Hardware Assembly Research Articles

Investigation of Automatic Bed Levelling System for Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printer Machine

"The current paper describes a new low-cost sensing system that employs a load cell embedded in the tool carriage assembly of an open hardware fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer. The sensor system automates the process of detecting and compensating for inconsistencies in the flatness of the bed's surface relative to the nozzle. A sensor system prototype was implemented in an FDM 3D printer to determine contact between the bed and the tool's nozzle. The system was then used by a software routine in the machine's microcontroller firmware to automate the bed levelling. Finally, an automated bed leveling system was observed and analyzed its behavior. The sensor system and the Automatic Bed Levelling (ABL) process are evaluated by observing the bed surface obtained via a load cell bed probe. From the machine controller, the ABL process takes 75 seconds. The bed levelling system uses the load cell probe to automate the manual bed levelling process, saving time. The current work reduces error and improves the efficiency of 3D printer operation. It also reduces the amount of time needed to operate and improves print quality. "

Design and instrumentation of simultaneous multiple-level magnification selective plane illumination microscopy: a cost-effective imaging system for biological applications

Imaging technology at various scales of spatial resolution is crucial for understanding the physiological and morphological complexity of living organisms. The existing imaging technologies fail to facilitate images of a sample at different magnification levels at a given instant of time. We report the detailed design and instrumentation of an optical imaging system, namely, simultaneous multiple-level magnification selective plane illumination microscopy (with an acronym being given as sMx-SPIM), which addresses one of the technological challenges of imaging biological specimens at different magnification levels simultaneously. The simultaneous magnified views assist in perceiving biological activities occurring over a short period, especially in developmental biology, where the time scales (fraction of seconds) are critical. The proposed imaging system comprises one illumination arm and two detection arms, each of which uses a different magnification to attain multiple magnification levels simultaneously and overcomes the time consumption for changing the objective lens. The system is automated for image acquisition using a custom-built assembly of motion stages and external hardware. Experimental studies are carried out using biological specimens such as Daniorerio and Alliumcepa to validate the home-built sMx-SPIM imaging system at an obtainable spatial (axial) resolution of ∼ 3 to 5 μm.

Development and Analysis of Speed Control of BLDC Motor with Arduino Controller

In the existing situation, DC motor calls for a frequent upkeep and need a mechanical commutator and brushes, that are concern to put on and tear. In the prevailing case Brushless Direct Current motor are extensively used in some of the industries because of its low cost, noise less operation, high speed torque characteristics, Speed controlling is very essential. Hence BLDC motor is preferred to control the speed. The manipulate of BLDC motor could be very essential by way of the use of the Arduino board interfaced with the Electronic Speed Controller, Motor speed can be controlled with the aid of varying the potentiometer. The parameters like Speed and Voltage are monitored on the LCD display. This paper presents the technique to Develop and examine the speed control of BLDC motor by using the use of Arduino. In this approach appropriate controlling method has been recognized and adopted from literature survey. Comparing all controllers, the Arduino and ESC are selected. Commutation of a BLDC motor is managed by way of electronic speed controller and Arduino board is loaded with program written in embedded C language. By varying the potentiometer Arduino generates the PWM waves and depending at the pulse width modulation technique, ESC will force the motor to rotate. Hardware assembly of proposed system and results are obtained.

Immersive virtual-reality computer-assembly serious game to enhance autonomous learning.

Immersive virtual reality (VR) environments create a very strong sense of presence and immersion. Nowadays, especially when student isolation and online autonomous learning is required, such sensations can provide higher satisfaction and learning rates than conventional teaching. However, up until the present, learning outcomes with VR tools have yet to prove their advantageous aspects over conventional teaching. The project presents a VR serious game for teaching concepts associated with computer hardware assembly. These concepts are often included in any undergraduate’s introduction to Computer Science. The learning outcomes are evaluated using a pre-test of previous knowledge, a satisfaction/usability test, and a post-test on knowledge acquisition, structured with questions on different knowledge areas. The results of the VR serious game are compared with another two learning methodologies adapted to online learning: (1) an online conventional lecture; and (2) playing the same serious game on a desktop PC. An extensive sample of students (n = 77) was formed for this purpose. The results showed the strong potential of VR serious games to improve student well-being during spells of confinement, due to higher learning satisfaction. Besides, ease of usability and the use of in-game tutorials are directly related with game-user satisfaction and performance. The main novelty of this research is related to academic performance. Although a very limited effect was noted for learning theoretical knowledge with the VR application in comparison with the other methodologies, this effect was significantly improved through visual knowledge, understanding and making connections between different concepts. It can therefore be concluded that the proposed VR serious game has the potential to increase student learning and therefore student satisfaction, by imparting a deeper understanding of the subject matter to students.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10055-021-00607-1.

Utilization of Arduino UNO Technology and Arduino IDE to Create Electrical Disconnect Products for Electronic Equipment

Today many people often forget to turn off household appliances such as fans or lights, which results in the flow of electricity from the socket even when not in use, resulting in excessive power consumption. Electricity tariff for the first quarter of 2019: IDR 1,115 / kWh for medium voltage customers. If the lecture room has 4 lamps where each lamp has 23 watts of power, 2 Daikin AC units with 1 PK each, each air conditioner has 840 watts of power. Acer S1213Hn LCD projector has the power: 250 Watt, the total cost of electricity consumption per hour and usage for a month of 26 days for the lecture hall consisting of lamps, air conditioner and LCD projectors is IDR 58,617.78. The research method used is literature study and data collection, technology concept design, development preparation, hardware assembly, Arduino UNO coding, upload coding to hardware, technology testing. To find out the test results whether the technology can work properly, it must be applied directly by connecting the technology that has been created with electricity directly. The way that can be done is to connect the Arduino with mains power using a DC 5 V adapter then connect the relay to a 220 V AC power source and a 220 V halogen lamp. After everything is connected, the lights can be turned on by bringing the registered RFID closer to the RFID Reader, if you want. set how long it takes for the light to turn on can press a button on the IR remote

Application of Shape Factor to Mechanical Behavior of Thermal Interface Pads and Putties

Abstract Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are an essential part of managing the thermal performance of electronic assemblies. Knowledge of the mechanical properties of these materials is required in order to have a robust design that will perform as required over the life of the product, including many thermal cycles, without causing damage to electrical components. In this paper, we report on the mechanical properties of three putty TIMs and four pad TIMs, showing that the stiffness of the TIMs is proportional to the square of the initial shape factor over the range of shape factors from 1 to 18. Since the putties can flow more readily under pressure than the pads, the putties had a lower measured stiffness at a given shape factor compared to the pads. From these relationships, designers can predict loads with various geometries (i.e., shape factors) and loading rates (i.e., shock loading versus temperature cycling), which can impact their design. While all of the materials were tested at compressive strain rates of 20–70% strain/minute, one putty was also tested at a 10× higher rate to determine the effect of a relatively high strain rate on the peak stress. In that case, the peak stress was approximately 3× higher than measured at the lower strain rates. However, the relaxed load at each strain rate tested was unaffected by strain rate, indicating that hardware assembly conditions can be adjusted to minimize stress on components and yet, still achieve an interface having low thermal resistance.

Inventory management system for hardware companies

Some hardware assembly and marketing companies do not apply proper inventory management, causing failures in the product records, which can lead to shortages if there is an unexpected high demand, affecting the costs of ledgers and generating the need for an inventory management system. For this purpose, a methodological process was carried out, starting with the diagnosis, identifying the main factors that need to be improved concerning the management of merchandise, such as lack of inventory policies or reorder level, found through tools such as the SWOT, Ishikawa Diagram and Vester Matrix. Subsequently, an ABC classification was made, in which 1664 products are ordered and 118 of them belong to category A and applying goodness-of-fit tests. Then, the system is characterized and the mathematical models that adjust to the proposed conditions are selected: CEP without shortages and discount by suppliers, which is validated with a simulation. As a result of this process, the policy is established and a 95% improvement in the information quality is observed as a result. Variables part of the models are proposed and developed in the simulation and improve the system by 20% because they impact several products which are the most essential for the company.

Industry 4.0 technologies incorporated with Delta PLC based Smart Home Automation for Rural Development

The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is commonly used for electromechanical process automation. A home automation system is being developed using PLC. The proposed control module will consist of Model Functional Blocks device emulation. Upgrading human standards of living is the most important source of inspiration for the continuation of technological advances. Technology innovation directly and indirectly offers and enhances the protection and comfort of human beings. The advancement of technology for this reason directly affects the quality of living through the design of smart home systems. Smart home systems can be classified as local and remote in two ways. In this research, a smart home automation system design was carried out by using Delta PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). The control module provides fault detection, tolerance and switching on or off in sensitive areas for multiple components. Combining the PLC model with other devices, such as GSM is also possible. By supplying voice control and protection products, such a form of application would be highly helpful for the elderly and disabled persons. World is developing increasingly across the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we are designing a system that will track home appliances automatically and generate email or messanger notifications or make smart decisions using the IoT model. The key contribution of this paper is that it summarizes the use of IoT to track and regulate the market in industries with artificial intelligence. By optimizing the entire hardware assembly and software algorithms, the Delta PLC device is adjustable to satisfy demands, incorporating distinct home appliances in a short time. The PLC is simple to understand, and by using a single model, the system offers several solutions. The PLC will become the epic center for many new applications, as it is new but more powerful than previous systems.

Development of an IoT based weighing type micro-lysimeter for soilless cultivation

In the present study, an attempt has been made to apply Internet of Things (IoT) for precise irrigation management. A weighing type micro-lysimeter based on IoT was developed to measure the amount of water consumed by the cucumber crop grown in soilless media under naturally ventilated greenhouse conditions at the Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, India. The developed system consisted of two components, i.e. hardware assembly and web-based application. The hardware assembly consists of load cells, a weight sensing module, i.e. HX711 module and a micro controller, i.e. arduino assembled in the control box of the weighing balance. A modular code was written in arduino to record the weight readings. The stored data in the microcontroller was sent to a web based application via wifi. The weight changes at the lysimeters due to irrigation, drainage and evapotranspiration were monitored in real time through an IoT platform, i.e. Thingspeak. Three lysimeters were placed at different locations to account for the slight variations in micro-climate within the greenhouse. The positive flux i.e. irrigation and negative flux, i.e. (leachate+ actual evapotranspiration (ETc)) from the lysimeter were derived from the IoT platform. Irrigation and leachate from the lysimeter was also measured manually to verify the accuracy of the readings obtained from the IoT platform. The study showed that IoT based lysimeters presents a reliable and convenient way to measure ETc as there was a good agreement (R2> 0.98) between irrigation component derived from IoT and actual irrigation applied.

Neurorobotics Workshop for High School Students Promotes Competence and Confidence in Computational Neuroscience.

Understanding the brain is a fascinating challenge, captivating the scientific community and the public alike. The lack of effective treatment for most brain disorders makes the training of the next generation of neuroscientists, engineers and physicians a key concern. Over the past decade there has been a growing effort to introduce neuroscience in primary and secondary schools, however, hands-on laboratories have been limited to anatomical or electrophysiological activities. Modern neuroscience research labs are increasingly using computational tools to model circuits of the brain to understand information processing. Here we introduce the use of neurorobots – robots controlled by computer models of biological brains – as an introduction to computational neuroscience in the classroom. Neurorobotics has enormous potential as an education technology because it combines multiple activities with clear educational benefits including neuroscience, active learning, and robotics. We describe a 1-week introductory neurorobot workshop that teaches high school students how to use neurorobots to investigate key concepts in neuroscience, including spiking neural networks, synaptic plasticity, and adaptive action selection. Our do-it-yourself (DIY) neurorobot uses wheels, a camera, a speaker, and a distance sensor to interact with its environment, and can be built from generic parts costing about $170 in under 4 h. Our Neurorobot App visualizes the neurorobot’s visual input and brain activity in real-time, and enables students to design new brains and deliver dopamine-like reward signals to reinforce chosen behaviors. We ran the neurorobot workshop at two high schools (n = 295 students total) and found significant improvement in students’ understanding of key neuroscience concepts and in students’ confidence in neuroscience, as assessed by a pre/post workshop survey. Here we provide DIY hardware assembly instructions, discuss our open-source Neurorobot App and demonstrate how to teach the Neurorobot Workshop. By doing this we hope to accelerate research in educational neurorobotics and promote the use of neurorobots to teach computational neuroscience in high school.

A low rank robust kernel ridge regression classifier for power quality disturbance pattern recognition

This paper presents the development of a new low rank robust kernel ridge regression (KRR) classifier for power quality (PQ) disturbance pattern recognition. It is well known that the kernel methods are used extensively for regression and classification problems using support vector machines (SVM) by mapping the original nonlinear data into a high-dimensional space thereby increasing the generalization performance, and accuracy of classification. On the other hand, the nonlinear kernel ridge regression approach is known for its simple implementation, fast processing speed and accuracy in comparison to the widely used least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). However, for large scale training patterns, the size of kernel matrix becomes large thereby the execution time becomes prohibitive. Besides, the presence of noise and outliers in the data affects the accuracy of the conventional KRR classifier. This paper, therefore, attempts to develop a dimensionally reduced but robust KRR classifier by choosing a random set of support vectors from the training subset to reduce substantially the training time at the cost of a slight loss in accuracy. Further, the KRR algorithm is modified by using a new objective function to minimize the mean and variance of the error to provide robustness and accuracy. For applying this new classifier to power quality disturbance events three relatively new signal processing techniques like the Short-time modified Hilbert Transform (STMHT), Morphological filters, and Fourier kernel S-transform are used to extract the relevant features from the data samples. The simulation results imply that the proposed methods have a higher recognition rate compared with other established techniques such as ELM and Poly SVM while classifying the PQ disturbances. A PC integrated hardware assembly has been used to verify the PQ events classification in real-time.

The Development of a New Interface for Intelligent Control of Energy Supply in Dynamic Environment with Process Digitization

In the last 20 years, the port fuel injection systems have been designed and optimized for various types of applications in thermal engines and industrial sectors, but in order to keep up their performances and to boost the power output when decreasing masses and inertia it has to be analyzed and digitally controlled. Potential of fuel supply systems is yet to be uncovered and implemented due to the multitude of recent discoveries in electronic injection control and digitalization of fluid dynamics. The challenge for researchers and industrial specialists is to design an optimal structured and operational digital map. The first objective of the present research is to point out the correlation in the fluid control and the electronic or digital mapping in order to track the trend-line for features of the electronic control module. Specific targets of the research are as follows: analyze of fuel spray load, input fluid mixture pressure before the engine, electronic control module auxiliary load and ignition spark timing in relation to the engine speed. Research on the digitized powertrain was conducted after installment of a sensor hub and actuator hub, which constituted the hardware assembly. Results were showing a slight improvement in some regimes of engine’s operation with 5% ethanol mixt with standard gasoline in a volume blending. Practical results highlighted that optimal eco-performance working regime of the engine was in proximity of 1600-1800 revolutions per minute at the crankshaft, providing a small amount of gasoline fuel. Manifold pressure of the air intake has resulted in proximity of the 90 kPa. Correlating all the parameters was mapped the eco-performance pole for the tests analyzed in the current research.

HeyTeddy

Physical computing is a complex activity that consists of different but tightly coupled tasks: programming and assembling hardware for circuits. Prior work clearly shows that this coupling is the main source of mistakes that unfruitfully take a large portion of novices' debugging time. While past work presented systems that simplify prototyping or introduce novel debugging functionalities, these tools either limit what users can accomplish or are too complex for beginners. In this paper, we propose a general-purpose prototyping tool based on conversation. HeyTeddy guides users during hardware assembly by providing additional information on requests or by interactively presenting the assembly steps to build a circuit. Furthermore, the user can program and execute code in real-time on their Arduino platform without having to write any code, but instead by using commands triggered by voice or text via chat. Finally, the system also presents a set of test capabilities for enhancing debugging with custom and proactive unit tests. We codesigned the system with 10 users over 6 months and tested it with realistic physical computing tasks. With the result of two user studies, we show that conversational programming is feasible and that voice is a suitable alternative for programming simple logic and encouraging exploration. We also demonstrate that conversational programming with unit tests is effective in reducing development time and overall debugging problems while increasing users' confidence. Finally, we highlight limitations and future avenues of research.

Influence Of the Simulation Program Methods to the Students Learning Outcomes on the Subject Of the Microcontroller System

This study aims to see the effect of program simulation methods on the learning outcomes of microcontroller systems. The microcontroller program simulation method is done in two ways, namely through hardware assembly and software assembly. Simulation through hardware devices using triner kits, while simulating through software use Proteus application software. This type of research is a quasi-experimental. The research design uses nonequivalent control group design techniques. The sample group is not randomly selected but is chosen based on the class that is already in the lecture. Learning outcomes variable (Y) while program simulation method (X). The research data analysis was carried out with Variance Analysis (ANOVA) to see the effect of the program simulation method on the learning outcomes of the microcontroller system.

ALD-Grown Metal Oxide Films for the Detection of Molecular Contaminants on Spacecraft

Abstract Mitigating molecular contamination during the assembly, integration, and testing of space systems requires quantitative and qualitative methods to detect the presence of molecular films on sensitive surfaces. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a self-limiting deposit of a variety of films layer by layer in the vapor phase on multiple types of substrates. The controlled layer-by-layer deposition enables the user to change orientation, morphology, and grain size in films, which directly impacts optical and electronic responses. In this study, the authors demonstrate the ability to use ALD-grown metal oxide thin films coupled with a Raman spectrometer to provide early detection of molecular films on witness surfaces during the assembly, integration, and testing of space flight hardware.

Automatic measurement of precision and accuracy from the hit pattern of small arms using electronic target system

The basic parameters of the combat training and weapon practicing are the determination of the accuracy and precision. The automatic systems for acquiring of the hit pattern are very expensive and inaccessible. Modern automatic systems are designed as nonmaterial target system for accurate spatial positioning of the projectile trajectory in one or more planes. In the paper will be described the design of the non-material high-resolution target acquisition system developed on the optoelectronics IR (infra-red) sensors. The frame of the multiple IR sensors coupled with the microcomputer platform is the optical frame. The complete target acquisition system is consisted of the two frames for positioning in vertical and horizontal direction. Additionally, in the target system is incorporated the algorithm for the determination of the appropriate statistical values from the group of shots, as accuracy and precision parameters. The assembly hardware components are commercially accessible. The designed algorithm is applied through simple software code. The main aim of the developed target system is for the measurement of the small arms shooting. The presented target system is open for enhancement and can be used for different weapon system.

Optimum Utilization of Energy Consumption in Arm Robot

This paper introduced on how to minimize the energy and performance of arm robot. The objective is to design the optima; performance of the arm robot movement in performing certain tasks. There are three process involved in minimize the energy which are hardware assembly selection, Denavit Haternberg (D-H) parameters and optimization process of robot movements. A 3 degree of freedom ROB0036 robot arm is use as hardware selection. Then determine the Denavit Haternberg (D-H) parameters for robot through theoretical, simulation and practical forward and inverse kinematics. The optimization process involved how to control parameters know as position angle and the speed of motor of three main axes of arm robot. The performance is measured respect to the two movement, which are reference and optimized. The energy efficiency analysis is performs to reduce this energy consumed. The simulation resulted show that the minimum motor’s movement of joint, the less time taken to achieve of to complete the pick and place task. Directly, it results on less energy used and increase the robot arm performance.

The effectiveness of using augmented reality (AR) on assembling and exploring educational mobile robot in pedagogical virtual machine (PVM)

ABSTRACT Augmented reality (AR) has shown potential for aiding users in their assembly tasks. It provides a magic-lens view of the physical object. Thus, assembly tasks become less demanding. An assembly task using AR provides a pre-defined sequence of actions with a minimum amount of information to do the task. Thus, there is a need to exploit the advances in AR technology to provide assemblers with a more sophisticated learning experience. Using AR to turn the physical object into a smart object that communicates and interacts with a user can result in an assembler achieving a more knowledge and a greater awareness of the technology and provide insights and a deeper understanding of the software components inside the embedded computing instead of only learning the assembly hardware components. This study used a Pedagogical Virtual Machine (PVM) to evaluate the learning effectiveness with AR. We presented an experimental work based on assembling and exploring a modularized mobile robot task called Buzz-Boards. A total of 36 students participated in the study; 18 students participated in both experimental and control groups. Findings demonstrated that the PVM with AR approach was more effective in learning achievement, learning activity enjoyment, and usefulness than the paper-based approach.

Volcansmart Early Warning Systems Based Land Surface Temperature at the Disaster-Prone Region of Merapi Volcano, Regency of Sleman

Based on statistical data, land surface temperature can be the main parameters in the prediction of eruption of Merapi [1]. The eruption of Merapi in 2010 resulted in the victim’s death as much as 347 people with the most victims in the Regency of Sleman i.e. 246 inhabitants [2]. This problem caused the latest information came a result of information coming not directly acquired community. Rescue many souls before the eruption happens very needed, therefore the necessary information that can be used in the community directly, through application of pre disaster mitigation of the eruption volcanic activity report in Android applications. This research use Research and Development to create VEW S report by the method of linear Sequential Model consisting of 5 stages, namely: the phase of analysis and study of literature; design system; Assembly hardware; coding; and testing. The results of this research are developing Volcansmart VEWS at the disaster-prone region of region Sleman. Measurement of land surface periodically through these applications can improve community preparedness in daily activities on the Facies Proximal of Merapi volcanic activity report.

Helsinki VideoMEG Project: Augmenting magnetoencephalography with synchronized video recordings

The primary goal of the Helsinki VideoMEG Project is to enable magnetoencephalography (MEG) practitioners to record and analyze the video of the subject during an MEG experiment jointly with the MEG data. The project provides:•Hardware assembly instructions and software for setting up video and audio recordings of the participant synchronized to MEG data acquisition.•Basic software tools for analyzing video and audio together with the MEG data.The resulting setup allows reliable recording of video and audio from the subject in various real-world usage scenarios. The Helsinki VideoMEG Project allowed successful establishment of video-MEG facilities in four different MEG laboratories in Finland, Sweden and the United States.