has a huge area and power overhead. Previous works have shown that this overhead can be improved by using reduced precision redundancy (RPR)-based approaches for intrinsically precision-tolerant applications like image and video processing. The error detection and steering logic required in the RPR schemes utilize subtraction and comparisons which are more complex hardware operations than TMR voting. This overhead is affordable for complex hardware structures, for example, finite impulse response filters, but for simple structures like adders, it can be significant. In this letter, it is shown that combining the traditional TMR voting with the RPR brings up considerable savings in area and power budget when applied to very-large-scale integration adder circuits.

METHOD FOR DETECTING ANOMALIES OF SQL-SPECIFIC QUERY OF RELATIONAL DATABASES

In the context of toughening of the requirements in the field of information security (the conditions of its safety) difficult-to-implement, the increasing number of external destabilizing factors (including the high level of false alarms), the increase of scopes and speed of information changes, and the drawbacks inherent to most databases, the probability of anomalies occurrence in the process of operation (acquisition, processing and storage) of relational databases is high. The article provides detailed description of the method for the construction a formal grammar executed by a SQL query of relational databases. This approach considers formal grammar under study from a mathematical point of view, as a model that defines a set of discrete objects in the form of description of the original objects and the rules for constructing new objects from the original and already created ones. Thus, a system of rules for further work is formed, represented in the form of a system of equations. The described method makes it possible to determine mathematical properties of the similarity invariants of the SQL query of relational databases intended for the collection, storage and analysis of statistical data, such as reference data of the operation of software and hardware, various statistical data about population, .production etc. The results of the testing of the demonstration prototype of the anomaly detection system, implemented on the basis of the proposed method, obtained in the course of the experimental implementation are presented in comparison with some existing and applied security systems. The solution proposed in the article is effective, simple and universal for the majority of currently used relational databases, In addition, it has a low cost of financial expenses in case of practical implementation.

Методика летной эксплуатации программно-аппаратных средств контроля параметров вращательного движения малых космических аппаратов серии «Аист»

Методика летной эксплуатации программно-аппаратных средств контроля параметров вращательного движения малых космических аппаратов серии «Аист»

Multipactor susceptibility chart of coaxial transmission lines with stationary statistical modeling

Multipactor breakdown is a detrimental electromagnetic phenomenon caused by resonant secondary electron emissions synchronizing with field oscillation, which frequently takes place in powerful microwave devices and accelerating structures. Regarded as the principal failure mode of space microwave systems, multipactor may cause the performance to degenerate or even hardware operation to deteriorate catastrophically, thus multipactor becomes a major limitation in promoting the further development of space communication technology. Meanwhile, higher power capacity and volume integration accordingly lead to continuously growing multipactor hazard. In order to prevent multipactor from occurring, the accurate predictive technique to determine multipactor susceptibility has become a key issue for the mechanical design and performance optimization of microwave devices in the ground stage. Compared with the existing approaches to investigating the multipactor, statistical theories are able to conduct multipactor threshold calculation and mechanism analysis, with the stochastic nature of secondary emission fully considered from the probabilistic perspective. Currently, stationary statistical theory of multipactor has been developed for efficient multipactor threshold analysis of the parallel-plate geometry. However, it has not been further extended to the coaxial geometry which is commonly involved in radio frequency (RF) systems. For this reason, the stationary statistical modeling of the coaxial multipactor with all influencing factors considered is detailed in this paper. Due to the field nonuniformity and the secondary emission randomness, analytic equation of electron trajectories in the coaxial geometry is approximately derived by using the perturbation approach. Based on the implicit correlation between electron emission velocity and transit time, the joint probability density function is constructed for the calculation of the probability density distribution of electron transit time. Afterwards, a system of integral equations for depicting electron multiplication process in the coaxial geometry is formulated and solved with a novel and general iteration method. Finally, this stationary statistical theory is applied to the full multipactor susceptibility chart of coaxial transmission lines with typical coating materials in space engineering, such as silver, copper, alumina and alodine. A comparison shows that the calculation results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements provided by the Europe Space Agent. What is more, there exists significant difference between multipactor susceptibility curves of the parallel-plate geometry and the coaxial geometry. This research is of great significance for optimizing the mechanism design and material selection of multipactor-free microwave devices.

Web-based monitoring system using Wireless Sensor Networks for traditional vineyards and grape drying buildings

The quality of grapes and the drying process has a momentous impact on the quality of the final products (raisins). South Azerbaijan is the most important region for grape growing and raisin producing. However, the majority of the vineyards in the region are traditional, and the drying process is carried out in conventional structures that are not convenient. To increase the quality and productivity, it is necessary to modernize agricultural practices with reasonable cost suitable and affordable to traditional farming and farmers. To do this, the harsh environments and severe climate conditions of the vineyards and the drying buildings should be observed periodically to collect data. Wireless Sensor Networks are a key technology that can provide precise information, can update information, and can be a valuable resource to farmers to determine appropriate management practices. Using this technology, farmers can make real-time decisions such as scheduling irrigation periods, preventing diseases, choosing the right time for harvesting and so on. In this project, a Wireless Sensor Network system was designed and developed for remote real-time monitoring and collection of micrometeorological parameter data in three distant vineyards. The system was also used for monitoring the SO2 gas fumigation process and atmospheric parameters inside the drying structure. The system consists of a gateway and a series of peripheral wireless motes placed in the vineyards and inside the drying structure, which are equipped with agrometeorological sensors for environmental monitoring and for storing and transmitting data to the gateway. The gateway collects agrometeorological data and utilizes a wireless technology for data transmission and for communication between the motes and the central server (webpage). In addition, an on-line (real-time) warning system was embedded in the gateway to send alarm signals via SMS (Short Message Service). The devices were tested for software configuration functionality, hardware operation and data acquisition, energy consumption, and connectivity. Field experiment results demonstrated that the system represents a complete monitoring system, which provides efficient performance for developing information systems in precision viticulture.

Braiding by Majorana tracking and long-range CNOT gates with color codes

Color-code quantum computation seamlessly combines Majorana-based hardware with topological error correction. Specifically, as Clifford gates are transversal in two-dimensional color codes, they enable the use of the Majoranas' nonabelian statistics for gate operations at the code level. Here, we discuss the implementation of color codes in arrays of Majorana nanowires that avoid branched networks such as T-junctions, thereby simplifying their realization. We show that, in such implementations, nonabelian statistics can be exploited without ever performing physical braiding operations. Physical braiding operations are replaced by Majorana tracking, an entirely software-based protocol which appropriately updates the Majoranas involved in the color-code stabilizer measurements. This approach minimizes the required hardware operations for single-qubit Clifford gates. For Clifford completeness, we combine color codes with surface codes, and use color-to-surface-code lattice surgery for long-range multi-target CNOT gates which have a time overhead that grows only logarithmically with the physical distance separating control and target qubits. With the addition of magic state distillation, our architecture describes a fault-tolerant universal quantum computer in systems such as networks of tetrons, hexons, or Majorana box qubits, but can also be applied to non-topological qubit platforms.

Selecting the Way to Surgical Treatment of Patients with Postoperative the Median Rectifiable Hernia Based Noninvasive Evaluation of Intra-Abdominal Pressure

Relevance. Currently, there is no single common approach to the treatment of postoperative median herniasObjectives. To develop an algorithm for choosing the method of surgical treatment of patients with postoperative median rectifiable abdominal hernias based on a noninvasive assessment of changes in intra-abdominal pressure by determining oxygen saturation.Materials and methods. The research was performed in 65 patients with postoperative median, rectifiable hernia of various sizes. All patients are divided into three main groups. We used an indirect technique for determining changes in intra-abdominal pressure by examining the saturation of blood with oxygen. Four methods of plastics were applied to patients with median postoperative hernias:1) plastic by own tissues in the form of duplicate (according to Sapezhko);2) plastic in the form of duplicate with immobilization of the wound on surgical bridges [9];3) two-stage hardware operation method, developed by Professor Lyubykh EN [9];4) prosthetics of the abdominal wall with a mesh prosthesis.Results and its discussion. In the first group of patients with small hernias, when modeling the postoperative situation (immersion of the hernial contents in the abdominal cavity with the help of a pelot, and simultaneous approach of the hernial gates with the help of a bandage), the saturation was reduced insignificantly (97,1 ± 1,5% (p <0,05), which allowed us to recommend plastic by own tissues in the form of dublication. In the second group of patients with medium-sized hernias, the saturation was moderately reduced during the simulation (95,4 ± 1,4% (p <0,05). Plastics in the form of dublication with immobilization of the wound on the surgical bridge has been recommended these patients.In the third group of patients with extensive and giant hernias, blood oxygen saturation was significantly reduced (91,5 ± 1,5% (p <0,05). Such patients with extensive and giant hernias and a and long term hernia has been recommended prosthetic abdominal wall with mesh prosthesis. If the hernia disease is less than 5 years of age and patients of working age, two-stage hardware method of treatment hernias created by professor E. N. Lyubykh has been recommended. [9]Conclusion. The proposed algorithm for choosing a method of plastic surgery for postoperative median repaired hernias based on preoperative determination of oxygen saturation with oxygen under different conditions allows for a differentiated functionally oriented approach to the treatment of patients and a reduction in the number of relapses.

Instructional laboratory for practical investigation of electric drive control

The study discusses the design principles of instructional laboratory equipment applied for practical investigations of electric drive control. The laboratory workstations comprise of two-motor hardware systems where each motor is controlled by a real-time DSP board. A control structure under test is assembled at the software level using a number of control elements, which is then compiled into a control algorithm for the microcontroller. In order to provide safe test execution, the control algorithm operates under the supervision of a real-time core software ensuring protection of the motors and the power converters. Due to the improvement in the reliability of hardware operation, the rated power of the motors and converters is increased to >1 kW to provide a proper characterisation of electric drives similar to industrial installations. The study also describes the laboratory hardware and software details using an example of the control system for an induction motor based on flux-vector control strategy. The example demonstrates configuring the control systems, compiling it into the execution code, the test procedure and result analysis.

Energy-Efficient Massive MIMO: Wireless-Powered Communication, Multiuser MIMO with Hybrid Precoding, and Cloud Radio Access Network with Variable-Resolution ADCs

Increasing access to telecommunication services in rural parts of the world has the potential to alleviate the digital divide felt by the people of these regions. Recently, both public and private sector entities have shown more interest in tackling this problem on a global scale. In the United States, for example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) subsidizes large telecommunication companies to offer affordable services in unserved areas through the Connect America Fund. Facebook's Internet. org [1] and Google's Project Loon [2] are some examples of large-scale rural connectivity efforts in the private sector. Deployment of connectivity solutions in rural communities, however, faces many practical challenges. Lack of availability and access to reliable electricity sources is one of the major hindrances for rural connectivity, particularly in underdeveloped countries. As such, wireless connectivity solutions for such applications must focus on low-power hardware operations and high energy efficiency (EE).

Neural Network Architecture for Hybrid Network-On-Chip using Scalable Spiking for Man Machine Interface

Hardware-based computer vision accelerators are going to be an important part of future mobile devices to satisfy the low power and data processing demand. In order to comprehend a high power potency and high turnout, the accelerator design will be massively parallelized and tailored to vision process that is a plus over software-based solutions and all-purpose hardware. In this research Spiking neural networks (SNNs) arrange to emulate scientific discipline within the class brain supported neurons parallel arrays that communicate through spike events. The opportunity to perform embedded neuromorphic circuits is supplied by SNNs, with low power consumption and high correspondence in comparison with the normal laptop paradigms of John von Neumann. Even so, the poor property and modularity shortage as shown in ancient neuron cell interconnect implementations supported shared bus topologies is barring climbable hardware operations of SNNs. In order to effectively apply SNN traffic patterns and neighborhood among neurons in the current design the Hybrid Network on Chip (H-NoC) design integrates a spike traffic compression technique, thus dropping traffic overhead and up turnout on the network provides world traffic hundreds to sustain turnout underneath bursting activity. The planned system reduces overhead and improves the performance through native routing of the neutron cell facilities that are the gifts within constant tile facility. This will increase the potency of the system. The scalability of the adopted H-NoC approach under completely different situations is shown by analytical results show, while synthesis and simulation analysis reveal, area of low-cost, and delay for each cluster severally. This methodology finds its application in various sector such as medical image processing and bio signal processing.

A triple-mode hexa-standard reconfigurable TI cross-coupled ΣΔ modulator

ABSTRACTHardware reconfigurability is an attractive solution for modern multi-standard wireless systems. This paper analyses the performance and implementation of an efficient triple-mode hexa-standard reconfigurable sigma-delta (∑∆) modulator designed for six different wireless communication standards. Enhanced noise-shaping characteristics and increased digitisation rate, obtained by time-interleaved cross-coupling of ∑∆ paths, have been utilised for the modulator design. Power/hardware efficiency and the capability to acclimate the requirements of wide hexa-standard specifications are achieved by introducing an advanced noise-shaping structure, the dual-extended architecture. Simulation results of the proposed architecture using Hspice shows that the proposed modulator obtains a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 83.4/80.2/67.8/61.5/60.8/51.03 dB for hexa-standards, i.e. GSM​​​​​​​​/Bluetooth/GPS/WCDMA/WLAN/WiMAX standards with significantly less hardware and low operating frequency. The proposed architecture is implemented in 45 nm CMOS process using a 1 V supply and 0.7 V input range with a power consumption of 1.93 mW. Both architectural- and transistor-level simulation results prove the effectiveness and feasibility of this architecture to accomplish multi-standard cellular communication characteristics.

A Survey: Runtime Software Systems for High Performance Computing

HPC system design and operation are challenged by the critical requirements for signicant advances in eciency, scalability, user productivity, and performance portability, even at the end of Moore's Law with approaching nano-scale semiconductor technology. Conventional practices employ distributed memory message passing programming interfaces, sometimes combining second level thread-based intra shared memory node interfaces such as OpenMP or with means of controlling heterogeneous components such as OpenCL for GPUs. While these methods include some modest runtime control, they are principally course grained and statically scheduled. Yet, performance for many real-world applications yield eciencies of less than 10% although some benchmarks may achieve 80% eciency or better (e.g., HPL). To address these challenges, strategies employing runtime software systems are being pursued to exploit information about the status of the application and the system hardware operation throughout the execution for purposes of introspection to guide the task scheduling and resource management in support of dynamic adaptive control. Runtime systems provide adaptive means to reduce the eects of starvation, latency, overhead, and contention. While each is unique in its details, many share common properties such as multi-tasking either preemptive or non-preemptive, message-driven computation such as active messages, sophisticated ne-grain synchronization such as dataow and futures contructs, global name or address spaces, and control policies for optimizing task scheduling in part to address the uncertainty of asynchrony. This survey will identify key parameters and properties of modern and sometimes experimental runtime systems actively employed today and provide a detailed description, summary, and comparison within a shared space of dimensions. It is not the intent of this paper to determine which is better or worse but rather to provide sucient detail to permit the reader to select among them according to individual need.